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At least 1,171 records · Page 65
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Disentangling contributions to small-system collectivity via scans of light nucleus-nucleus collisions

The observation of multiparticle azimuthal correlations in high-energy small-system collisions has led to intense debate on its origin and the possible coexistence from two competing theoretical scenarios: one based on initial-state intrinsic momentum anisotropy, and the other based on final-state interaction model (FSM) collective response to the collision geometry. To complement the previous scan of asymmetric collision systems ( p +Au, d +Au, and He+Au), we propose a scan of small symmetric collision systems at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, such as C+C, O+O, Al+Al, and Ar+Ar$\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}$ = 0.2 TeV , to provide further insights in disentangling contributions from these two scenarios. These symmetric small systems have the advantage of providing a better controlled initial geometry dominated by the average shape of the overlap region as opposed to fluctuation-driven geometries in asymmetric systems. In this work, a transport model is employed to investigate the expected geometry response in the FSM scenario. Different trends of elliptic flow with increasing charge particle multiplicity are observed between symmetric and asymmetric systems, whereas triangular flow appears to show a similar behavior. Furthermore, a comparison of O+O collisions at $\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}$ = 0.2 TeV and at $\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}$ = 2.76 ₋ 7 TeV as proposed at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, provides a unique opportunity to disentangle the collision geometry effects at the nucleon level from those arising from subnucleon fluctuations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Gluonic hot spot initial conditions in heavy-ion collisions

The initial conditions in heavy-ion collisions are calculated in many different frameworks. The importance of nucleon position fluctuations within the nucleus and subnucleon structure has been established when modeling initial conditions for input to hydrodynamic calculations. However, there remain outstanding puzzles regarding these initial conditions, including the measurement of the near equivalence of the elliptical v 2 and triangular v 3 flow coefficients in ultracentral 0–1% Pb + Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Recently a calculation termed magma incorporating gluonic hot spots via two-point correlators in the color glass condensate framework, and no nucleons, provided a simultaneous match to these flow coefficients measured by the ATLAS experiment, including in ultracentral 0–1% collisions. Our calculations reveal that the magma initial conditions do not describe the experimental data when run through full hydrodynamic sonic simulations or when the hot spots from one nucleus resolve hot spots from the other nucleus, as predicted in the color glass condensate framework. Finally, we also explore alternative initial condition calculations and discuss their implications.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Multi-messenger heavy-ion collision physics

We report that this work studies the production of direct photons in relativistic nuclear collisions, along with the production of hadrons. Radiation from the very first instants to the final moments of the evolution is included. The hybrid model used here describes all stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Chronologically, those are an initial state reflecting the collision of nuclei described within the Color Glass Condensate effective theory; a pre-equilibrium phase based on non-equilibrium linear response; relativistic viscous hydrodynamics, and a hadronic afterburner. The effect of the preequilibrium phase on both photonic and hadronic observables is highlighted for the first time. The potential of photon observables - spectrum, differential elliptic and triangular flow - to reveal the chemical equilibration time is studied. Finally, we consider "small collision systems", including proton+nucleus collisions and collisions of light nuclei, as probed by hadronic and electromagnetic observables. We demonstrate how photon production can signal the formation of quark-gluon plasma in such small systems.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Checking nonflow assumptions and results via PHENIX published correlations in p+p, p+Au, d+Au, and 3 He+Au at √ s NN=200 GeV

Recently the PHENIX Collaboration has made available two-particle correlation Fourier coefficients for multiple detector combinations in minimum bias p+p and 0–5% central p+Au, d+Au, and 3 He+Au collisions at √ s NN = 200 GeV [Phys. Rev. C 105, 024901 (2022)]. Using these coefficients for three sets of two-particle correlations, azimuthal anisotropy coefficients v 2 and v 3 are extracted for midrapidity charged hadrons as a function of transverse momentum. In this paper, we use the available coefficients to explore various nonflow hypotheses as well as to compare the results with theoretical model calculations. The nonflow methods fail basic closure tests with ampt and pythia/angantyr, particularly when including correlations with particles in the low multiplicity light-projectile going direction. In data, the nonflow adjusted v 2 results are modestly lower in p+Au and the adjusted v 3 results are more significantly higher in p+Au and d+Au. However, the resulting higher values for the ratio v 3 /v 2 in p+Au at RHIC compared to p+Pb at the LHC is additional evidence for a significant overcorrection. Incorporating these additional checks, the conclusion that these flow coefficients are dominated by initial geometry coupled with final-state interactions (e.g., hydrodynamic expansion of quark-gluon plasma) remains true, and explanations based solely on initial-state glasma are ruled out. The detailed balance between intrinsic and fluctuation-driven geometry and the exact role of weakly versus strongly coupled prehydrodynamic evolution remains an open question for triangular flow, requiring further theoretical and experimental investigation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Centrality and transverse-momentum dependence of higher-order flow harmonics of identified hadrons in Au+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV

