Model-based diagnosis and fault tolerant control for ensuring torque functional safety of pedal-by-wire systems
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Automation & Control Systems↗
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Results for “FUNCTIONAL MODELS”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Dust and Sputtered Particle Streams in Cometary Atmosphere
Dynamics of dust particles in a comet atmosphere was investigated using Monte-Carlo simulation method taking into account radiation and gravitational forces applied to the particles. The model distribution function found out in VEGA experiments was chosen for calculations. Dust particles with masses more then 10(exp -10) g were considered. The delay effect for the big mass particles is shown. In this paper the boundary distribution function for sputtered particles drifting off the surface was determined using Nochilla's model. General dependences for the normal component of the relative mass velocity of sputtered particles are given as the function of particle energy normalized by Tomas-Fermi energy.
Svirschevsky, Stanislav B.↗
Coupled Monte Carlo Probability Density Function/ SPRAY/CFD Code Developed for Modeling Gas-Turbine Combustor Flows
The success of any solution methodology for studying gas-turbine combustor flows depends a great deal on how well it can model various complex, rate-controlling processes associated with turbulent transport, mixing, chemical kinetics, evaporation and spreading rates of the spray, convective and radiative heat transfer, and other phenomena. These phenomena often strongly interact with each other at disparate time and length scales. In particular, turbulence plays an important role in determining the rates of mass and heat transfer, chemical reactions, and evaporation in many practical combustion devices. Turbulence manifests its influence in a diffusion flame in several forms depending on how turbulence interacts with various flame scales. These forms range from the so-called wrinkled, or stretched, flamelets regime, to the distributed combustion regime. Conventional turbulence closure models have difficulty in treating highly nonlinear reaction rates. A solution procedure based on the joint composition probability density function (PDF) approach holds the promise of modeling various important combustion phenomena relevant to practical combustion devices such as extinction, blowoff limits, and emissions predictions because it can handle the nonlinear chemical reaction rates without any approximation. In this approach, mean and turbulence gas-phase velocity fields are determined from a standard turbulence model; the joint composition field of species and enthalpy are determined from the solution of a modeled PDF transport equation; and a Lagrangian-based dilute spray model is used for the liquid-phase representation with appropriate consideration of the exchanges of mass, momentum, and energy between the two phases. The PDF transport equation is solved by a Monte Carlo method, and existing state-of-the-art numerical representations are used to solve the mean gasphase velocity and turbulence fields together with the liquid-phase equations. The joint composition PDF approach was extended in our previous work to the study of compressible reacting flows. The application of this method to several supersonic diffusion flames associated with scramjet combustor flow fields provided favorable comparisons with the available experimental data. A further extension of this approach to spray flames, three-dimensional computations, and parallel computing was reported in a recent paper. The recently developed PDF/SPRAY/computational fluid dynamics (CFD) module combines the novelty of the joint composition PDF approach with the ability to run on parallel architectures. This algorithm was implemented on the NASA Lewis Research Center's Cray T3D, a massively parallel computer with an aggregate of 64 processor elements. The calculation procedure was applied to predict the flow properties of both open and confined swirl-stabilized spray flames.
