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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,153 records · Page 64
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

What Can Plastic Flow Fields Tell Us About Heat Sources in Deformation Processing?

We characterize primary (shape-change) and secondary (friction) deformation, and associated temperature fields, in metal cutting and forming processes, using in situ imaging and simulation. The experimental configurations enable access to the deformation zones and die contact-interfaces, for measuring deformation, temperature, and frictional drag. Infra-red thermography reveals that the plastic strain-rate field is an excellent proxy for the deformation-induced heat sources. Both spatially confined and diffuse strain-rate fields occur, depending on the initial workpiece deformation state. When the strain rate is confined, as in pre-hardened material, the temperature modeling is much simplified, as the heat source is also now localized. However complex, microstructure-driven deformation modes, like sinuous flow in annealed metals, result in spatially diffuse strain-rate and body heat sources, more challenging to analyze. Furthermore, our unified measurements should be of value for accurately estimating the fraction of plastic dissipation that is converted into heat in large-strain deformation processes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

In situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of 4140 steel laser powder bed fusion

In this study, an in situ synchrotron X-ray imaging technique was used to examine laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of a chrome-molybedum, AISI 4140, ferrite–bainite steel, from a moving laser source. Since 4140 has received only minimal attention in the AM literature, focus here was on the effects of melt pool dynamics, vapor cavity depths, build layer height, and the origin of porosity on the 4140 as-built microstructure. Four build parameter sets, which enabled variation of laser power, scan speed, laser spot size, and specific energy density (SED), were applied. Vapor cavity and melt pool depths were measured for each single-track laser scan. Direct imaging of the LPBF process demonstrated that the primary source of porosity in the build originates from incorporation of entrapped gas within the powder irrespective of build parameter set. High resolution SEM and EBSD demonstrated that the as-built microstructure did not vary significantly with build parameter set over a broad range of SED. The fast solidification rates observed (0.06–0.08 m/s) lead to fine martensite packet/block size distributions (1–3 µm) with the potential for increased material strength.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ultrafast electron microscopy for probing magnetic dynamics

Abstract The spatial features of ultrafast changes in magnetic textures carry detailed information on microscopic couplings and energy transport mechanisms. Electrons excel in imaging such picosecond or shorter processes at nanometer length scales. We review the range of physical interactions that produce ultrafast magnetic contrast with electrons, and specifically highlight the recent emergence of ultrafast Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. From the fundamental processes involved in demagnetization at extremely short timescales to skyrmion-based devices, we show that ultrafast electron imaging will be a vital tool in solving pressing problems in magnetism and magnetic materials where nanoscale inhomogeneity, microscopic field measurement, non-equilibrium behavior or dynamics are involved. Graphic abstract

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Dual-Energy CT Pulmonary Angiography: Quantification of Disease Burden and Impact on Management

Purpose of Review: Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has become the imaging modality of choice for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). Post-processing techniques currently available for dual-energy CT pulmonary angiography (DE-CTPA) enhance image quality and provide additional value in the diagnosis of PE. The objective of this article is to summarize these recent developments and discuss the appropriate use of DE-CTPA post-processing applications. Recent Findings: DE-CTPA post-processing applications enable reconstruction of virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) and color-coded iodine-perfusion maps to increase contrast conditions and visualize lung perfusion defects in case of embolic occlusion of pulmonary arteries. Both techniques revealed a superior diagnostic performance for the detection of pulmonary emboli and assessment of the pulmonary perfusion compared to the standard image reconstructions. Summary: DE-CTPA is a well-established method for excluding or diagnosing PE. Continued developments in DE-CTPA post-processing techniques improve patient management and allow for a quantification of disease burden.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2020

High speed PLIF study of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability upon re-shock

