Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,135 records · Page 63

Nuclear Dynamics and Reactions in the Ab Initio Symmetry-Adapted Framework

We review the ab initio symmetry-adapted (SA) framework for determining the structure of stable and unstable nuclei, along with related electroweak, decay, and reaction processes. This framework utilizes the dominant symmetry of nuclear dynamics, the shape-related symplectic [Formula: see text] symmetry, which has been shown to emerge from first principles and to expose dominant degrees of freedom that are collective in nature, even in the lightest species or seemingly spherical states. This feature is illustrated for a broad scope of nuclei ranging from helium to titanium isotopes, enabled by recent developments of the ab initio SA no-core shell model expanded to the continuum through the use of the SA basis and that of the resonating group method. The review focuses on energies, electromagnetic transitions, quadrupole and magnetic moments, radii, form factors, and response function moments for ground-state rotational bands and giant resonances. The method also determines the structure of reaction fragments that is used to calculate decay widths and α-capture reactions for simulated X-ray burst abundance patterns, as well as nucleon–nucleus interactions for cross sections and other reaction observables.

Physics↗

Automated Selection of Electron Neutrinos from the NuMI beam in the MicroBooNE Detector and Prospects for a Measurement of the Charged-Current Inclusive Cross Section

We present a fully automated selection of NuMI beam produced electron neutrinos interacting in the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber operating at Fermilab. This analysis makes use of the Pandora reconstruction framework and subsequently a selection method developed specifically to select $ν_e$ and $\barν_e$ in data. The selection also utilizes one of liquid argon’s signature capabilities, distinguishing electron-like and photon-like electromagnetic showers using dE/dx in data, as well as scintillation light-based timing. The studies presented here demonstrate a closure test of calculating the inclusive cross using Monte Carlo, where the input Monte Carlo cross section matches the extracted Monte Carlo cross section. From this we forecast the prospects of a future $ν_e$ + $\barν_e$ cross section with MicroBooNE data.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Measurement of parity violation in electron–quark scattering

Symmetry permeates nature and is fundamental to all laws of physics. One example is parity (mirror) symmetry, which implies that flipping left and right does not change the laws of physics. Laws for electromagnetism, gravity and the subatomic strong force respect parity symmetry, but the subatomic weak force does not1, 2. Historically, parity violation in electron scattering has been important in establishing (and now testing) the standard model of particle physics. One particular set of quantities accessible through measurements of parity-violating electron scattering are the effective weak couplings C2q, sensitive to the quarks’ chirality preference when participating in the weak force, which have been measured directly3, 4 only once in the past 40 years. Here we report a measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in electron–quark scattering, which yields a determination of 2C2u-C2d (where u and d denote up and down quarks, respectively) with a precision increased by a factor of five relative to the earlier result. These results provide evidence with greater than 95 per cent confidence that the C2q couplings are non-zero, as predicted by the electroweak theory. They lead to constraints on new parity-violating interactions beyond the standard model, particularly those due to quark chirality. Whereas contemporary particle physics research is focused on high-energy colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider, our results provide specific chirality information on electroweak theory that is difficult to obtain at high energies. Our measurement is relatively free of ambiguity in its interpretation, and opens the door to even more precise measurements in the future.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Simple relativistic quark models

A class of phenomenological relativistic models of hadronic systems motivated by quantum chromodynamics that have dual representations as models of mesons and nucleons or quarks and gluons is investigated. These models are designed to provided qualitative insight into the role of sea quarks in hadronic structure and reactions. The model assumption is that the Hamiltonian can be divided into two parts: one that involves degrees of freedom in the same connected local and global color singlet and the remaining interactions that allow the connected local and global color singlets to interact. The first class of interactions results in infinite towers of bare “particles” with hadronic quantum numbers. All but a finite number of these remain stable when the second class of interactions is included. The model interactions are expressed in terms of subhadronic degrees of freedom, which determine the bare hadronic spectrum and the interactions involving the bare hadrons in terms of a small number of subhadronic model parameters. As a first test, this paper considers the simplest case of mesons that interact via a string-breaking interaction. One virtue of this model is that all of the bare meson masses and eigenfunctions can be computed analytically. In addition, the string-breaking interaction leads to production vertices that can also be computed analytically. The relativistic wave functions have a light-front kinematic symmetry. The goal is to find a simple relativistic quantum mechanical model based on subhadronic degrees of freedom that can provide an efficient, qualitatively consistent description of hadronic masses, lifetimes, cross sections, sea quark effects, and electromagnetic properties. The simplicity of the model makes it a potentially useful tool to study the impact of sea quarks on hadronic structure and reactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Astrophysical factors of C 12 + C 12 fusion extracted using the Trojan horse method

