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DOE OSTI2021

Tuning successive linear programming to solve AC optimal power flow problem for large networks

Successive linear programming (SLP) is a practical approach for solving large-scale nonlinear optimization problems. Alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) is no exception, particularly the large size of real-world networks. However, in order to achieve tractability, it is essential to tune the SLP algorithm presented in the literature. This paper presents a modified SLP algorithm to solve the ACOPF problem, specified by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Grid Optimization (GO) Competition Challenge 1, within strict time limits. The algorithm first finds a near-optimal solution for the relaxed problem (i.e., Stage 1). Then, it finds a feasible solution in the proximity of the near-optimal solution (i.e., Stage 2 and Stage 3). The numerical experiments on test cases ranging from 500-bus to 30,000-bus systems show that the algorithm is tractable. Here the results show that our proposed algorithm is tractable and can solve more than 80% of test cases faster than the well-known Interior Point Method while significantly reduce the number of iterations required to solve ACOPF. The number of iterations is considered an important factor in the examination of tractability which can drastically reduce the computational time required within each iteration.

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DOE OSTI2020

The MPACT 2020 Milestone: Safeguards and Security by Design of Future Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities.

The Materials Protection, Accounting, and Control Technologies (MPACT) campaign, within the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, has developed a Virtual Facility Distributed Test Bed for safeguards and security design for future nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The purpose of the Virtual Test Bed is to bring together experimental and modeling capabilities across the U.S. national laboratory and university complex to provide a one-stop-shop for advanced Safeguards and Security by Design (SSBD). Experimental testing alone of safeguards and security technologies would be cost prohibitive, but testbeds and laboratory processing facilities with safeguards measurement opportunities, coupled with modeling and simulation, provide the ability to generate modern, efficient safeguards and security systems for new facilities. This Virtual Test Bed concept has been demonstrated using a generic electrochemical reprocessing facility as an example, but the concept can be extended to other facilities. While much of the recent work in the MPACT program has focused on electrochemical safeguards and security technologies, the laboratory capabilities have been applied to other facilities in the past (including aqueous reprocessing, fuel fabrication, and molten salt reactors as examples). This paper provides an overview of the Virtual Test Bed concept, a description of the design process, and a baseline safeguards and security design for the example facility. Parallel papers in this issue go into more detail on the various technologies, experimental testing, modeling capabilities, and performance testing.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

DOE OSTI2024

Development of a Computational Framework for Multiphysics Multiphase Species Tracking using NEAMS Tools

This report implements a high-fidelity multiphysics modeling framework using the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program tools to track isotopic species in Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), with a specific focus on the 91-depletion chain within the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE). The model integrates neutronics, thermal-hydraulics, depletion, and thermochemistry to simulate the production, transport, and phase transitions of isotopes under steady-state and transient conditions. The main findings reveal that isotopes such as bromine-91 largely remain in the liquid phase, while others, including krypton-91and yttrium-91, transition to the gas phase, significantly influencing the reactor’s radiological source term. The study also shows that during transients, like a reactivity insertion transient, rapid void formation and the expansion of the liquid-gas interface led to substantial transfers of dissolved isotopes into the gas phase, altering isotope distribution and largely increasing the source term in the off-gas system. Additionally, the research highlights that short-lived isotopes dominate the initial off-gas response during transients, while longer-lived isotopes determine the equilibrium state, underscoring the necessity of dynamic simulations for accurate species tracking and reactor safety analysis. The developed methodology will be applied in the future to the tracking of a larger number of species and introduce other species tracking mechanisms, such as deposition and plating.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Performance Monitoring of African Micro-Grids: Good Practices and Operational Data

This report investigates the current understanding and use of performance monitoring in the micro-grid sector by developers. It highlights the importance of performance monitoring by providing key performance monitoring indicators and suggesting performance monitoring activities that improve projects and programs. This report also presents the analysis of the performance data of 36 micro-grids currently operating in Africa, in one of the largest such assessments conducted to date within the sector and concludes by recommending potential next steps towards integrating performance monitoring into the micro-grid sector.

