Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “operator performance”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,171 records · Page 65
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2015

UAS Integration in the NAS Project: Fast-Time Simulation Studies

NASA is working on the project for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) integration into the National Airspace System (NAS) and helping the RTCA's Special Committee 228 (RTCA SC-228) to develop the minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) for detect-and avoid (DAA) systems. The Ames' Separation Assurance-Sense and Avoid Interoperability (SSI) team for the project is supporting this effort through fast-time simulation studies using the Airspace Concept Evaluation System (ACES) simulation platform. This presentation introduces the Ames SSI team's tasks and shows some results from accomplished fast-time simulation studies. It is a part of overall presentations for NASA's efforts for the UAS integration into the NAS project.

fast time simulation↗
NASA NTRS2015

Characteristics of a Well Clear Definition and Alerting Criteria for Encounters Between UAS and Manned Aircraft in Class E Airspace

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) will be required to equip with a detect-and-avoid (DAA) system in order to satisfy the federal aviation regulations to remain well clear of other aircraft. For a DAA system to satisfy the requirement to stay well clear of other airborne traffic, a quantitative definition of well clear needs to be defined and evaluated. This study investigates the implications of UAS using proposed well clear definitions as a separation standard for conducting operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). The first analysis considers three well clear definitions and presents the relative state conditions of intruder aircraft as they encroach upon the well clear boundary. The second analysis focuses on the definition of the alerting criteria needed to inform the UAS operator of a potential loss of well clear. All analyses are conducted in a NAS-wide fast-time simulation environment using UAS aircraft models, proposed UAS missions, and historical air defense radar data to populate the background traffic operating under visual flight rules. The results presented in this study inform the safety case, requirements development, and the operational environment for DAA minimum operational performance standards.

Safety↗
NASA NTRS2019

Terminal Area Test Vector Development

This presentation provides an overview of work being done to develop test vectors for the terminal area, in coordination with RTCA Special Committee 228, an organization developing the Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems. The work leverages existing encounter data to develop a set of encounters to be used to define and refine both performance-based and functionally-based terminal area MOPS requirements. The encounter set would be used across various organizations supporting MOPS terminal area requirements development to provide some level of consistency in terms of terminal area assumptions. The work will investigate other potentially applicable data sets and make any similarly needed adjustments to arrive at a consolidated set of terminal area encounters.

terminal area↗
NASA NTRS2018

Sensor Uncertainty Mitigation and Dynamic Well Clear Volumes in DAIDALUS

This paper presents recent updates to DAIDALUS (Detect & Avoid Alerting Logic for Unmanned Systems), a detect and avoid (DAA) software package for the integration of civil UAS into the airspace. DAIDALUS is the reference implementation of detect and avoid for unmanned aircraft systems chosen by RTCA Special Committee 228 (SC-228), and it is included in its corresponding Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) document, DO-365. This paper reports on the integration into DAIDALUS of two new capabilities, namely dynamic well clear volumes and sensor uncertainty mitigation.'

Narkawicz, Anthony↗
NASA NTRS2020

Detect-and-Avoid: Flight Test 6 Scripted Encounters Data Analysis

The Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) project conducted Flight Test 6 (FT6) in 2019. The ultimate goal of this flight test was to produce data to inform RTCA SC-228's Phase II Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Detect and Avoid (DAA) and Low Size, Weight, and Power Sensors. This report documents the analysis of scripted encounters' data. Scripted encounters own were analyzed and categorized based on the outcome of alert, maneuver guidance, and effectiveness of pilots' maneuver in resolving conflicts. Results indicate that UAS pilots' decisions as well as intruder maneuvers are leading factors that contribute to ineffective DAA maneuvers. Results also show that adding buffers to the DAA's suggested minimum turn angle improves effectiveness of the DAA maneuvers.

Wang, Wei-Ching↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Evaluation of UAS Pilot Workload and Acceptability Ratings with Four Simulated Radar Declaration Ranges

Currently, minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) are being developed for a broader range of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platforms, including smaller UAS that will feature onboard sensors that are low in size, weight, and power, otherwise known as low SWaP. The low SWaP sensors used to detect non-cooperative traffic will have limited declaration ranges compared to those designed for medium-to-large UAS. A human-in-the-loop (HITL) study was conducted examining four possible radar declaration ranges (i.e., 1.5 NM, 2 NM, 2.5 NM, and 3 NM) for a potential low SWaP sensor with a detect and avoid (DAA) system encountering various non-cooperative encounters in Oakland Center airspace. Participants had lower workload, particularly workload associated with temporal demand and effort, in scenarios that featured larger declaration ranges. Furthermore, participants reported better ability to remain DAA well clear within the larger declaration range conditions, specifically with the 2.5 NM and 3 NM conditions.