Carbon-carbon burning plays an important role in many stellar environments. Recently, Tumino et al. reported a sharp rise of the astrophysical S factor for carbon-carbon fusion determined using the indirect Trojan horse method. We demonstrate that the rise at low energies seen in the aforementioned work is an artifact of using an invalid plane-wave approximation that neglects the Coulomb interactions between charged particles. Our analysis shows that such a rise disappears if the Coulomb (or Coulomb-nuclear) interactions in the initial and final states are included.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Nuclear recoil detection with color centers in bulk lithium fluoride

We present initial results on the detection of nuclear recoils in lithium fluoride (LiF) through the fluorescence of color centers created by particle interactions in the crystal lattice. Using light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we image nuclear recoil tracks from both fast and thermal neutron interactions deep within a cubic-centimeter-scale sample. Automated three-dimensional feature extraction based on machine-learning tools enables the identification and classification of individual events. We observe that the fluorescence response of LiF to gamma irradiation is strongly suppressed, by a factor of 30–50 compared to neutron exposure, demonstrating intrinsic insensitivity to electromagnetic backgrounds. The observed and simulated event characteristics are consistent, including their number, size, and topology. These results establish the feasibility of LiF as a scalable detection medium for rare nuclear-recoil events and constitute a first step toward 10–1000 g scale detectors with single-event sensitivity for applications in reactor-neutrino detection, neutron spectroscopy, and dark matter searches.

Aroujo, G R [University of Zurich]↗

Chiral effective field theory calculation of neutrino reactions in warm neutron-rich matter

Neutrino scattering and absorption rates of relevance to supernovae and neutron star mergers are obtained from nuclear matter dynamical structure functions that encode many-body effects from nuclear mean fields and correlations. In this study, we employ nuclear interactions from chiral effective field theory to calculate the density, spin, isospin, and spin-isospin response functions of warm β-equilibrium nuclear matter. We include corrections to the single-particle energies in the mean field approximation as well as vertex corrections resummed in the random phase approximation (RPA), including both direct and exchange diagrams. We find that correlations included through the RPA redistribute the strength of the response to higher energy for neutrino absorption and lower energy for antineutrino absorption. This tends to suppress the absorption rate of electron neutrinos across all relevant energy scales. In contrast, the inclusion of RPA correlations enhances the electron antineutrino absorption rate at low energy and suppresses the rate at high energy. These effects are especially important at high-density and in the vicinity of the neutrino decoupling region. Implications for heavy element nucleosynthesis, electromagnetic signatures of compact object mergers, supernova dynamics, and neutrino detection from galactic supernovae are discussed briefly.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Systematics of the α-decay fine structure in even–even nuclei

We describe α-transitions to low-lying states in even–even nuclei with Z>50,N>82 using the Coherent State Model (CSM). We reproduce the energy levels and electromagnetic transition rates between the states of the ground band employing two parameters, namely the deformation parameter and the strength of the harmonic CSM Hamiltonian. The B(E2) values are described in terms of an effective charge which depends linearly on the deformation parameter. The treatment of the α-emission process is based on an α–daughter interaction containing a monopole component, calculated through a double folding procedure with a M3Y interaction plus a repulsive core simulating the Pauli principle, and a quadrupole–quadrupole (QQ) interaction. The decaying states are identified with the lowest narrow outgoing resonances obtained through the coupled channels method. The α-branching ratios to 2{sup +} states are reproduced by means of the QQ strength. This interaction strength can be fitted with a linear dependence on the deformation parameter, as predicted by the CSM. The theoretical intensities to 4{sup +} and 6{sup +} states are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. Predictions are made for spherical, transitional and well deformed even–even α-emitters.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Dynamics of a qubit in a high-impedance transmission line from a bath perspective

We investigate the quantum dynamics of a generic model of light-matter interaction in the context of high-impedance waveguides, focusing on the behavior of the photonic states generated in the waveguide. The model treated consists simply of a two-level system coupled to a bosonic bath (the Ohmic spin-boson model). Quantum quenches as well as scattering of an incident coherent pulse are studied using two complementary methods. First, we develop an approximate ansatz for the electromagnetic waves based on a single multimode coherent state wave function; formally, this approach combines in a single framework ideas from adiabatic renormalization, the Born-Markov approximation, and input-output theory. Second, we present numerically exact results for scattering of a weak intensity pulse by using numerical renormalization group (NRG) calculations. NRG provides a benchmark for any linear response property throughout the ultrastrong-coupling regime. We find that in a sudden quantum quench, the coherent state approach produces physical artifacts, such as improper relaxation to the steady state. These previously unnoticed problems are related to the simplified form of the ansatz that generates spurious correlations within the bath. In the scattering problem, NRG is used to find the transmission and reflection of a single photon, as well as the inelastic scattering of that single photon. Simple analytical formulas are established and tested against the NRG data that predict quantitatively the transport coefficients for up to moderate environmental impedance. These formulas resolve pending issues regarding the presence of inelastic losses in the spin-boson model near absorption resonances, and could be used for comparison to experiments in Josephson waveguide quantum electrodynamics. Finally, the scattering results using the coherent state wave-function approach are compared favorably to the NRG results for very weak incident intensity. Finally, we end our study by presenting results at higher power where the response of the system is nonlinear.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Numerical calculation of Coulomb corrections in forward elastic 𝑝↑⁢𝑝 and 𝑝↑⁢𝐴 scattering