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DOE OSTI2018

NSUF 2016 Annual Report

The Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) and its partner facilities represent a prototype laboratory that utilizes a distributed partnership, with each facility bringing exceptional capabilities to the relationship including reactors, beamlines, state-of-the-art instruments, hot cells, and equally important, expertise. These capabilities and people together create a nationwide infrastructure that allows the best ideas to be tested using the most advanced capabilities. Through the NSUF, researchers and their collaborators are building on current knowledge to better understand the complex behavior of materials and fuels in a nuclear reactor. The NSUF’s partnership program in 2016 included eight universities, one research and education consortium, three national laboratories, and one industry partner. The avenues opened through these partnerships facilitate cooperative research across the country, matching people with capabilities and students with mentors. The NSUF in 2016 included Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and the following institutions: • Argonne National Laboratory • Center for Advanced Energy Studies (a research and education consortium between Boise State University, INL, Idaho State University, University of Idaho, and University of Wyoming) • Illinois Institute of Technology • Massachusetts Institute of Technology • North Carolina State University • Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory • Purdue University • University of California, Berkeley • University of Michigan • University of Nevada, Las Vegas • University of Wisconsin • Westinghouse Materials Center of Excellence. This report contains details on new capabilities brought into the NSUF in 2016, the evidence of the increasing research facilitated by the NSUF, and new tools and activities to propel nuclear research and development forward to meet energy reliability and security needs. Learn about the NSUF Nuclear Fuels and Materials Library and the Nuclear Energy Infrastructure Database, and how the robust NSUF website continues to evolve to support new tools. Read about how the NSUF supports Department of Energy (DOE) missions through efforts like the 2016 NSUF Ion Beam Options Workshop, which led to a prioritiza-tion of ion beam facilities according to their ability to support Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) missions.

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DOE OSTI2021

Hardening DOE R&D Software Tools for Web-based Visualization SBIR Phase I Final Report

Ubiquitous web-based visualization is essential to delivering large-scale data visualization to various stakeholders, from the scientist to the board member. These stakeholders will not tolerate a stalled application or a pop-up window asking them to wait for the processing to complete. They require a responsive and interactive visualization environment with high-quality imagery suitable for detailed analysis and boardroom presentations. At Kitware, Inc., we have accomplished web visualization to this point, leveraging state-of-the-art tools like HTML5, CSS3, SVG, Canvas, and WebGL. Solutions that leverage a combination of these technologies are necessary to handle workloads that vary significantly in data size efficiently. However, it is not always practical to move large data to the web client for visualization. Kitware's ParaView as a Service combines client-side visualization using both distributed processing and remote rendering on big data impractical to move. Existing distributed processing and remote rendering solution's interactivity is below the expectations of web-based applications. Our project examined proposed solutions to the areas outlined above in ParaView as a Service. We have investigated concurrent pipelines, streaming images, progressive rendering, and optimization of algorithms and data movement to address these concerns. For the Phase I project, we completed the proposed work plan. As a result, the project produced three prototypes of essential importance for web visualization and the ParaView as a Service community. We created a simple desktop application for an interactive streamline placement prototype, a web-based interactive streamline placement prototype, and a web-based progressive rendering utilizing raytracing prototype. These prototypes relied on the hardening of emerging software toolkits funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) program (such as ParaView, VTK-m, and Mochi). We blended these components into web-based visualization prototypes that meet the industry's expectations for interactivity and responsiveness. The Phase I project had four essential focus areas: 1. Develop prototype ParaView as a Service backend server using asynchronous, non-blocking design principles. 2. Develop a prototype web application that uses the ParaView as a Service backend server for remote data visualization. 3. Implement image streaming with encoding/compression and progressive rendering capabilities in the proposed platform. 4. Evaluate the prototype developed and summarize observations, including the challenges and pitfalls of our approach. After our successful completion of Phase I, we are strongly positioned to propose a successful Phase II project.