Here we present high-precision measurements of elliptic, triangular, and quadrangular flow v 2 , v 3 , and v 4 , respectively, at midrapidity for identified hadrons π, p, K, φ, K s , Λ as a function of centrality and transverse momentum in Au+Au collisions at the center-of-mass energy √ s NN = 200 GeV. We observe similar v n trends between light and strange mesons which indicates that the heavier strange quarks flow as strongly as the lighter up and down quarks. The number-of-constituent-quark scaling for v 2 , v 3 , and v 4 is found to hold within statistical uncertainty for 0–10%, 10–40%, and 40–80% collision centrality intervals. The results are compared to several viscous hydrodynamic calculations with varying initial conditions, and could serve as an additional constraint to the development of hydrodynamic models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Minijet quenching in a concurrent jet + hydro evolution and the nonequilibrium quark-gluon plasma

Minijets, created by perturbative hard QCD collisions at moderate energies, can represent a significant portion of the total multiplicity of a heavy-ion collision event. Since their transverse momenta are initially larger than the typical saturation scale describing the bulk of the equilibrating quark-gluon plasma (QGP), they ought to be described through the physics of parton energy loss. Indeed, their typical stopping distances are larger than the usual hydrodynamization time, so they do not in general hydrodynamize at the same pace than the bulk of the collision. Therefore, in general minijets cannot be described solely by a unique preequilibrium stage that bridges the initial, overoccupied glasma state, with the hydrodynamical evolution. In this work we make use of a new concurrent minijet+hydrodynamic framework in which the properties of the hydrodynamically evolving QGP are modified due to the injection of energy and momentum from the minijets. We study the system for different choices of the minimum transverse momentum associated with minijet production. In order to achieve a realistic description of charged particle multiplicity, the amount of entropy associated to the low- x initial state needs to be reduced. Moreover, the fact that the injected momentum from the randomly oriented minijets is not correlated with the spatial gradients of the system reduces overall flow, and the value of the QGP transport coefficients needs to be reduced accordingly in order to describe the measured flow coefficients in experiments. They are, in effect, an important new source of fluctuations, resulting in a spikier, notably modified hydrodynamical evolution when compared to the scenario in which the presence of minijets is ignored. We avow that their abundance makes it necessary to include their physics in holistic descriptions of heavy-ion collisions. We discuss the impact of the minijets on a number of observables, such as p T spectra and p T -differential flow v n for a wide range of centrality classes. In contrast to elliptic, triangular or quadrangular flow, here we find that directed flow, v 1 , has the strongest potential to discriminate between different minijet production rates.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cluster model of C 12 in the density functional theory framework

We employ the constrained density functional theory to investigate cluster phenomena for the 12 C nucleus. The proton and neutron densities are generated from the placement of three 4 He nuclei (α particles) geometrically. These densities are then used in a density constrained Hartree-Fock calculation that produces an antisymmetrized state with the same densities through energy minimization. In the calculations no a priori analytic form for the single-particle states is assumed and the full energy density functional is utilized. The geometrical scan of the energy landscape provides the ground state of 12 C as an equilateral triangular configuration of three αs with molecular bond like structures. The use of the nucleon localization function provides further insight to these configurations. One can conclude that these configurations are a hybrid between a pure mean-field and a pure α particle condensate. Furthermore, this development could facilitate density functional theory based fusion calculations with a more realistic 12 C ground state.