Source record↗
Comparing correlation components and approximations in Hartree–Fock and Kohn–Sham theories via an analytical test case study
The asymmetric Hubbard dimer is a model that allows for explicit expressions of the Hartree–Fock (HF) and Kohn–Sham (KS) states as analytical functions of the external potential, Δv, and of the interaction strength, U. We use this unique circumstance to establish a rigorous comparison between the individual contributions to the correlation energies stemming from the two theories in the {U, Δv} parameter space. Within this analysis of the Hubbard dimer, we observe a change in the sign of the HF kinetic correlation energy, compare the indirect repulsion energies, and derive an expression for the “traditional” correlation energy, i.e., the one that corrects the HF estimate, in a pure site-occupation function theory spirit [Eq. (45)]. Next, we test the performances of the Liu–Burke and the Seidl–Perdew–Levy functionals, which model the correlation energy based on its weak- and strong-interaction limit expansions and can be used for both the traditional and the KS correlation energies. Further, our results show that, in the Hubbard dimer setting, they typically work better for the HF reference, despite having been originally devised for KS. These conclusions are somewhat in line with prior assessments of these functionals on various chemical datasets. However, the Hubbard dimer model allows us to show the extent of the error that may occur in using the strong-interaction ingredient for the KS reference in place of the one for the HF reference, as has been carried out in most of the prior assessments.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Interfacing electron and neutrino quasielastic scattering cross sections with the spectral function in GENIE
Progress in neutrino-nucleus cross section models is being driven by the need for highly accurate predictions for the neutrino oscillation community. These sophisticated models are being developed within a microscopic description of the nucleus with the goal of encompassing all reaction modes relevant for the accelerator neutrino program. The disconnect between these microscopic models and the event generators that will be used in the next generation of experiments represents a critical obstacle that must be overcome in order to precisely measure the neutrino oscillation parameters. To this end we have developed a hadron tensor interface for lepton-nucleus quasielastic (QE) scattering within the GENIE event generator as a proof of principle, with the broader goal of creating an efficient pipeline for incorporating advanced theoretical models in event generators. As a demonstration of this interface we have implemented the spectral function model into GENIE by connecting theorist provided fortran code through the hadron tensor interface. The spectral function model offers a more complete description of the nuclear ground state, as well as the ability to provide quantifiable theoretical uncertainties. Finally, we validate this implementation and compare its predictions against data and against QE models already available in GENIE.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
FUEL EFFICIENT GALAXIES: SUSTAINING STAR FORMATION WITH STELLAR MASS LOSS
We examine the importance of secular stellar mass loss for fueling ongoing star formation in disk galaxies during the late stages of their evolution. For a galaxy of a given stellar mass, we calculate the total mass loss rate of its entire stellar population using star formation histories derived from the observed evolution of the M{sub *}-star formation rate (SFR) relation, along with the predictions of standard stellar evolution models for stellar mass loss for a variety of initial stellar mass functions. Our model shows that recycled gas from stellar mass loss can provide most or all of the fuel required to sustain the current level of star formation in late-type galaxies. Stellar mass loss can therefore remove the tension between the low gas infall rates that are derived from observations and the relatively rapid star formation occurring in disk galaxies. For galaxies where cold gas infall rates have been estimated, we demonstrate explicitly that stellar mass loss can account for most of the deficit between their SFR and infall rate.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Novel Histogram Based Unsupervised Classification Technique to Determine Natural Classes From Biophysically Relevant Fit Parameters to Hyperspectral Data
Hyperspectral image analysis has benefited from an array of methods that take advantage of the increased spectral depth compared to multispectral sensors; however, the focus of these developments has been on supervised classification methods. Lack of a priori knowledge regarding land cover characteristics can make unsupervised classification methods preferable under certain circumstances. An unsupervised classification technique is presented in this paper that utilizes physically relevant basis functions to model the reflectance spectra. These fit parameters used to generate the basis functions allow clustering based on spectral characteristics rather than spectral channels and provide both noise and data reduction. Histogram splitting of the fit parameters is then used as a means of producing an unsupervised classification. Unlike current unsupervised classification techniques that rely primarily on Euclidian distance measures to determine