Geveci, Berk↗

DOE OSTI2023

Measured Thermal and Fast Neutron Fluence Rates ATR Cycles 171A ATF (Rev. 1)

This report contains the thermal (2200 m/s) and fast (E>1MeV) neutron fluence rate data for ATR Cycle 171A ATF which were measured by the Radiation Measurements Laboratory (RML) as requested by the Power Reactor Programs (ATR Experiments) Radiation Measurements Work Order. This report contains fluence rate values corresponding to the particular elevations (relative to the 80-ft. core elevation) where the measurements were taken. The data in this report consists of (1) a table of the ATR power history and distribution, (2) a listing of the calculated thermal and fast neutron fluence rates, and (3) plots of calculated both the thermal and fast neutron fluence rates. The fluence rates reported are for the average power levels given in the table of power history and distribution. During the irradiation of Cycle 152A, the RML performed additional flux measurements to assess core reconfiguration issues. Measurements using cadmium covered as well as bare neutron monitors in the Southwest, Southeast, and H positions of the Center lobe were performed to determine the division in neutron energy between epithermal and thermal neutrons. This is defined as the resonance correction defined in this report. It is used to quantify both thermal and fast neutron flux. For more information please refer to letter, “RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF IN CORE ATR PHYSICS TESTING DURING CYCLE 152A” dated January 24, 2013, to Casey Stengel from C. C. Jensen. The measured values documented in RML Procedure, “ACMM-3600, Flux Monitoring,” will be used indefinitely until further measurements supersede the current values.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Measured Thermal and Fast Neutron Fluence Rates ATR Cycles 171A IR TMIST 3B

This report contains the thermal (2200 m/s) and fast (E>1MeV) neutron fluence rate data for ATR Cycle 171A which were measured by the Radiation Measurements Laboratory (RML) as requested by the Power Reactor Programs (ATR Experiments) Radiation Measurements Work Order. This report contains fluence rate values corresponding to the particular elevations (relative to the 80-ft. core elevation) where the measurements were taken. The data in this report consists of (1) a table of the ATR power history and distribution, (2) a listing of the calculated thermal and fast neutron fluence rates, and (3) plots of calculated both the thermal and fast neutron fluence rates. The fluence rates reported are for the average power levels given in the table of power history and distribution. During the irradiation of Cycle 152A, the RML performed additional flux measurements to assess core reconfiguration issues. Measurements using cadmium covered as well as bare neutron monitors in the Southwest, Southeast, and H positions of the Center lobe were performed to determine the division in neutron energy between epithermal and thermal neutrons. This is defined as the resonance correction defined in this report. It is used to quantify both thermal and fast neutron flux. For more information please refer to letter, “RADIATION MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF IN CORE ATR PHYSICS TESTING DURING CYCLE 152A” dated January 24, 2013, to Casey Stengel from C. C. Jensen. The measured values documented in RML Procedure, “ACMM-3600, Flux Monitoring,” will be used indefinitely until further measurements supersede the current values.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Current status and grand challenges for small wind turbine technology

While modern wind turbines have become by far the largest rotating machines on Earth with further upscaling planned for the future, a renewed interest in small wind turbines (SWTs) is fostering energy transition and smart grid development. Small machines have traditionally not received the same level of aerodynamic refinement as their larger counterparts, resulting in lower efficiency, lower capacity factors, and therefore a higher cost of energy. In an effort to reduce this gap, research programs are developing worldwide. With this background, the scope of the present study is 2-fold. In the first part of this paper, an overview of the current status of the technology is presented in terms of technical maturity, diffusion, and cost. The second part of the study proposes five grand challenges that are thought to be key to fostering the development of small wind turbine technology in the near future, i.e. (1) improving energy conversion of modern SWTs through better design and control, especially in the case of turbulent wind; (2) better predicting long-term turbine performance with limited resource measurements and proving reliability; (3) improving the economic viability of small wind energy; (4) facilitating the contribution of SWTs to the energy demand and electrical system integration; (5) fostering engagement, social acceptance, and deployment for global distributed wind markets. To tackle these challenges, a series of unknowns and gaps are first identified and discussed. Based on them, improvement areas are suggested, for which 10 key enabling actions are finally proposed.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1995