The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) of a twice-shocked gas interface is researched using high-speed planar-laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) in the Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory’s vertical shock tube. The initial condition (IC) is a shear layer with broadband diffuse perturbations at the interface between a helium-acetone mixture and argon. This IC is accelerated by a shock of nominal strength M = 1.8, and then accelerated again by the transmitted shock that reflects off the end wall of the tube. An estimate of the light gas mole fraction is extracted from high-speed imaging using an iterative process that accounts for the nonlinear temperature dependence of the acetone’s fluorescence quantum yield (FQY) and absorption cross-section. A vorticity deposition model for the initial growth rate after reshock is compared with the Mikaelian model for re-shock. Previously used in literature, the number of generations is shown to naturally arise from a normalisation of the scalar transport equation. A self-similar analysis is then further performed using the mole fraction data to explore the evolution of the RMI after reshock and the higher order moments of the light gas mole fraction are compared with a proposed model.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Laboratory Demonstration of Collisionless Blob Formation via Laser-Produced Plasma Self-Focusing

Strongly localized, propagating plasma density structures that are capable of crossing magnetic field lines are known as “blobs.” Here we demonstrate a novel mechanism for the formation and propagation of an ion gyroradius-scale blob-cavity structure at the interface between a super-Alfvénic laser-produced plasma (LPP) and an ambient magnetized plasma. The LPP self-focuses along the edge of the diamagnetic cavity which results in a dense, jetlike structure as compared to ballistic motion. This collimated flow couples momentum to the ambient plasma through a collisionless process known as Larmor coupling. The Larmor electric fields locally displace the ambient ions forming a blob above the LPP flow. In the region between a gyrating blob and collimated LPP flow, a secondary cavity of expelled magnetic field forms. In conclusion, these findings are supported by particle-in-cell simulations that replicate the blob formation mechanism and provide insight to similar processes in space, astrophysical, and laboratory settings characterized by ion kinetic scales.

Fluorescence spectroscopy↗
DOE OSTI2022

Anion exchange and extraction chromatography tandem column isolation of zirconium-89 ( 89 Zr) from cyclotron bombarded targets using an automated fluidic platform

The long-lived positron emitter 89 Zr is a highly promising nuclide employed in diagnostic Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. Methods of radiochemical processing to obtain 89 Zr for clinical use are traditionally performed with a single hydroxamate resin column. In this work, we present a tandem column purification method for the preparation of high-purity 89 Zr from cyclotron bombarded Y metal foils. The primary column is a macroporous, strongly basic anion exchange resin on styrene divinylbenzene co-polymer. The secondary microcolumn, with an internal volume of 33 µL, is packed with an extraction chromatography resin (ExCR) loaded with HDEHP. A condition of “inverted selectivity” is presented, wherein the 89 Zr elution from the primary column is synonymous with the load condition on the secondary column. The ability to transfer 89 Zr from one column to the next allows two sequential column clean-up methods to be performed prior to the final elution of the 89 Zr product. This approach assures delivery of very high purity 89 Zr . The tandem column purification process has been implemented into a prototype automated fluidic system. Optimization of the method is presented, followed by evaluation of the process using seven cyclotron bombarded Y metal foil targets. Once optimized, we found that 93.7±2.3% of the 89 Zr present in the foils was recovered in the secondary column elution fraction (0.8 M oxalic acid). Radiochromatograms of the product elution peaks enabled determination of full width at half-maximum (FWHM) and 89 Zr collection yields as a function of volume. Because of the small size of the secondary microcolumn, a 89 Zr product volume of ~0.28 mL is reported, which provides a substantially increased nuclide concentration over traditional methods. Finally, we evaluated the transchelation of the resulting 89 Zr oxalate product to deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) salt. We observed effective specific activities (ESA) and bindable metals concentrations ([M B ]) that exceed those reported by the traditional single hydroxamate column method.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2017