The analysis of RHIC hydrogen gas jet target polarimeter measurements of transverse analyzing powers 𝐴 N ⁡(𝑡) in proton-nucleus scattering requires accurate Coulomb corrections to both spin-flip and nonflip amplitudes. These corrections must cover a wide range of nuclear charges 𝑍 and form factor slopes, with flexibility to vary form factors during data fitting. To avoid technically challenging calculations involving a small but finite fictitious photon mass, the Coulomb correction to the nonflip electromagnetic amplitude with an exponential form factor was related to the corresponding correction for the spin-flip amplitude. This approach allows soft photon contributions to all amplitudes, including those with nonexponential form factors, to be calculated in the massless photon limit using only analytical expressions and numerically stable integrals with nonsingular integrands and finite integration limits. In addition, an absorptive correction to the spin-flip electromagnetic amplitude, which plays a critical role in spin effects in forward polarized proton-nucleus scattering, was accurately evaluated.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Polarization‐Engineered Near‐Field Generation Using a Hybrid Tip–Antenna System

Precise control of light polarization at the nanoscale is critical for accessing chiral optical responses and manipulating spin–photon interactions in advanced materials. Yet, conventional scattering-type near-field probes predominantly generate out-of-plane linear polarization and offer little control over phase or polarization state. Here, in this study, we introduce a polarization-engineered near-field methodology based on a combined metallic tip and planar dipole nanoantenna system. Using full-wave electromagnetic simulations, we show that the tip acts as a vertically oriented plasmonic resonator, while the antenna supports an in-plane dipolar mode. By tuning the tip–antenna geometry and tip height, the two orthogonal field components attain comparable amplitudes and a controllable ∼90° phase offset, producing circularly polarized nano-light in the antenna gap. The proposed system effectively functions as a nanoscale quarter-wave plate, converting linearly polarized illumination into circularly polarized hotspots without external polarization optics. This method establishes an experimentally accessible route toward polarization-programmable near-field nanoscopy, enabling chiral spectroscopy, selective excitation of spin/valley degrees of freedom, and quantum optical investigations at the nanoscale.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

All-dielectric metasurface analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency [High Quality Factor Fano-Resonant All-Dielectric Metamaterials]

Fano-resonant plasmonic metamaterials and nanostructures have become a major focus of the nanophotonics fields over the past several years due their ability to produce high quality factor (Q-factor) resonances. The origin of such resonances is the interference between a broad and narrow resonance, ultimately allowing suppression of radiative damping. However, Fano-resonant plasmonic structures still suffer non-radiative damping due to Ohmic loss, ultimately limiting the achievable Q-factors to values less than ~10. Here, we report experimental demonstration of Fano-resonant silicon-based metamaterials that have a response that mimics the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) found in atomic systems. Due to extremely low absorption loss, a record-high quality factor (Q-factor) of 306 was experimentally observed. Furthermore, the unit cell of the metamaterial was designed with a feed-gap which results in strong local field enhancement in the surrounding medium resulting in strong light-matter interaction. This allows the metamaterial to serve as a refractive index sensor with a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 101, far exceeding the performance of previously demonstrated localized surface plasmon resonance sensors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

The kinetic analog of the pressure–strain interaction

Energy transport in weakly collisional plasma systems is often studied with fluid models and diagnostics. However, the applicability of fluid models is limited when collisions are weak or absent, and using a fluid approach can obscure kinetic processes that provide key insights into the physics of energy transport. Kinetic diagnostics retain all of the information in 3D-3V phase space and thereby reach beyond the insights of fluid models to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for collisionless energy transport. In this work, we derive the Kinetic Pressure–Strain (KPS): a kinetic analog of the pressure–strain interaction, which is the channel between flow energy density and internal energy density in fluid models. Through two case studies of electron Landau damping, we demonstrate that the KPS diagnostic can elucidate kinetic mechanisms that are responsible for energy transport in this channel, just as the related field–particle correlation is known to identify kinetic mechanisms of transport between electromagnetic field energy density and kinetic energy density in particle flows. In addition, we show that resonant electrons play a major role in transferring energy between fluid flows and internal energy during the process of Landau damping.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Precision Timing with Silicon Sensors for Use in Calorimetry

