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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Creating a Simulation Platform for Research and Development of Advanced Control Methods

Advanced nuclear reactors are essential to meet the changing energy requirements throughout both the United States and the rest of world. In addition to other features, they are designed to enable deployment in remote locations and operate in a fully (or near-fully) autonomous manner, which will require a new control paradigm. To realize autonomously operating reactors, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation (NEET ASI) program conducts research and development into the enabling technologies and methods needed, including digital twins, machine learning, and risk modeling, in addition to various types of control methods. These technologies and methods are the key foundations needed to achieve fully autonomous systems. To develop and evaluate the technologies and methods necessary for achieving autonomous operations, it is critical to identify a software tool capable of integrating all the required elements. In surveying the available solutions, no software platforms were identified that could accomplish what was needed without introducing drawbacks. This challenge was the motivation for the current effort: to develop a software platform that can seamlessly integrate autonomouscontrol-enabling technologies and methods, allowing for accelerated research and development and transfer of ideas. The resulting platform, known as the Control and Optimization Modular Modeling Application for Nuclear Deployment (COMMAND), is Python-based, and leverages open-source tools to provide flexibility and facilitate building upon prior research. It is designed to enable advanced reactor developers to deploy and test advanced control technologies and methods coupled with their own models, solutions, and hardware. Given the substantial undertaking of developing such a platform, the current effort focused on laying down scalable, flexible software foundations and infrastructure, then demonstrating the platform via a use case. These foundations included developing generic modules, which contain the base variable and system blocks (the information and functional building blocks, respectively, that can be used to design a simulation) and the data handling and storage blocks needed to exchange information between the various blocks; as well as enablingtechnology-specific modules. This platform was evaluated via a use case, which was to simulate and control a process for the Microreactor Automated Control System (MACS) test bed. While MACS is not currently directly coupled to any specific microreactor physics, it was initially developed in concert with the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation (MARVEL) microreactor, and so the MARVEL physics are used here. As part of this use case, several enabling-technology-specific blocks within COMMAND were integrated, including a proportional integral derivative (PID) control block, a Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program (RELAP5-3D) block, and an anomaly detection block. The COMMAND software platform was successfully demonstrated to achieve the scalability and flexibility objectives of this effort and will be leveraged by the program’s research efforts to advance state of the art control methodologies towards autonomous operations of advanced reactors. As new use cases are created and implemented, it is anticipated that COMMAND will continue to grow and evolve to meet new requirements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Host-Directed, Bioelectronic Immunomodulation for Protection Against Emerging Pathogens

Acute care of patients with severe infections often relies on systemic administration of pharmaceuticals and monitoring of complex physiological symptoms to identify immune system dysfunction, which can lead to increased mortality. Furthermore, determining disease-specific treatment plans often leads to a delay in patient care. To address this, we proposed an immune modulation system that electrically detects and responds to a patient’s immune system status, creating an agnostic means of treating illness and infection. Two pieces of hardware were developed for this task: a minimally-invasive sensor and a vagus nerve stimulator. Stimulation of the vagus nerve is known to modulate the immune system. The sensor is a microfabricated, silicon-based microneedle array capable of interfacing with interstitial fluid to detect small molecules such as inflammatory proteins (cytokines) and pharmaceuticals (vancomycin). Process optimization to manufacture the needles refined the silicon etch process, creating needle patches long enough to penetrate skin and reach interstitial fluid. The needles were tested for mechanical strength and stability, and did not shatter when inserted into skin models. The needles are coated with a thin film metal, turning them into electrodes for electrochemical sensing of our target molecules. We hybridized aptamers to the surface of the electrode to act as the sensing layer and were able to detect changes in the conformation of the aptamer electrochemically in the presence of the target molecule. The stimulator was a cuff electrode that encircled the vagus nerve. Rodent studies were conducted in which rodents were exposed to an inflammatory event and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) was applied. It was demonstrated that optimized electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve created measurably different levels of cytokines in blood samples, and certain cytokines released during the inflammatory event were either upregulated or downregulated. In sum, this project successfully developed new platforms and technologies that can, with further development, enable better temporal insight into biomarker changes in the body, letting healthcare providers know of possible immune system dysfunction before they are detected physiologically. We also demonstrated the value of VNS and its possible use in treating immune system response to inflammation and illness.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Passive Temperature Sensors for Nuclear Applications