similarity, the unsupervised classification technique uses the natural splitting of the fit parameters associated with the basis functions creating clusters that are similar in terms of physical parameters. The data set used in this work utilizes the publicly available data collected at Indian Pines, Indiana. This data set provides reference data allowing for comparisons of the efficacy of different unsupervised data analysis. The unsupervised histogram splitting technique presented in this paper is shown to be better than the standard unsupervised ISODATA clustering technique with an overall accuracy of 34.3/19.0% before merging and 40.9/39.2% after merging. Finally, this improvement is also seen as an improvement of kappa before/after merging of 24.8/30.5 for the histogram splitting technique compared to 15.8/28.5 for ISODATA.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Perspective: Ab initio force field methods derived from quantum mechanics
It is often desirable to accurately and efficiently model the behavior of large molecular systems in the condensed phase (thousands to tens of thousands of atoms) over long time scales (from nanoseconds to milliseconds). In these cases, ab initio methods are difficult due to the increasing computational cost with the number of electrons. A more computationally attractive alternative is to perform the simulations at the atomic level using a parameterized function to model the electronic energy. Many empirical force fields have been developed for this purpose. However, the functions that are used to model interatomic and intermolecular interactions contain many fitted parameters obtained from selected model systems, and such classical force fields cannot properly simulate important electronic effects. Furthermore, while such force fields are computationally affordable, they are not reliable when applied to systems that differ significantly from those used in their parameterization. They also cannot provide the information necessary to analyze the interactions that occur in the system, making the systematic improvement of the functional forms that are used difficult. Ab initio force field methods aim to combine the merits of both types of methods. The ideal ab initio force fields are built on first principles and require no fitted parameters. Ab initio force field methods surveyed in this perspective are based on fragmentation approaches and intermolecular perturbation theory. This perspective summarizes their theoretical foundation, key components in their formulation, and discusses key aspects of these methods such as accuracy and formal computational cost. The ab initio force fields considered here were developed for different targets, and this perspective also aims to provide a balanced presentation of their strengths and shortcomings. Finally, this perspective suggests some future directions for this actively developing area.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
A data science approach for analysis and reconstruction of spinodal-like composition fields in irradiated FeCrAl alloys
A statistical method for the analysis of continuously distributed data representative of composition fluctuations in irradiated FeCrAl alloys acquired using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) method is presented. Using probability distribution functions, direct and cross-covariances between the elemental compositions, the effects of alloy composition and irradiation dose were investigated on the spatial distribution and length scale of composition fluctuations at the nanoscale. We have observed that, for neutron-irradiated FeCrAl alloys, the distribution of Fe and Cr followed a left-skewed and right-skewed distribution, respectively for all (average) alloy compositions and irradiation doses. The analysis also revealed enhanced spatial gradients in the elemental compositions at higher irradiation dose. Direct and cross-covariance estimates of the experimental data were also utilized for reconstruction of composition data through fitting it to a parametric form of the covariance functions. Linear Model of Coregionalization was used to determine the parameters of the covariance functions. Subsequently, a spectral method was utilized for simulating a realization of the alloy compositions. Close correspondence was observed between the experimental and the reconstructed data which was analyzed using probability distribution functions and covariance functions. Composition space of the experimental and reconstructed data and dislocation velocities as a function of applied stress and line directions over the entire composition maps were also examined.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Thermodynamic evaluation and modeling of the CeF 3 -LaF 3 -LiF-NaF system
The thermodynamic properties of the LiF-NaF-CeF 3 -LaF 3 pseudo-quaternary system have been evaluated, and models for the relevant phases have been revised or newly developed. The solid solubility of NaF in LaF 3 and CeF 3 was described in the model based on reported phase-equilibria observations and results from density functional theory calculations. The Gibbs energy functions for the NaCeF 4 and NaLaF 4 phases have been updated with recently reported thermochemical measurements. The Gibbs energy functions and model relations for the LiF-NaF-LaF 3 and LiF-NaF-CeF 3 pseudo-ternary systems were successfully optimized based on thermochemical properties and phase equilibria observations.