INITIATION PROCESSES FOR THE 2013 MAY 13 X1.7 LIMB FLARE

For the X1.7 class flare on 2013 May 13 (SOL2013-05-13T01:53), its initiation process was well observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory and the Extreme UltraViolet Imager (EUVI) on board STEREO-B . The initiation process incorporates the following phenomena: an X-ray precursor that started ∼9 minutes before flare onset, two hot magnetic loops (as seen with AIA hot channels) forming a sigmoidal core magnetic structure (as seen with the EUVI), a rapidly formed magnetic flux rope (MFR) that expands outward, and a flare loop that contracts inward. The two hot magnetic loops were activated after the occurrence of the X-ray precursor. After activation, magnetic reconnection occurred between the two hot magnetic loops (inside the sigmoid structure), which produced the expanding MFR and the contracting flare loop (CFL). The MFR and CFL can only be seen with AIA hot and cool channels, respectively. For this flare, the real initiation time can be regarded as being from the starting time of the precursor, and its impulsive phase started when the MFR began its fast expansion. In addition, the CFL and the growing postflare magnetic loops are different loop systems, and the CFL was the product of magnetic reconnection between sheared magnetic fields that also produced the MFR.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Are Complex Magnetic Field Structures Responsible for the Confined X-class Flares in Super Active Region 12192?

From 2014 October 19 to 27, six X-class flares occurred in super active region (AR) 12192. They were all confined flares and were not followed by coronal mass ejections. To examine the structures of the four flares close to the solar disk center from October 22 to 26, we firstly employ composite triple-time images in each flare process to display the stratified structure of these flare loops. The loop structures of each flare in both the lower (171 Å) and higher (131 Å) temperature channels are complex, e.g., the flare loops rooting at flare ribbons are sheared or twisted (enwound) together, and the complex structures were not destroyed during the flares. For the first flare, although the flare loop system appears as a spindle shape, we can estimate its structures from observations, with lengths ranging from 130 to 300 Mm, heights from 65 to 150 Mm, widths at the middle part of the spindle from 40 to 100 Mm, and shear angles from 16° to 90°. Moreover, the flare ribbons display irregular movements, such as the left ribbon fragments of the flare on October 22 sweeping a small region repeatedly, and both ribbons of the flare on October 26 moved along the same direction instead of separating from each other. These irregular movements also imply that the corresponding flare loops are complex, e.g., several sets of flare loops are twisted together. Although previous studies have suggested that the background magnetic fields prevent confined flares from erupting,based on these observations, we suggest that complex flare loop structures may be responsible for these confined flares.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mirostructure Characterization of Friction Consolidated Copper-Nickel using a Machine Learning Approach: Developing Process to Microstructure Associations

Friction consolidation (FC) is a solid phase processing approach where discrete material forms such as powders, chips, nuggets, etc. are densified via shear deformation. The precursors are placed in a billet container and brought in contact with a rotating tool that applying the desirable amount of normal force. Under the combined action of the rotation and normal pressure, the discrete precursor is consolidated through porosity reduction and shear deformation. FC is increasingly being studied as an attractive approach to manufacturing fully dense parts from powder forms owing to its ability to mix, alloy and consolidate difficult-to-process precursors in minimal number of process steps. Material consolidation and deformation in shear consolidation processes have been studied extensively previously for different material combinations previously. However, despite the extensive research in this area, understanding of the mechanistic processes in pore consolidation, deformation-induced mixing and material solubility during FC is still evolving. Material development using solid phase processing approaches such as FC is often performed based on research experience/education, which can be biased. Conventional analysis and simulation tools in this area tend to be successful only when material thermodynamic pathways and microstructural evolution sequences resulting from processing are clearly defined or known. They are not as effective for emerging advanced manufacturing technologies where material evolution pathways are not well established. The ability to predict optimal process parameters based on material chemistry and bulk properties is essential to accelerate materials design and processing, as are an understanding of the relevant structure-processing-property relationships. These structure-processing-property-performance relationships are at the core of materials science research. Microstructure characterization provides the link to these four core areas, often through visualizing material microstructure using imaging techniques. However, linking microstructure image data (i.e., micrographs) to variables of interest (e.g., processing parameters, material chemistry) in a reproducible, generalizable, and quantitative manner is a significant challenge. Typically, quantitatively linking image data to processing history relies on significant domain knowledge and manual or subject matter expert (SME)-heuristic based image analysis. Such an approach to image analysis has the potential to be biased, inefficient, and difficult to replicate.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transient dynamics of powder spattering in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process revealed by in-situ high-speed high-energy x-ray imaging