6 ≤ A ≤ 19↗
DOE OSTI2023

Examination of nucleon distribution with Bayesian imaging for isobar collisions

Relativistic collision of isobaric systems is found to be valuable in differentiating the nucleon distributions for nuclei with the same mass number. In recent contrast experiment of $^{96}_{44}$Ru + $^{96}_{44}$Ru versus $^{96}_{40}$Zr + $^{96}_{40}$Zr collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV, the ratios of multiplicity distribution, elliptic flow, triangular flow, and radial flow are precisely measured and found to be significantly different from unity, indicating the difference in the shapes of the isobar pair. Here, in this work, we investigate the feasibility of nuclear structure reconstruction from heavy-ion collision observables. We perform Bayesian Inference with employing the Monte-Carlo Glauber model as an estimator of the mapping from nuclear structure to the final state observables and to provide the mock data for reconstruction. By varying combination of observables included in the mock data, we find it plausible to infer Woods–Saxon parameters from the observables. We also observe that single-system multiplicity distribution for the isobar system, rather than their ratio, is crucial to simultaneously determine the nuclear structure for the isobar system.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Scaling approach to nuclear structure in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, the initial condition of the produced quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and its evolution are sensitive to collective nuclear structure parameters describing the shape and radial profiles of the nuclei. Here, we find a general scaling relation between these parameters and many experimental observables such as elliptic flow, triangular flow, and particle multiplicity distribution. In particular, the ratios of observables between two isobar systems depend only on the differences of these parameters, but not on the details of the final state interactions, hence offering a new way to constrain the QGP initial condition. Using this scaling relation, we show how the structure parameters of $^{96}_{44}$Ru and $^{96}_{40}$Zr conspire to produce the rich centrality dependences of these ratios, as measured by the STAR Collaboration. Our scaling approach demonstrates that isobar collisions are a precision tool to probe the initial condition of heavy-ion collisions, as well as the collective nuclear structures, including the neutron skin, of the atomic nuclei across energy scales.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Search for the chiral magnetic wave using anisotropic flow of identified particles at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The chiral magnetic wave (CMW) has been theorized to propagate in the deconfined nuclear medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, and to cause a difference in elliptic flow (v 2 ) between negatively and positively charged hadrons. Experimental data consistent with the CMW have been reported by the STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), based on the charge asymmetry dependence of the pion v 2 from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 27 to 200 GeV. In this comprehensive study, we present the STAR measurements of elliptic flow and triangular flow of charged pions, along with the v 2 of charged kaons and protons, as a function of charge asymmetry in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV. The slope parameters extracted from the linear dependence of the v2 difference on charge asymmetry for different particle species are reported and compared in different centrality intervals. In addition, the slopes of v 2 for charged pions in small systems, i.e., p+Au and d+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV, are also presented and compared with those in large systems, i.e., Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and U+U at 193 GeV. Our results provide new insights for the possible existence of the CMW, and further constrain the background contributions in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Anisotropic flow of thermal photons as a quark-gluon plasma viscometer

We present state-of-the-art calculations of viscous photon emission from nuclear collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Fluctuating initial density profiles are evolved with event-by-event viscous hydrodynamics. Momentum spectra of thermal photons radiated by these explosively expanding fireballs and their p T -differential anisotropic flow coefficients v n (p T ) are computed, both with and without accounting for viscous corrections to the standard thermal emission rates. Viscous corrections to the rates are found to have a larger effect on the v n coefficients than the viscous suppression of hydrodynamic flow anisotropies. The benefits of taking the ratio of elliptic to triangular flow, v 2 /v 3 , are discussed, and the space-time regions that contribute dominantly to the photon flow harmonics are identified. The directed flow v 1 of thermal photons is predicted for the energies currently available at the RHIC and the LHC.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Pre-equilibrium evolution effects on heavy-ion collision observables

To investigate the importance of pre-equilibrium dynamics on relativistic heavy-ion collision observables, we match a highly nonequilibrium early evolution stage, modeled by free-streaming partons generated from the Monte Carlo Kharzeev-Levin-Nardi (MC-KLN) and Monte Carlo Glauber (MC-Glb) models, to a locally approximately thermalized later evolution stage described by viscous hydrodynamics and study the dependence of final hadronic transverse momentum distributions, in particular their underlying radial and anisotropic flows, on the switching time between these stages. Performing a three-parameter fit of the measured values for the average transverse momenta p ⊥ for pions, kaons, and protons, as well as the elliptic and triangular flows of charged hadrons $v^{ch}_{2,3}$, with the switching time τ s , the specific shear viscosity η/s during the hydrodynamic stage, and the kinetic decoupling temperature T dec as free parameters, we find that the preferred “thermalization” times τ s depend strongly on the model of the initial conditions. MC-KLN initial conditions require an earlier transition to hydrodynamic behavior (at τ s ≈ 0.13 fm/c), followed by hydrodynamic evolution with a larger specific shear viscosity η/s ≈ 0.2, than MC-Glb initial conditions, which prefer switching at a later time (τ s ≈ 0.6 fm/c) followed by a less viscous hydrodynamic evolution with η/s ≈ 0.16. Finally, these new results including pre-equilibrium evolution are compared to fits without a pre-equilibrium stage where all dynamic evolution before the onset of hydrodynamic behavior is ignored. In each case, the quality of the dynamical descriptions for the optimized parameter sets, as well as the observables which show the strongest constraining power for the thermalization time, are discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Shape and flow fluctuations in ultracentral Pb + Pb collisions at the energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