In April 2007, the Department of Energy (DOE) designated the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) a National Scientific User Facility (NSUF) to advance US leadership in nuclear science and technology. By attracting new users from universities, laboratories, and industry, this program supports basic and applied nuclear research to help address the nation's energy security needs. In support of this program, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) established in-house capabilities to develop, fabricate, test, and qualify new and enhanced temperature sensors for irradiation testing. This effort is continuing today through the DOE?s Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation (ASI) program. Although most efforts emphasize sensors capable of providing real-time data, selected tasks have been completed to enhance passive sensors for irradiations where instrumentation leads cannot be included. These sensors include silicon carbide (SiC) monitors, melt wires and the sublime temperature monitor. SiC monitors are available to detect peak irradiation temperatures between 200°C and 800°C in reactor locations where instrumentation leads cannot be used. SiC monitors may be evaluated using specialized equipment installed at INL?s Measurement Sciences Laboratory (MSL). A melt wire inventory is also maintained at MSL. This inventory contains wires for specific use in irradiation experiments ranging in temperatures from 30°C to 1500°C. Melt wires and SiC monitors have had decades of research and application. Recent research has produced a passive monitor known as the sublime temperature monitor. This passive sensor has the capability of recording temperature gradients. This paper will discuss passive temperature sensors currently being researched and implemented under the ASI program.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Micro-Optical Ring Electrode: A Sensor for Multiple Actinide Ions Monitoring - 17586

We present on the development of the Micro-Optical Ring Electrode (MORE) for the analysis of trans-uranium elements in aqueous mixtures. The MORE is a photo-electrochemical device based on a ring microelectrode that uses the insulator interior to the ring as a light guide. This single device exploits the unique photophysical and electrochemical properties of multiple analytes present in mixtures to quantify them. Our study aims to develop a protocol for the analysis of ions of uranium, neptunium and plutonium, which are most relevant to the nuclear industry, especially in the areas of decommissioning and fuel reprocessing, where speedy and safe identification of radioactive contaminants is essential. The technique offers a number of advantages over traditional methods in the area of radiochemical analysis such as real time monitoring in-situ, reduced radiation dose impact to the analyst as a result of greatly reduced sample handling and preparation, improved analysis times allowing quick decision making, at a much reduced cost (e.g. compared to ICP-MS and Scintillation counting). Here we present results of our study on non-radioactive surrogates for the target elements and discuss the advantages the technique can deliver to the nuclear industry. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Cloaking an acoustic sensor with single-negative materials

In this review, a brief introduction is given to the development of acoustic superlens cloaks that allow the cloaked object to receive signals while its presence is not sensed by the surrounding, which can be regarded as “cloaking an acoustic sensor”. Remarkably, the designed cloak consists of single-negative materials with parameters independent of the background medium or the sensor system, which is proven to be a magnifying superlens. This has facilitated significantly the design and fabrication of acoustic cloaks that generally require double-negative materials with customized parameters. Such innovative design has then been simplified further as a multi-layered structure comprising of two alternately arranged complementary media with homogeneous isotropic single-negative materials. Based on this, a scattering analyses method is developed for the numerical simulation of such multi-layered cloak structures, which may serve as an efficient approach for the investigation on such devices.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Understanding and Tailoring Diffusion and Co-Adsorption Inside the Confined Pores of Metal-Organic Frameworks (Final Scientific/Technical Report for Award DE-SC0019902)