Powder spattering is a major cause of defect formation and quality uncertainty in the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) process. It is very difficult to investigate this with either conventional characterization tools or modeling and simulation. The detailed dynamics of powder spattering in the LPBF are still not fully understood. Here, we report insights into the transient dynamics of powder spattering in the LPBF process that were observed with in-situ high-speed high-energy x-ray imaging. Powder motion dynamics, as functions of time, environment pressure, and location, are presented. The moving speed, acceleration, and driving force of powder motion that are induced by metal vapor jet/plume and argon gas flow are quantified. A schematic map showing the dynamics and mechanisms of powder motion during the LPBF process as functions of time and pressure is constructed. In conclusion, potential ways to mitigate powder spattering during the LPBF process are discussed and proposed, based on the revealed powder motion dynamics and mechanisms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Linum Lignan and Associated Biochemical Pathways in Human Health and Plant Defense

This chapter primarily addresses formation of the plant-protecting and human health-protecting lignans found in flax seed coat tissue. Yet, the fundamentals of how plants in general biochemically produce their protective seed coats (protecting the embryo until germination) is very poorly understood at the molecular level, in spite of its massive evolutionary importance. Flax is no exception. Herein, we address the natural product molecular species produced from the “mixed” biochemical pathways to both the flax seed lignans and other metabolite classes associated with same, as well as what is known about their localization in situ and their biosynthesis (proteins and enzymes involved). The biosynthetic pathway known to this point to the plant defense lignans in leaf and stem tissue is also discussed. Discovery of the biochemical steps leading to flax seed coat lignan biosynthesis, with a particular emphasis on the genes, dirigent proteins (DPs), downstream pinoresinol lariciresinol reductases, and secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase, is described. Advances made thus far from X-ray structural biology investigations, as well as MALDI TOF MS/MS and Ion Mobility metabolite imaging, of these biochemical processes to the lignan components in situ are also summarized. While the predominant health-protecting flax seed coat lignans are secoisolariciresinol glucoside (SDG) derived, they are essentially not present as such in this tissue. Instead, SDG exists in covalently linked form to other “mixed” biochemical pathway metabolites, of which there are currently 8 other distinct natural product entities known to be involved. The biosynthesis of other components, such as herbacetin diglucoside and hydroxymethyl glutaric acid, is also briefly discussed. What is known about the macromolecular structure of these lignan-containing mixed biochemical pathway metabolites to date during seed coat maturation is briefly summarized. Flaxseed, however, also contains other lignans, such as pinoresinol, isolariciresinol and matairesinol, albeit in tiny amount, which are released on alkali (base) treatment of flax seed or preparations thereof. The lignan yatein which, by comparison, accumulates in flax leaf and stem tissue appears to be involved in plant defense. What is known about its biochemical pathway and function is summarized. Interestingly, flax DPs are encoded by a 44-membered multi-gene family, of which only a few are of known biochemical/physiological function. Future research is urgently needed to ascertain the in vivo functions of this DP family, including probing the evolutionary ramifications of same and their relevance to successful evolutionary transition of aquatic plants to terrestrial vascular plant form.

dirigent proteins, lignin, Linum, flax, structure ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Linear downscaling from MODIS to landsat: connecting landscape composition with ecosystem functions