EGRET observations of the BL Lacertae objects 0716+714 and 0521-365

During the Compton Observatory's viewing programs Phase 1 (1991 April to 1992 November, also known as the All-Sky Survey) and Phase 2 (1992 November to 1993 September), the BL Lac object 0716+714 was in the field of view of the EGRET telescope a total of six times, three times in Phase 1 and three more times in Phase 2, while the BL Lac object 0521-365 was in the field of view of EGRET only once in Phase 1. The source 0716+714 was detected in high-energy gamma rays by EGRET at a flux level of (2.0 +/- 0.4) x 10(exp -7) photons/sq cm/s for E greater than 100 MeV with a 6 sigma significance when it was first observed by EGRET in 1992 January 10 to 23. The corresponding spectral slope of the photon number distribution is determined to be -2.04 +/- 0.33. The gamma-ray flux of 0716+714 showed considerable time variability in subsequent EGRET observations. But the spectral slope stayed about the same within the statistical uncertainties of the EGRET data. The average spectral slope of the four viewing periods during which the photon flux of 0716+714 stayed above the EGRET detection threshold is found to be -1.85 +/- 0.20 from the combined data. The source 0521+365 was detected by EGRET in 1992 May 14 to June 4 at a flux level of (1.8 +/- 0.5) x 10(exp -7) photons/sq cm/s for E greater than 100 MeV with a 4 sigma significance. The corresponding spectral slope of the photon number distribution is found to be 2.16 +/- 0.36. Details of the observations of these two BL Lac objects with the EGRET telescope are presented.

Lin, Y. C.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in the South-East Atlantic: Knowledge Gaps, Planned Observations to Address Them, and Implications for Global Climate Change Modeling

Southern Africa produces almost a third of the Earth's biomass burning (BB) aerosol particles, yet the fate of these particles and their influence on regional and global climate is poorly understood. Particles lofted into the mid-troposphere are transported westward over the South-East (SE) Atlantic, home to one of the three permanent subtropical Stratocumulus (Sc) cloud decks in the world. The stratocumulus "climate radiators" are critical to the regional and global climate system. They interact with dense layers of BB aerosols that initially overlay the cloud deck, but later subside and are mixed into the clouds. These interactions include adjustments to aerosol-induced solar heating and microphysical effects. As emphasized in the latest IPCC report, the global representation of these aerosol-cloud interaction processes in climate models is one of the largest uncertainty in estimates of future climate. Hence, new observations over the SE Atlantic have significant implications for global climate change scenarios. We discuss the current knowledge of aerosol and cloud property distributions based on satellite observations and sparse suborbital sampling, and describe planned field campaigns in the region. Specifically, we describe the scientific objectives and implementation of the following four synergistic, international research activities aimed at providing a process-level understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions over the SE Atlantic: 1) ORACLES (Observations of Aerosols above Clouds and their interactions), a five-year investigation between 2015 and 2019 with three Intensive Observation Periods (IOP), recently funded by the NASA Earth-Venture Suborbital Program, 2) CLARIFY-2016 (Cloud-Aerosol-Radiation Interactions and Forcing: Year 2016), a comprehensive observational and modeling programme funded by the UK's Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and supported by the UK Met Office. 3) LASIC (Layered Atlantic Smoke Interactions with Clouds), a funded deployment of the DOE (Department of Energy) ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) to Ascension Island, nominally for April 1 2016 - March 31 2017, and 4) ONFIRE (Observations of Fire's Impact on the southeast Atlantic Region), a proposed deployment of the NCAR C-130 aircraft to Sao Tome Island in 2017.