In ultracentral heavy-ion collisions, anisotropic hydrodynamic flow is generated by density fluctuations in the initial state rather than by geometric overlap effects. For a given centrality class, the initial fluctuation spectrum is sensitive to the method chosen for binning the events into centrality classes. We show that sorting events by total initial entropy or by total final multiplicity yields event classes with equivalent statistical fluctuation properties, in spite of viscous entropy production during the fireball evolution. With this initial entropy-based centrality definition we generate several classes of ultracentral Pb + Pb collisions at CERN Large Hadron Collider energies and evolve the events using viscous hydrodynamics with nonzero shear but vanishing bulk viscosity. Comparing the predicted anisotropic flow coefficients for charged hadrons with CMS data we find that both the Monte Carlo Glauber (MC-Glb) and Monte Carlo Kharzeev-Levin-Nardi (MC-KLN) models produce initial fluctuation spectra that are incompatible with the measured final anisotropic flow power spectrum, for any choice of the specific shear viscosity. In spite of this failure, we show that the hydrodynamic model can qualitatively explain, in terms of event-by-event fluctuations of the anisotropic flow coefficients and flow angles, the breaking of flow factorization for elliptic, triangular, and quadrangular flow measured by the CMS experiment. For elliptic flow, this factorization breaking is large in ultracentral collisions. Finally, we conclude that the bulk of the experimentally observed flow factorization breaking effects are qualitatively explained by hydrodynamic evolution of initial-state fluctuations, but that their quantitative description requires a better understanding of the initial fluctuation spectrum.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Improved Monte Carlo Glauber predictions at present and future nuclear colliders

We present the results of an improved Monte Carlo Glauber (MCG) model of relevance for collisions involving nuclei at center-of-mass energies of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ( s NN = 0.2 TeV), CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ( s NN = 2.76 – 8.8 TeV ), and proposed future hadron colliders ( s NN ≈ 10 – 63 TeV). The inelastic p p cross sections as a function of s NN are obtained from a precise data-driven parametrization that exploits the many available measurements at LHC collision energies. We describe the nuclear density of a lead nucleus with two separated two-parameter Fermi distributions for protons and neutrons to account for their different densities close to the nuclear periphery. Furthermore, we model the nucleon degrees of freedom inside the nucleus through a lattice with a minimum nodal separation, combined with a “recentering and reweighting” procedure, that overcomes some limitations of previous MCG approaches. The nuclear overlap function, number of participant nucleons and binary nucleon-nucleon collisions, participant eccentricity and triangularity, overlap area, and average path length are presented in intervals of percentile centrality for lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-lead ( p Pb ) collisions at all collision energies. We demonstrate for collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV that the central values of the Glauber quantities change by up to 7% in a few bins of reaction centrality, due to the improvements implemented, though typically they remain within the previously assigned systematic uncertainties, while their new associated uncertainties are generally smaller (mostly below 5%) at all centralities than for earlier calculations. Tables for all quantities versus centrality at present and foreseen collision energies involving Pb nuclei, as well as for collisions of XeXe at s NN = 5.44 TeV , and AuAu and CuCu at s NN = 0.2 TeV , are provided. The source code for the improved Monte Carlo Glauber model is made publicly available.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Assessing saturation physics explanations of collectivity in small collision systems with the ip-jazma model

Experimental measurements in relativistic collisions of small systems from $p + p$ to $p/d/ ^3He + A$ at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) reveal particle emission patterns that are strikingly similar to those observed in $A + A$ collisions of large nuclei. One explanation of these patterns is the formation of small droplets of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) followed by hydrodynamic evolution. A geometry engineering program was proposed to further investigate these emission patterns, and the experimental data from that program in $p + Au, d + Au, ^3 He + Au$ collisions for elliptic and triangular anisotropy coefficients $v_2$ and $v_3$ follow the pattern predicted by hydrodynamic calculations [C. Aidala et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Nat. Phys. 15, 214 (2019)]. One alternative approach, referred to as initial-state correlations, suggests that for small systems the patterns observed in the final-state hadrons are encoded at the earliest moments of the collision and therefore require no final-state parton scattering or hydrodynamic evolution. Recently, new calculations using only initial-state correlations, in the dilute-dense approximation of gluon saturation physics, reported striking agreement with the $v_2$ patterns observed in $p/d/ ^3He + Au$ data at RHIC [M. Mace, V. V. Skokov, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 052301 (2018)]. The results reported by Mace, Skokov, Tribedy and Venugopalan (MSTV) are counterintuitive and thus we aim here to reproduce some of the basic features of these calculations. In this first investigation, we provide a description of our publicly available model, ip-jazma, and investigate its implications for saturation scales, multiplicity distributions, and eccentricities, reserving for later work the analysis of momentum spectra and azimuthal anisotropies. We find that our implementation of the saturation physics model reproduces the results of the MSTV calculation of the multiplicity distribution in $d + Au$ collisions at RHIC. However, additional aspects of studies, together with existing data, call into question some of the essential elements reported by MSTV. Resolution of these issues will require further developments of ip-jazma, in order to determine if it can replicate the qualitative agreement with the $v_2$ reported by MSTV. Both the work reported here and future studies will establish which features in the experimental data are uniquely attributable to the color glass condensate description.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