UAS↗
NASA NTRS2020

An Evaluation of UAS Pilot Workload and Acceptability Ratings with Four Simulated Radar Declaration Ranges

Currently, minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) are being developed for a broader range of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platforms, including smaller UAS that will feature onboard sensors that are low in size, weight, and power, otherwise known as low SWaP. The low SWaP sensors used to detect non-cooperative traffic will have limited declaration ranges compared to those designed for medium-to-large UAS. A human-in-the-loop (HITL) study was conducted examining four possible radar declaration ranges (i.e., 1.5 NM, 2 NM, 2.5 NM, and 3 NM) for a potential low SWaP sensor with a detect and avoid (DAA) system encountering various non-cooperative encounters in Oakland Center airspace. Participants had lower workload, particularly workload associated with temporal demand and effort, in scenarios that featured larger declaration ranges. Furthermore, participants reported better ability to remain DAA well clear within the larger declaration range conditions, specifically with the 2.5 NM and 3 NM conditions.

UAS↗
NASA NTRS2020

ISEE System Technical Report

The Immersive Simulations and Engineering Environment (ISEE) Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center is a tool used to assist with operation simulation, for Human Factors operation activities, assisting future missions. The simulations created are important because they ensure that simulated operations are performed for customers, to assist with requirements. Simultaneously, each simulation will allow stakeholders to determine any and all risk associated with the Human Factors involved in a specific assignment. My internship consists of multiple project elements. The first of which, was to assist the Integrations branch chief in developing a growth rate algorithm proof. The integral part of this project, involved learning to powerup and perform the operational procedures of the ISEE lab, capturing and creating characters used in the CAD model virtual environment. In doing so, this led to use the software to model and 3D print screw cap structures for mock-up. The structures will be used to manipulate weight change out used in mock-up design and construction. These structures will also be used in future mock-up models constructed in the lab.

Darryl A J Minor↗
NASA NTRS2020

Experimental Validation of Swarm Array Results Using Mars Cube One (Marco) A,B Downlink Signals

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of calibrating an orbiting phased array composed of CubeSat class spacecraft together with a larger reference (or “chief”) spacecraft, comprising an overall Swarm Array. Considered as an analog to the Deep Space Network (DSN) Uplink Arraying problem [1], a spaceborne Swarm Array that can potentially deliver comparable or even greater operational performance than large monolithic spacecraft (such as increased data rates for telecommunications, or greater baselines for improved spatial resolution), thus increasing future mission capability but with significantly enhanced flexibility, evolvability and robustness.

Kahan, Daniel↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS)

NASA is preparing to land the first woman and first person of coloron the Moon within the next decade and establish a permanent sustainable human presence before sending humans onto Mars. To ensure the success of these missions, NASA has performed operational testing in terrestrial, aquatic, and laboratory analog environments that simulate Lunar and Martian environmental characteristics. Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS) is an example of a long-standing, high-fidelity terrestrial mission class analog.

B A Janoiko↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Power Quality Analysis for a High Voltage Power System for Urban Air Mobility Application

Maturation of electric power technologies has opened the door for deployment of new types of aircraft within urban air mobility (UAM) markets. These new types of aircraft use non-conventional designs, which do not fall within existing regulatory requirements; this is especially true for the design and verification of the high voltage primary power systems which are being proposed for many of these aircraft. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and inform integration requirements, mainly related to power quality, based on a point design of a NASA Lift-plus-Cruise Vehicle Electrical Power System (EPS) and Utilization Equipment (UE). The results will be used to inform normal and abnormal operating performance of the EPS and UE for future standards in regards to Power Quality.

Nuha S Nawash↗
NASA NTRS2021

Detect-and-Avoid Surveillance Range Requirements for Electro-Optical/Infra-Red Sensors

A detect-and-avoid (DAA) system provides surveillance, alerting, and maneuver guidance (referred to as guidance in this report) that are critical to an unmanned aircraft system’s (UAS) ability to maintain separation from manned aircraft and other unmanned aircraft. The last decade has seen significant progress in the development of DAA requirements, spearheaded by RTCA Special Committee 228 (SC228) and subsequently by other standards organizations such as EUROCAE and ASTM. SC-228’s development of DAA requirements assumes the UAS follows instrument flight rules (IFR) and has a remote pilot or operator in the loop. As of the publication of this document, the SC-228’s latest Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for DAA, versioned as DO-365B [1], DAA systems use onboard and/or ground surveillance systems to detect traffic. The surveillance systems must detect both cooperative and non-cooperative air traffic. Cooperative traffic are vehicles that have a broadcasting transponder, while non-cooperative traffic do not, and so must be detected via radar or other sensors. A DAA system’s alerting and guidance functions alert the pilot/operator in the loop of potential hazards, such as intruder aircraft, and provide maneuver solutions which help the pilot/operator avoid or mitigate observed hazards. A UAS pilot is expected to coordinate with air traffic control (ATC) before executing a conflict avoidance maneuver if the type of alert is not urgent enough to require an immediate maneuver.

uncrewed aviation systems↗
NASA NTRS2020

Experimental Validation of Swarm Array Results Using Mars Cube One (MarCO) A,B Downlink Signals

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of calibrating an orbiting phaased array composed of CubeSat class spacecraft together with a larger reference (or “chief”) spacecraft, comprising an overall Swarm Array. Considered as an analog to the Deep Space Network (DSN) Uplink Arraying problem [1], a spaceborne Swarm Array that can potentially deliver comparable or even greater operational performance than large monolithic spacecraft (such as increased datarates for telecommunications, or greater baselines for improved spatial resolution), thus increasing future mission capability but with significantly enhanced flexibility, evolvability and robustness.