Aerosol-cloud↗

NASA NTRS2018

TPSAS-NF1676L-31995-DND

The Osa Peninsula, located in the southern region of Costa Rica’s Pacific Coast, is one of the most biologically-diverse places on Earth and is a popular ecotourism destination. However, the area faces watershed degradation and loss of biodiversity due to deforestation, pollution from agriculture, and human settlement. The NASA DEVELOP National Program worked with Osa Conservation to analyze land use and land cover change in the Osa Peninsula to better understand threats to river water quality and mangrove health. This project used Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), and Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) to create a land cover time series map from 1987 to 2017. These time series data were used to compare land use over time, as well as patterns in water quality, mangrove health, erosion, and deforestation. The time series also helped to identify the impact of the creation of protected areas and the 1996 Forest Law 7575, which aimed to support reforestation and riparian health. Osa Conservation will use and distribute results to the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), and local communities to inform land management decisions, policy enforcement, education and outreach initiatives, and watershed restoration and monitoring.

Suravi Shrestha↗

DOE OSTI2023

Grand Challenges for Small Wind: Results of the European Academy Study

ENGINEERING,WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

A Review of Sandia Energy Storage Research Capabilities and Opportunities (2020 to 2030)

Large-scale integration of energy storage on the electric grid will be essential to enabling greater penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources, modernizing the grid for increased flexibility security, reliability, and resilience, and enabling cleaner forms of transportation. The purpose of this report is to summarize Sandia's research and capabilities in energy storage and to provide a preliminary roadmap for future efforts in this area that can address the ongoing program needs of DOE and the nation. Mission and vision statements are first presented followed by an overview of the organizational structure at Sandia that provides support and activities in energy storage. Then, a summary of Sandia's energy storage capabilities is presented by technology, including battery storage and materials, power conversion and electronics, subsurface-based energy storage, thermal/thermochemical energy storage, hydrogen storage, data analytics/systems optimization/controls, safety of energy storage systems, and testing/demonstrations/model validation. A summary of identified gaps and needs is also presented for each technology and capability.

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DOE OSTI2025

Congestion Management Solutions for Enhanced Distribution System Operations with Aggregated Distribution Grid Resources Providing Grid Services and Market Participation

Microgrids and other aggregations of distribution grid resources (DGRs) are poised to actively participate in electricity markets and provide essential grid services in the coming years. In fact, DGRs already play such a role through behind-the-meter (BTM) demand response programs and small-scale BTM dispatchable generation initiatives. At the same time, the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and cryptocurrency datacenters imposes significant, often unpredictable, demands on the power distribution system. Aggregated DGRs can serve as flexible resources that help mitigate these pressures by using available transmission and distribution capacity more efficiently, supporting resource adequacy and other reliability services, and providing bridge strategies while long-term transmission infrastructure is being developed. The impacts this activity will have on distribution networks are not fully understood and could present significant challenges for distribution utilities due to capacity constraints and the need for congestion management. Technical issues include reverse power flow, variability and possible degradation of equipment integrity, voltage violations, and customer power quality concerns. These issues will likely intensify as electricity market operators across the United States implement Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order 2222 over the next few years.

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NASA NTRS1994

A solar photovoltaic power system for use in Antarctica

A solar photovoltaic power system was designed and built at the NASA Lewis Research Center as part of the NASA/NSF Antarctic Space Analog Program. The system was installed at a remote field camp at Lake Hoare in the Dry Valleys and provided a six-person field team with the power to run personal computers and printers, lab equipment, lightning, and a small microwave oven. The system consists of three silicon photovoltaic sub-arrays delivering 1.5 kW peak power, three lead-acid gel battery modules supplying 2.4 kWh, and electrical distribution system which delivers 120 Vac and 12 Vdc to the user. The system was modularized for each of deployment and operation. Previously the camp has been powered by diesel generators, which have proven to be both noisy and polluting. The NSF, in an effort to reduce their dependence on diesel fuel from both and environmental and cost standpoint is interested in the use of alternate forms of energy, such as solar power. Such a power system will also provide NASA with important data on system level deployment and operation in a remote location by a minimally trained crew, as well as validate initial integration concepts.