The aim of this program was to gain a fundamental understanding of the behavior of various guest molecules in nano-confined environments, such as metal organic frameworks (MOFs), using a combination of novel synthesis, ab initio modeling, and in situ characterization. Through this project, we developed a concise understanding of the mechanisms that control adsorption/desorption of gaseous molecules and their mixtures, leading to design/synthesis guidelines for MOFs with desired functionality. We further developed methods to disentangle kinetic from thermodynamic effects during adsorption, as well as to characterize the interactions at play. In the first funding cycle, the focus was on the unambiguously characterization of co-adsorption and diffusion of gasses/vapors and their mixtures. In the second funding cycle, the focus was on characterizing the effects of the nano-confinement on the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption processes inside MOFs, again with an emphasis on mixtures of gasses and vapors. The nano-confinement can tip the thermodynamic vs. kinetic balance, and current understanding and theory based on single-component analysis can lead to incorrect predictions for mixtures. This is of particular interest in real-world applications, where gasses/vapors are typically mixed, contain impurities, or are often exposed to humid conditions. Our main findings were: (i) within confined environments the adsorption behavior of mixed gasses/vapors can be drastically different from the “sum” of the corresponding single phases; (ii) co-adsorption is often competitive and detrimental to performance, but it can also be cooperative and beneficial; (iii) in some co-adsorbed gasses/vapors, molecules that are strongly bound in the single-component phase can be replaced by molecules that are nominally weaker bound (molecular exchange) due to guest-guest interactions that lower the kinetic barriers and favor the final adsorption state; (iv) kinetic and thermodynamic effects can be precisely controlled through pore-size engineering and synthesis; and, (v) kinetic effects can be identified and disentangled from thermodynamic effects during adsorption through a series of sequential and simultaneous gas loading measurements. The short-term goal of this program was the controlling and understanding of common MOF systems in real-world situations where gasses/vapors are mixed, which will have an important impact on industrial processes and applications from gas storage and sequestration to catalysis and sensors. The long-term goals include the development of theoretical and experimental methods for gaining a fundamental understanding of adsorption/reaction processes within MOFs, as well as new guidelines for synthesizing MOFs with tailored physical and chemical properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems

This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes outside the barrel hadron calorimeter. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using 10 three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect. These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, 4 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Applying Anodic Stripping Voltammetry to Complex Wastewater Streams for Rapid Metal Detection (Final Report)

The overall objective of this project is the development of a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) electrochemical sensor capable of accurately measuring heavy metal (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As)) concentrations in complex aqueous streams such as wastewater. The specific goals include: i) identify how heavy metal speciate and transform during the different stages of the wastewater treatment train, and explore pre-treatment methods that will de-complex heavy metals, making them available to ASV, ii) develop appropriate electrodes for ASV using organic/inorganic nanomaterials, and iii) integrate pre-treatment steps and specialized electrodes into an LOC sensor device capable of autonomously determining heavy metal concentrations in complex wastewater streams.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Monitoring and flaw detection during wire-based directed energy deposition using in-situ acoustic sensing and wavelet graph signal analysis

The goal of this work is to detect flaw formation in the wire-based directed energy deposition (W-DED) process using in-situ sensor data. The W-DED studied in this work is analogous to metal inert gas electric arc welding. The adoption of W-DED in industry is limited because the process is susceptible to stochastic and environmental disturbances that cause instabilities in the electric arc, eventually leading to flaw formation, such as porosity and suboptimal geometric integrity. Moreover, due to the large size of W-DED parts, it is difficult to detect flaws post-process using non-destructive techniques, such as X-ray computed tomography. Accordingly, the objective of this work is to detect flaw formation in W-DED parts using data acquired from an acoustic (sound) sensor installed near the electric arc. To realize this objective, we develop and apply a novel wavelet integrated graph theory approach. The approach extracts a single feature called graph Laplacian Fiedler number from the noise-contaminated acoustic sensor data, which is subsequently tracked in a statistical control chart. Using this approach, the onset of various types of flaws are detected with a false alarm rate less-than 2%. This work demonstrates the potential of using advanced data analytics for in-situ monitoring of W-DED.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cyber-Attack Detection for Photovoltaic Farms Based on Power-Electronics-Enabled Harmonic State Space Modeling