Vilnrotter, Victor↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Advanced Air Mobility Operations & Automation Part II Technical Lecture

The Airborne Collision Avoidance System X (ACAS X) is a next-generation collision avoidance tool developed to support different aircraft types and operations. The rotorcraft variant – referred to as ACAS XR – is designed to accommodate existing helicopter platforms as well as in-development, electric vertical takeoff and landing concepts, which are critical to the emerging concept of operations referred to as Advanced Air Mobility. The fundamental role of ACAS XR is to provide Detect and Avoid (DAA) and/or Collision Avoidance (CA) protection against airborne traffic. DAA alerting and guidance in the context of ACAS XR is caution-level and “suggestive,” and is to be used by the pilot if, and when, they decide to maneuver against an identified threat to DAA “well clear.” The CA alerting, by contrast, is warning-level and “directive,” with the pilot required to comply with the associated guidance to prevent a predicted Near Midair Collision (NMAC). The CA alerts generated by ACAS XR are referred to as Resolution Advisories (RAs) consistent with previous CA systems. Unlike earlier CA systems, ACAS XR issues RAs in the horizontal and vertical dimensions as well as multi-axis RAs (referred to as “Blended” RAs). According to the Minimal Operational Performance Standards of DAA systems for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, maneuvers to comply with RAs may be automated, whereas maneuvers based on DAA alerting assume a manual response. The current presentation discusses two human-in-the-loop simulations that presented rotorcraft pilots with ACAS XR alerts and guidance in eVTOL simulators with varying levels of automation. It also presents overviews of these studies as well as how they assisted live flight tests, which will occur throughout 2023.

air taxis↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

OSIRIS-REx Earth Return Orbit Determination Analysis and Performance

Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) was a NASA New Frontiers–class asteroid sample return mission to (101955) Bennu. OSIRIS-REx performed a series of Trajectory Cor-rection Maneuver (TCM)s to target an Entry Interface (EI) point for Earth Return and entry, descent, and landing (EDL). On September 24, 2023, the Sample Re-turn Capsule (SRC) separated from the spacecraft, entered the atmosphere, and ultimately landed at the Utah Test and Training Range for recovery. This paper gives an overview of the updated orbit determination (OD) covariance analysis that went into the Earth return and reentry analysis after asteroid departure. Tracking data assumptions and multiple filter cases are analyzed to show performance. Operational OD results from TCM-9 and subsequent targeting maneuvers up to entry interface are provided. We show parameter error analysis contributions from the OD setup and their breakdown in the B-Plane error ellipses. Finally, we discuss the terminal OD solutions into EI and reconstruction results using onboard image data.

Jason M. Leonard↗
DOE OSTI2011

Methods and apparatuses for information analysis on shared and distributed computing systems

Apparatuses and computer-implemented methods for analyzing, on shared and distributed computing systems, information comprising one or more documents are disclosed according to some aspects. In one embodiment, information analysis can comprise distributing one or more distinct sets of documents among each of a plurality of processes, wherein each process performs operations on a distinct set of documents substantially in parallel with other processes. Operations by each process can further comprise computing term statistics for terms contained in each distinct set of documents, thereby generating a local set of term statistics for each distinct set of documents. Still further, operations by each process can comprise contributing the local sets of term statistics to a global set of term statistics, and participating in generating a major term set from an assigned portion of a global vocabulary.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2010

Using system-of-systems simulation modeling and analysis to measure energy KPP impacts for brigade combat team missions.

The Department of Defense's (DoD) Energy Posture identified dependence of the US Military on fossil fuel energy as a key issue facing the military. Inefficient energy consumption leads to increased costs, effects operational performance and warfighter protection through large and vulnerable logistics support infrastructures. Military's use of energy is a critical national security problem. DoD's proposed metrics Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel and Energy Efficiency Key Performance Parameter (FBCF and Energy KPP) are a positive step to force energy use accountability onto Military programs. The ability to measure impacts of sustainment are required to fully measure Energy KPP. Sandia's work with Army demonstrates the capability to measure performance which includes energy constraint.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2010

Grid tied PV system energy smoothing.

Grid-tied PV energy smoothing was implemented by using a valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery as a temporary energy storage device to both charge and discharge as required to smooth the inverter energy output from the PV array. Inverter output was controlled by the average solar irradiance over the previous 1h time interval. On a clear day the solar irradiance power curve is offset by about 1h, while on a variable cloudy day the inverter output power curve will be smoothed based on the average solar irradiance. Test results demonstrate that this smoothing algorithm works very well. Battery state of charge was more difficult to manage because of the variable system inefficiencies. Testing continued for 30-days and established consistent operational performance for extended periods of time under a wide variety of resource conditions. Both battery technologies from Exide (Absolyte) and East Penn (Advanced Valve Regulated Lead-Acid) proved to cycle well at a partial state of charge over the time interval tested.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