CALPHAD↗
A priori analysis of a power-law sub-filter scale mixing model for transported PDF modeling of high Karlovitz turbulent premixed flames
Accurate modeling of mixing in large-eddy simulation (LES) / transported probability density function (PDF) modeling of turbulent combustion remains an outstanding issue. The issue is particularly salient in turbulent premixed combustion under extreme conditions such as high-Karlovitz number Ka. Here, the present study addresses this issue by conducting an a priori analysis of a power-law scaling based mixing timescale model for the transported PDF model. A recently produced DNS dataset of a high-Ka turbulent jet flame is used for the analysis. A power-law scaling is observed for a scaling factor used to model the sub-filter scale mixing timescale in this high-Ka turbulent premixed DNS flame when the LES filter size is much greater than the characteristic thermal thickness of a laminar premixed flame. The sensitivity of the observed power-law scaling to the different viewpoints (local or global) and to the different scalars for the data analysis is examined and the dependence of the model parameters on the dimensionless numbers Ka and Re (the Reynolds number) is investigated. Different model formulations for the mixing timescale are then constructed and assessed in the DNS flame. The proposed model is found to be able to reproduce the mixing timescale informed by the high-Ka DNS flame significantly better than a previous model.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Statistical analysis of non-Maxwellian electron distribution functions measured with angularly resolved Thomson scattering
Angularly resolved Thomson scattering is a novel extension of Thomson scattering, enabling the measurement of the electron velocity distribution function over many orders of magnitude. Here, details of the theoretical basis of the technique and the instrument designed for this measurement are described. Angularly resolved Thomson-scattering data from several experiments are shown with descriptions of the corresponding distribution functions. A reduced model describing the distribution function is given and used to perform a Monte Carlo analysis of the uncertainty in the measurements. The electron density and temperature were determined to a precision of 12% and 21%, respectively, on average, while all other parameters defining the distribution function were generally determined to better than 20%. It was found that these uncertainties were primarily due to limited signal to noise and instrumental effects. Furthermore, measurements with this level of precision were sufficient to distinguish between Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian distribution functions.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
A molecularly defined duplication set for the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster
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60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Source spectra of the first four Source Physics Experiments (SPE) explosions from the frequency-domain moment-tensor inversion
In this study, I used seismic waveforms recorded within 2 km from the epicenter of the first four Source Physics Experiments (SPE) explosions to invert for the moment-tensor spectra of these explosions. I employed a one-dimensional (1D) Earth model for Green's function calculations. The model was developed from P- and R g -wave travel times and amplitudes. I selected data for the inversion based on the criterion that they had consistent travel times and amplitude behavior as those predicted by the 1D model. Due to limited azimuthal coverage of the sources and the mostly vertical-component-only nature of the dataset, only long-period, volumetric components of the moment-tensor spectra were well constrained.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Calculations of atomic energy levels
Vector model for wave functions of atomic energy levels
STATE VECTOR↗
Stochastic models for the tensile strength, fatigue
The time-to-failure of a single fiber is modeled as a functional of the fiber load history and reasonable forms for this functional are proposed. Earlier models by Daniels and Coleman are shown to be special cases of the proposed model and apparent disparities in their behavior are discussed. Techniques are presented for determining analytically the asymptotic distributions of the tensile strength and time-to-failure for bundles of a large number of fibers. For smaller bundles, exact results are far too cumbersome to be of use so that efficient Monte Carlo simulation procedures are proposed.
Phoenix, S. L.↗
Solid/FEM integration at SNLA
The effort at Sandia National Labs. on the methodologies and techniques being used to generate strict hexahedral finite element meshes from a solid model is described. The functionality of the modeler is used to decompose the solid into a set of nonintersecting meshable finite element primitives. The description of the decomposition is exported, via a Boundary Representative format, to the meshing program which uses the information for complete finite element model specification. Particular features of the program are discussed in some detail along with future plans for development which includes automation of the decomposition using artificial intelligence techniques.
Chavez, Patrick F.↗
Dynamics of the intermediate-age elliptical LMC cluster NGC 1978
BV CCD images and echelle spectra of 35 giants are used to examine the internal dynamics of the elliptical LMC cluster NGC 1978. Projected radii for the giants range from 1.4 to 20.0, and the mean estimated stellar velocity uncertainty is 1.6 km/s; the mean cluster velocity is 293.3 +/-1.0 km/s. BV profiles were constructed to projected radii of greater than 100 pc. The single-mass models provided better agreement with the surface photometry. Among multimass models, there is slightly better agreement seen for the models with shallow mass functions. The nonrotating model was found to be in better agreement with the kinematic data, although the rotating models could not be completely ruled out. No morphological evidence for a merger was found.
Fischer, Philippe↗