Here in this paper, a physics-data-based detection method is proposed to detect a variety of cyber-attacks in Photovoltaic (PV) farms using the power electronics-enabled harmonic state space (HSS) models, which, to our knowledge, is original. At the device level, HSS-based detection is developed to monitor harmonic vectors of individual PV converter with minimum sensor measurements, thus improving accuracy and robustness compared to Kalman Filter-based detection. At the system level that involves multiple PV converters, a clustering approach is developed to investigate attack propagation and accurately locate attack sources within a PV farm. The proposed approach is one of the first attempts to address PV security through interaction between the device and system, maximizing the accuracy and robustness at different levels. To verify the feasibility, a comprehensive attacks model is built, including single attack, coordinated attacks, and replay attacks. Besides, the impacts of irradiance changes are taken into consideration in the test scenarios. With the real-time data acquisition and hardware-in-the-loop testbed, comprehensive test results are provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed detection methodology.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Future of Robotics/Remote Handling Solutions for the Nuclear Industry - 17347

The nuclear industry is seeing a resurgence of development and utilization of advanced integrated systems; fused sensor arrays; autonomous, remote and hybrid operations; and augmented reality display and control system interfaces. A new age of 'robotics' and remote handling technologies. For many years the use of robotics in nuclear applications has been done sparingly due to technical limitations, perceived and real reliability issues, perceived and real risk concerns, and cost. Although robotics have been used successfully on a variety of projects globally, the underuse of this technology, particularly within the nuclear industry both public and private, is overwhelming. As the number of complex, high hazard projects in the nuclear industry increases, the use of robotics for maintenance, inspection, repair, decommissioning, and remediation activities will become increasingly vital in the future. The risks associated with direct human exposure are high and thus eliminating the risk, or managing it to acceptable levels by using robotics/remote handling as well as other technologies is critical to success as more extreme environment operations and tasks are undertaken. Recent and ongoing advances in technology now allows us to safely and effectively remove the direct / in-situ human element from these type of activities. All the while delivering the same or better outcomes when considering the alternatives when limited or no direct / in-situ human intervention would be allowed. The biggest obstacles the nuclear industry faces center on the cost, reliability, maintainability, effectiveness and appropriate uses of robotics/remote handling solutions in a nuclear (radiation and/or contamination) environment. In order to mitigate these concerns, a sound approach to the use of robotics needs to be addressed. This approach must include: 1. A better understanding of what technology is available and how it can be utilized across multiple sectors, e.g. Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) technology modified / adapted for the nuclear sector; 2. How to implement technology in an integrated pragmatic approach that is cost effective by combining technological know-how / subject matter expertise (SME) with the equivalent subject matter expertise in regulatory, operational and maintenance requirements and limitations, such that a more complete set of functional and operational requirements can be jointly developed in the process. 3. The integration of requirements (project, site, regulatory, etc.), risk management (human factors) and technology, i.e. a marriage between political, programmatic, and technological factors. As the development of robotic/remote handling technology progresses and the successful implementation on projects is demonstrated, the better off the industry will be. This paper provides an overview of the fundamental issues facing the nuclear industry with regard to effective and successful technology selection, maturation, deployment, and integrated risk management, and offers suggestions on how we may overcome these persistent issues now and in the future. Robotic systems and solution experts that are focused on the integration of proven technologies - and that are an integrated part of the project team from its onset - are a necessity for successful planning during nuclear operations. The approach to nuclear operations should always be, 'what is the simplest, most effective way we can approach a particular project need?'. Understanding and implementing the right technologies is where the true value will be recognized. The integration of systems, which includes more than just robotics, is key when developing schemes for these types of complex operations. Often times during planning, the remote handling needs of the job are set aside to be evaluated at a later time due to risk concerns and lack of knowledge. The issue is, experts in the area of robotics or remote handling are rarely involved in the upfront planning. As a result, unnecessary constraints, risks, and obstacles are imposed on project teams to deliver. If done intelligently, this should be introduced at the forefront of planning. Using this type of sound approach leads to effective task organization for the end user. By developing an overall philosophy that leverages proven technologies with implementation expertise; i.e. solutions versus products, is a recipe for success. This is the area that is under-appreciated in the industry and one that needs to be recognized on a much broader scale. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