The open and free access to Landsat and MODIS products have greatly promoted scientific investigations on spatiotemporal change in land mosaics and ecosystem functions at landscape to regional scales. Unfortunately, there is a major mismatch in spatial resolution between MODIS products at coarser resolution (≥ 250 m) and landscape structure based on classified Landsat scenes at finer resolution (30 m). Based on practical needs for downscaling popular MODIS products at 500 m resolution to match classified land cover at Landsat 30 m resolution, we proposed an innovative modelling approach so that landscape structure and ecosystem functions can be directly studied for their interconnections. As a proof-of-concept of our downscaling approach, we selected the watershed of the Kalamazoo River in southwestern Michigan, USA as the testbed. MODIS products for three fundamental variables of ecosystem function are downscaled to ensure the approach can be extrapolated to multiple functional measurements. They are blue-sky albedo (0–1), evapotranspiration (ET, mm), and gross primary production (GPP, Mg C ha -1 year -1 ). An object-oriented classification of Landsat images in 2011 was processed to generate a land cover map for landscape structure. The downscaling model was tested for the five Level IV ecoregions within the watershed. We achieved satisfactory downscaling models for albedo, ET, and GPP for all five ecoregions. The adjusted R2 was > 0.995 for albedo, 0.915–0.997 for ET, and 0.902–0.962 for GPP. The estimated albedo, ET, and GPP values appear different in the region. The estimated albedo was the lowest for water (0.076–0.107) and the highest for cropland (0.166–0.172). Estimated ET was the highest for the built-up cover type (525.6–687.1 mm) and the lowest for forest (209.7–459.7 mm). The estimated GPP was the highest for the build-up cover type (8.65–9.85 Mg C ha -1 year -1 ) and the lowest for forest. Estimated values for albedo, ET, and GPP appear reasonable for their ranges in the Kalamazoo River region and are consistent with values reported in the literature. Despite these promising results, the downscaling approach relies on strong assumptions and can carry substantial uncertainty. Finally, it is only valid at a spatial scale where similar climate, soil, and landforms exist (i.e., values in isolated patches of the same cover type are similar). Plausibly, the uncertainties associated with each estimation, as well as the model residuals, can be explored for other pattern-process relationships within the landscape.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

A thermally-limited bubble growth model for the relaxation time of superheated fuels

Here, we propose a novel approach to evaluate the relaxation time of vapor bubble growth in the context of the flash boiling of a superheated liquid. In alternative to the empirical correlation derived from superheated water experiments almost fifty years ago, the new model describes the thermally-dominated growth of vapor bubbles in terms that are dependent on the local Jakob number (the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat during phase change) and the number density of vapor bubbles. The model is tested by plugging the resulting relaxation time into the Homogenous Relaxation Model (HRM). Flash-boiling simulations carried out with HRM are compared with n-pentane (C 5 H 12 ) injection and boil-off experiments conducted with a real-size, axial-hole, transparent gasoline injector discharging into a constant-pressure vessel. The long-distance microscopy images from the experiments, processed to derive the projected liquid volume (PLV) of the spray, provide a unique set of time-resolved validation data for direct fuel injection simulations. At conditions ranging from flaring to mild and minimal flash boiling, we show that switching to the new relaxation time improves the agreement with the measured PLV profiles with respect to the standard empirical model. Particularly at flaring conditions, the predicted increase in gas cooling caused by rapid vapor production is shown to be more consistent with the observed boil-off.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pointing stabilization of a 1 Hz high-power laser via machine learning

Abstract High-power lasers are vital for particle acceleration, imaging, fusion and materials processing, requiring precise control and high-energy delivery. Laser plasma accelerators (LPAs) demand laser positional stability at focus to ensure consistent electron beams in applications such as X-ray free-electron lasers and high-energy colliders. Achieving this stability is especially challenging for the low-repetition-rate lasers in current LPAs. We present a machine learning method that predicts and corrects laser pointing instabilities in real-time using a high-frequency pilot beam. By preemptively adjusting a correction mirror, this approach overcomes traditional feedback limits. Demonstrated on the BELLA petawatt laser operating at the terawatt level (30 mJ amplification), our method achieved root mean square pointing stabilization of 0.34 and 0.59 $\unicode{x3bc} \mathrm{rad}$ in the x and y directions, reducing jitter by 65% and 47%, respectively. This is the first successful application of predictive control for shot-to-shot stabilization in low-repetition-rate laser systems, paving the way for full-energy petawatt lasers and transformative advances across science, industry and security.