The high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN is expected to provide instantaneous luminosities of 5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 . The high luminosities expected at the HL-LHC will be accompanied by a factor of 5 to 10 more pileup compared with LHC conditions in 2015, causing general confusion for particle identification and event reconstruction. Precision timing allows to extend calorimetric measurements into such a high density environment by subtracting the energy deposits from pileup interactions. Calorimeters employing silicon as the active component have recently become a popular choice for the HL- LHC and future collider experiments which face very high radiation environments. We present studies of basic calorimetric and precision timing measurements using a prototype composed of tungsten absorber and silicon sensor as the active medium. We show that for the bulk of electromagnetic showers induced by electrons in the range of 20 GeV to 30 GeV, we can achieve time resolutions better than 25 ps per single pad sensor.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Fundamental Structue of Matter and Interactions

More than 99% of the visible matter in the universe is the protons and neutrons. Their internal structure is mostly governed by the strong interaction. Understanding their internal quark-gluon structure is one of the most important subjects in modern physics. Worldwide efforts in the last a few decades have led to numerous discoveries and surprises, but major challenges still remain. An overview of the progress will be presented with a focus on the recent studies of the proton and neutron's electromagnetic and spin structure. Selected highlights of new results from Jefferson Lab will be presented. Plans for future physics programs and major facilities will be discussed.

Chen, Jian-Ping↗

Unified model of nucleon elastic form factors and implications for neutrino-oscillation experiments

Precise knowledge of the nucleon’s axial-current form factors is crucial for modeling GeV-scale neutrino-nucleus interactions. Unfortunately, the axial form factor remains insufficiently constrained to meet the precision requirements of upcoming long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiments. This work studies the nucleon’s axial and vector form factors using the light-front approach to build a quark-diquark model of the nucleon with an explicit pion cloud. The light-front wave functions in both the quark and pion-baryon Fock spaces are first calibrated to existing experimental information on the nucleon’s electromagnetic form factors and then used to predict the axial form factor. The resulting squared charge radius of the axial pseudovector form factor is predicted to be $r$$^{2}_{A}$ = 0.29 ± 0.03 fm 2 , where the small error accounts for the model’s parametric uncertainty. We use our form factor results to explore the (quasi)elastic scattering of neutrinos by (nuclei)nucleons, with the result that the widely implemented dipole ansatz is an inadequate approximation of the full form factor for modeling both processes. Here, the approximation leads to a 5%–10% overestimation of the total cross section, depending on the (anti)neutrino energy. We project overestimations of similar size in the flux-averaged cross sections for the upcoming DUNE long-baseline neutrino-oscillation experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Study of the Few Nucleon Systems at $\mathrm{CLAS}$

The study of few nucleon systems with electromagnetic probes is an essential component of the scientific program carried out at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). Here we present measurements of exclusive reactions on light nuclei using real photon beams with energies up to 3 GeV and the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS), a nearly 4π magnetic spectrometer, in order to study the properties of strongly interacting matter and the transition from hadronic (i.e in terms of nucleons and mesons) to partonic (in terms of quark and gluons) degrees of freedom in nuclear interactions. We discuss the progress made in understanding the relevant degrees of freedom using polarisation observables and cross sections of deuteron and 3 He photodisintegration in the few-GeV photon-energy region. In addition, recent high-statistics experiments with the CLAS detector have provided us with sufficient counting rates to study the effects of initial- and final-state interactions in reactions off the deuteron. Such data allow us to extract a large set of polarisation observables for final-state interactions in hyperon photoproduction and to study the properties of the hyperon–nucleon interaction. Initial-state effects are studied by mapping the dependence of experimental observables on the spectator-nucleon momentum. We also present recent results for polarisation observables for quasi-free K + Λ off the bound proton in a deuteron as well as for final-state interactions in the reaction γd→K + Λn , and will discuss their impact on hyperon–nucleon studies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Coherent multidimensional photoelectron spectroscopy of ultrafast quasiparticle dressing by light

Abstract Depending on the applied strength, electromagnetic fields in electronic materials can induce dipole transitions between eigenstates or distort the Coulomb potentials that define them. Between the two regimes, they can also modify the electronic properties in more subtle ways when electron motion becomes governed by time and space-periodic potentials. The optical field introduces new virtual bands through Floquet engineering that under resonant conditions interacts strongly with the preexisting bands. Under such conditions the virtual bands can become real, and real ones become virtual as the optical fields and electronic band dispersions entangle the electronic response. We reveal optical dressing of electronic bands in a metal by exciting four-photon photoemission from the Cu(111) surface involving a three-photon resonant transition from the Shockley surface band to the first image potential band. Attosecond resolved interferometric scanning between identical pump–probe pulses and its Fourier analysis reveal how the optical field modifies the electronic properties of a solid through combined action of dipole excitation and field dressing.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