BrainSLAM

This research aims to develop brain-inspired solutions for reliable and adaptive autonomous navigation in systems that have limited internal and external sensors and may not have access to reliable GPS information. The algorithms investigated and developed by this project was performed in the context of Sandas A4H (autonomy for hypersonics) mission campaign. These algorithms were additionally explored with respect to their suitability for implementation on emerging neuromorphic computing hardware technology. This project is premised on the hypothesis that brain-inspired SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) algorithms may provide an energy-efficient, context-flexible approach to robust sensor-based, real-time navigation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Design and Analysis of Embedded I&C for a Fully Submerged Magnetically Suspended Impeller Pump

Improving nuclear reactor power system designs and fuel-processing technologies for safer and more efficient operation requires the development of new component designs. In particular, many of the advanced reactor designs such as the molten salt reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors have operating environments beyond the capability of most currently available commercial components. To address this gap, new cross-cutting technologies need to be developed that will enable design, fabrication, and reliable operation of new classes of reactor components. The Advanced Sensor Initiative of the Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies initiative is investigating advanced sensor and control designs that are capable of operating in these extreme environments. Under this initiative, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been developing embedded instrumentation and control (I&C) for extreme environments. To develop, test, and validate these new sensing and control techniques, ORNL is building a pump test bed that utilizes submerged magnetic bearings to levitate the shaft. The eventual goal is to apply these techniques to a high-temperature (700°C) canned rotor pump that utilizes active magnetic bearings to eliminate the need for mechanical bearings and seals. The technologies will benefit the Next Generation Power Plant, Advanced Reactor Concepts, and Small Modular Reactor programs. In this paper, we will detail the design and analysis of the embedded I&C test bed with submerged magnetic bearings, focusing on the interplay between the different major systems. Then we will analyze the forces on the shaft and their role in the magnetic bearing design. Next, we will develop the radial and thrust bearing geometries needed to meet the operational requirements of the test bed. In conclusion, we will present some initial system identification results to validate the theoretical models of the test bed dynamics.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pre-production results from ATLAS ITk Strip Sensors Quality Assurance Testchip

The production of strip sensors within the framework of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) development is a process which requires continuous evaluation during the full production period (about 4 years). Such an evaluation is divided into two different parts: Quality Control (QC), which focuses on the final product (the actual sensors) and tries to identify possible defects once the fabrication is completed, and Quality Assurance (QA), which aims to prevent deviations in the manufacturing process and uses specifically-designed test structures. The initial sensor pre-production consists of 5% (1041 sensors) of the total number of sensors expected during production. As part of pre-production, the collaboration has measured key parameters from miniature strip sensors (minis), monitor diodes (MD8), and the ATLAS Testchip, before and after irradiation. In this contribution we focus on the analysis of the results of the MD8 and the Testchip. All parameters have been obtained from the test structures (MD8, bias resistors, interdigitated structures, field oxide capacitors, coupling capacitors, punch-through protection structures and cross-bridge resistors) measured at the different test sites (KEK/Tsukuba, Birmingham, Toronto, Ljubljana, Valencia, Carleton, Prague, CNM-Barcelona). The results are compared to predefined pre- and post-irradiation specifications for each tested parameter.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Report on plasma jet printer for sensor fabrication with process parameters optimized by simulation input