Amodio, Alessio↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nanomaterial Synthesis Insights from Machine Learning of Scientific Articles by Extracting, Structuring, and Visualizing Knowledge

Nanomaterials of varying compositions and morphologies are of interest for many applications from catalysis to optics, but the synthesis of nanomaterials and their scale-up are most often time-consuming and Edisonian processes. Information gleaned from the scientific literature can help inform and accelerate nanomaterials development, but again, searching the literature and digesting the information are time-consuming manual processes for researchers. To help address these challenges, here we developed scientific article-processing tools that extract and structure information from the text and figures of nanomaterials articles, thereby enabling the creation of a personalized knowledgebase for nanomaterials synthesis that can be mined to help inform further nanomaterials development. Starting with a corpus of ~35k nanomaterials-related articles, we developed models to classify articles according to the nanomaterial composition and morphology, extract synthesis protocols from within the articles’ text, and extract, normalize, and categorize chemical terms within synthesis protocols. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed pipeline on an expert-labeled set of nanomaterials synthesis articles, achieving 100% accuracy on composition prediction, 95% accuracy on morphology prediction, 0.99 AUC on protocol identification, and up to a 0.87 F1-score on chemical entity recognition. In addition to processing articles’ text, microscopy images of nanomaterials within the articles are also automatically identified and analyzed to determine the nanomaterials’ morphologies and size distributions. To enable users to easily explore the database, we developed a complementary browser-based visualization tool that provides flexibility in comparing across subsets of articles of interest. We use these tools and information to identify trends in nanomaterials synthesis, such as the correlation of certain reagents with various nanomaterial morphologies, which is useful in guiding hypotheses and reducing the potential parameter space during experimental design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Iodine versus Bromine Functionalization for Bottom-Up Graphene Nanoribbon Growth: Role of Diffusion

Deterministic bottom-up approaches for synthesizing atomically well-defined graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) largely rely on the surface-catalyzed activation of selected labile bonds in a molecular precursor followed by step-growth polymerization and cyclodehydrogenation. While the majority of successful GNR precursors rely on the homolytic cleavage of thermally labile C–Br bonds, the introduction of weaker C–I bonds provides access to monomers that can be polymerized at significantly lower temperatures, thus helping to increase the flexibility of the GNR synthesis process. Scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of molecular precursors, activated intermediates, and polymers resulting from stepwise thermal annealing of both Br and I substituted precursors for chevron GNRs reveals that the polymerization of both precursors proceeds at similar temperatures on Au(111). Finally, this surprising observation is consistent with diffusion-controlled polymerization of the surface-stabilized radical intermediates that emerge from homolytic cleavage of either the C–Br or the C–I bonds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

X-rays put molecules into a spin

The past decade has witnessed the emergence of a new X-ray light source technology that has been under development for some decades: the so-called self-amplified spontaneous emission-based free-electron laser (FEL). Furthermore, such lasers provide pulses with durations from just below 1 fs (10 –15 s) to over 100 fs and with energies from a few microjoules to a few millijoules, permitting the study of, for example, nonlinear optical effects (1), ultrafast processes (2), coherent diffractive imaging of biological systems such as protein crystals (3, 4), and mimivirus (5). After the opening of the first extreme-UV to soft X-ray user facility, namely FLASH in the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron at Hamburg, Germany (6), a number of other machines covering the extreme-UV (FERMI FEL-1, DALIAN), soft X-ray (FERMI FEL-2, FLASH1/FLASH2), and hard X-ray spectral ranges (LCLS, PAL-XFEL, SACLA, and XFEL) have been opened to users from a wide range of scientific and engineering disciplines.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