New astrophysical bounds on ultralight axionlike particles

Motivated by tension between the predictions of ordinary cold dark matter (CDM) and observations at galactic scales, ultralight axionlike particles (ULALPs) with mass of the order 10-22 eV have been proposed as an alternative CDM candidate. We consider cold and collisionless ULALPs produced in the early Universe by the vacuum realignment mechanism and constituting most of CDM. The ULALP fluid is commonly described by classical field equations. However, we show that, like QCD axions, the ULALPs thermalize by gravitational self-interactions and form a Bose-Einstein condensate, a quantum phenomenon. ULALPs, like QCD axions, explain the observational evidence for caustic rings of dark matter because they thermalize and go to the lowest energy state available to them. This is one of rigid rotation on the turnaround sphere. By studying the heating effect of infalling ULALPs on galactic disk stars and the thickness of the nearby caustic ring as observed from a triangular feature in the infrared astronomical satellite map of our galactic disk, we obtain lower-mass bounds on the ULALP mass of order 10-23 and 10-20 eV, respectively.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulation and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modeling of a three-component Rayleigh-Taylor mixing problem with thermonuclear burn

Rayleigh-Taylor mixing in the presence of a third component with intermediate density is investigated through three-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES) with a high-order compact finite-difference code. Two configurations are considered: (1) a symmetric configuration in which the Atwood number between the heavy and intermediate components matches the Atwood number between the intermediate and light components and (2) an asymmetric configuration in which the Atwood number between the heavy and intermediate components is an order of magnitude greater than the Atwood number between the intermediate and light components. Mass fraction covariances are extracted, and proposed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) closures for density-specific-volume and density-mass-fraction covariances are evaluated in an a priori fashion. Additionally, a multicomponent extension of the k - Φ - L - a - V RANS model [Morgan, Phys. Rev. E 104, 015107 (2021)] is presented which includes model equations for the upper-triangular elements of the mass fraction covariance matrix. This model, referred to as the k - Φ - L - a - C model, is compared against results from LES and against other RANS models. Profiles of average mass fraction, mass-fraction covariance, and density-specific-volume covariance obtained with the k - Φ - L - a - C model are found to agree well with LES data. Finally, the impact of three-component turbulent mixing on average reaction rate is investigated in both premixed and nonpremixed cases by heating the mixing layer and allowing it to undergo thermonuclear (TN) burn. A closure model for average reaction rate is proposed for use with the k - Φ - L - a - C model, and when this model is applied, improved agreement is obtained between LES and RANS in total TN neutron production.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Disordering, clustering, and laning transitions in particle systems with dispersion in the Magnus term

We numerically examine a two-dimensional system of repulsively interacting particles with dynamics that are governed by both a damping term and a Magnus term. The magnitude of the Magnus term has one value for half of the particles and a different value for the other half of the particles. In the absence of a driving force, the particles form a triangular lattice, while when a driving force is applied, we find that there is a critical drive above which a Magnus-induced disordering transition can occur even if the difference in the Magnus term between the two particle species is as small as one percent. The transition arises due to the different Hall angles of the two species, which causes their motion to decouple at the critical drive. At higher drives, the disordered state can undergo both species and density phase separation into a density-modulated stripe that is oriented perpendicular to the driving direction. We observe several additional phases that occur as a function of drive and Magnus force disparity, including a variety of density-modulated diagonal-laned phases. In general, we find a much richer variety of states compared to systems of oppositely driven overdamped Yukawa particles. Here, we discuss the implications of our work for skyrmion systems, where we predict that even for small skyrmion dispersities, a drive-induced disordering transition can occur along with clustering phases and pattern-forming states.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