Kohout, Lisa L.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Modular, Reconfigurable, High-Energy Technology Development

The Modular, Reconfigurable High-Energy (MRHE) Technology Demonstrator project was to have been a series of ground-based demonstrations to mature critical technologies needed for in-space assembly of a highpower high-voltage modular spacecraft in low Earth orbit, enabling the development of future modular solar-powered exploration cargo-transport vehicles and infrastructure. MRHE was a project in the High Energy Space Systems (HESS) Program, within NASA's Exploration Systems Research and Technology (ESR&T) Program. NASA participants included Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and Glenn Research Center (GRC). Contractor participants were the Boeing Phantom Works in Huntsville, AL, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center in Palo Alto, CA, ENTECH, Inc. in Keller, TX, and the University of AL Huntsville (UAH). MRHE's technical objectives were to mature: (a) lightweight, efficient, high-voltage, radiation-resistant solar power generation (SPG) technologies; (b) innovative, lightweight, efficient thermal management systems; (c) efficient, 100kW-class, high-voltage power delivery systems from an SPG to an electric thruster system; (d) autonomous rendezvous and docking technology for in-space assembly of modular, reconfigurable spacecraft; (e) robotic assembly of modular space systems; and (f) modular, reconfigurable distributed avionics technologies. Maturation of these technologies was to be implemented through a series of increasingly-inclusive laboratory demonstrations that would have integrated and demonstrated two systems-of-systems: (a) the autonomous rendezvous and docking of modular spacecraft with deployable structures, robotic assembly, reconfiguration both during assembly and (b) the development and integration of an advanced thermal heat pipe and a high-voltage power delivery system with a representative lightweight high-voltage SPG array. In addition, an integrated simulation testbed would have been developed containing software models representing the technologies being matured in the laboratory demos. The testbed would have also included models for non-MRHE developed subsystems such as electric propulsion, so that end-to-end performance could have been assessed. This paper presents an overview of the MRHE Phase I activities at MSFC and its contractor partners. One of the major Phase I accomplishments is the assembly demonstration in the Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (LMATC) Robot-Satellite facility, in which three robot-satellites successfully demonstrated rendezvous & docking, self-assembly, reconfiguration, adaptable GN&C, deployment, and interfaces between modules. Phase I technology maturation results from ENTECH include material recommendations for radiation hardened Stretched Lens Array (SLA) concentrator lenses, and a design concept and test results for a hi-voltage PV receiver. UAH's accomplishments include Supertube heatpipe test results, which support estimates of thermal conductivities at 30,000 times that of an equivalent silver rod. MSFC performed systems trades and developed a preliminary concept design for a 100kW-class modular reconfigurable solar electric propulsion transport vehicle, and Boeing Phantom Works in Huntsville performed assembly and rendezvous and docking trades. A concept animation video was produced by SAIC, wllich showed rendezvous and docking and SLA-square-rigger deployment in LEO.

Carrington, Connie↗

DOE OSTI2026

Utilities' Role in Major Grid Disruptions [Slides]

The Energy to Communities (E2C) peer-learning cohort program provides technical assistance to groups of 15 community entities around a common energy topic over the course of 6 months. Every month, participants join a virtual meeting where they hear from experts and exchange strategies and best practices with their peers. This cohort, "Planning for Major Energy Disruptions in the Southeast" focuses on strategies for entities in the Southeast to quickly recover from impacts to energy infrastructure caused by extreme events, such as severe weather and natural disasters. This presentation focuses on the role of utilities in preparing for and responding to major energy disruptions. The workshop is on April 23, 2026.

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