The In-Pile Instrumentation program conducts research to develop instrumentation that provides information regarding test conditions, as well as fuel and materials properties during irradiation. Such instruments must be miniaturized, robust to the nuclear reactor environment, and provide real-time data aligned with user needs. Towards this end, additive manufacturing techniques such as aerosol jet printing and Plasma Jet Printing, have demonstrated significant potential for the development of advanced in-pile instrumentation. Process control during the manufacturing process is critical in order to consistently create reliable sensors. This report details experimental and computational work aimed towards improved process control for robust sensor production using printing techniques.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Advanced Control Systems for Wave Energy Converters

This submission contains several papers, a final report, descriptions of a theoretical framework for two types of control systems, and descriptions of eight real-time flap load control policies with the objective of assessing the potential improvement of annual average capture efficiency at a reference site on an MHK device developed by Resolute Marine Energy, Inc. (RME). The submission also contains an LCOE model that estimates the performance and related energy cost improvements that each advanced control system might provide and recommendations for improving DOE's LCOE model. The two types of control systems are for wave energy converters which transform data into commands that, in the case of RME's OWSC wave energy converter, provide real-time adjustments to damping forces applied to the prime mover via the power take-off system (PTO). The control theories developed were: 1) Model Predictive Control (MPC) or so-called "non-causal" control whereby sensors deployed seaward of a wave energy converter measure incoming wave characteristics and transmit that information to a data processor which issues commands to the PTO to adjust the damping force to an optimal value; and 2) "Causal" control which utilizes local sensors on the wave energy converter itself to transmit information to a data processor which then issues appropriate commands to the PTO. The two advanced control policies developed by Scruggs and Re Vision were then compared to a simple control policy, Coulomb damping, which was utilized by RME during the two rounds of ocean trials it had conducted prior to the commencement of this project. The project work plan initially included a provision for RME to conduct hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing of the data processors and configurations of valves, sensors and rectifiers needed to implement the two advanced control systems developed by Scruggs and Re Vision Consulting but the funding for that aspect of the project was cut at the conclusion of Budget Period 1. Accordingly, more work needs to be done to determine: a) means and feasibility of implementing real-time control; and b) added costs associated with such implementation taking into account estimated effects on system availability in addition to component costs.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2020

CACTUS: A depleted monolithic active timing sensor using a CMOS radiation hard technology

The planned luminosity increase at the Large Hadron Collider in the coming years has triggered interest in the use of the particles' time of arrival as additional information in specialized detectors to mitigate the impact of pile-up. The required time resolution is of the order of tens of picoseconds, with a spatial granularity of the order of 1 mm. A time measurement at this precision level will also be of interest beyond the LHC and beyond high energy particle physics. We present in this paper the first developments towards a radiation hard Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS), with high-resolution time measurement capability. The technology chosen is a standard high voltage CMOS process, in conjunction with a high resistivity detector material, which has already proven to efficiently detect particles in tracking applications after several hundred of Mrad of irradiation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Technology Summary L-21044 Tunnel Sensor Hydrogeology Evaluations

Illicit tunneling along the U.S. Mexican border is a persistent national security problem. Several types of sensors could be to used to detect tunnels, but the hydrogeology of the subsurface makes some technologies ineffective. This effort used available borehole and surface geology data to develop 3D hydrogeologic models, which could then provide the input for optimizing subsurface sensor technologies to detect tunnels. Depending on the specific type of sensor, the following physical properties of the subsurface are important: longitudinal speed (velocity-p), shear speed (velocity-s), acoustic attenuation, electrical permittivity, electrical conductivity, density and elastic properties. LLNL developed a procedure which uses hydrogeological datasets to determine 3D hydrogeology cross sections. The physical properties of the rocks are generally not known precisely, thus ranges of properties would need to be considered. This cross-section data can then be utilized to enhance modeling studies to optimize sensor types/systems.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