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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Charge-state model for lead/acid batteries proposed as part of effort to make equivalent of fuel gage for battery-powered vehicles. Models based on equations that approximate observable characteristics of battery electrochemistry. Uses linear equations, easier to simulate on computer, and gives smooth transitions between charge, discharge, and recuperation.
Lithium carbon fluoride batteries are used on Space Shuttle Rocket Boosters and external tanks. These batteries have been extremely successful in terms of mission reliability with the exception of cell yield variances. The function/system and battery descriptions are given. A description is given of the battery range safety system.
Three batteries designed for the GPS system were evaluated. The batteries were wired together, and during the eclipse period were discharged through parallel diodes into a boost converter which then boosted the battery voltage up to the totally regulated bus voltage. Each battery, with a system life of approximately five years, had its own charger. During testing the battery was maintained or used on trickle charge. Data are presented for the battery capacity during the reconditioning. Raw data for each eclipse period and calculations for the average discharge voltage for each battery are given. Thermal cycling for one of the batteries and reconditioning cycles and regimes for all of the batteries are discussed. A reconditioning discharge curve is also given. The problem of temperature cycling in one of the batteries was resolved by redesigning the battery radiator system.
Multilayer insulation blankets used for the attenuation of radiant heat transfer in spacecraft are addressed. Typically, blanket effectiveness is degraded by heat leaks in the joints between adjacent blankets and by heat leaks caused by the blanket fastener system. An approach to blanket design based upon modular sub-blankets with distributed seams and upon an associated fastener system that practically eliminates the through-the-blanket conductive path is described. Test results are discussed providing confirmation of the approach. The specific case of the thermal control system for the optical assembly of the Space Telescope is examined.
The objectives of NASA's Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Program is to: develop, maintain and provide tools for the validation and assessment of aerospace battery technologies; accelerate the readiness of technology advances and provide infusion paths for emerging technologies; provide NASA projects with the required database and validation guidelines for technology selection of hardware and processes relating to aerospace batteries; disseminate validation and assessment tools, quality assurance, reliability, and availability information to the NASA and aerospace battery communities; and ensure that safe, reliable batteries are available for NASA's future missions.
A brief description of the ITOS power systems is presented. The descriptions are from viewgraphs shown to the participants of the Workshop. A block diagram of ITOS power supply subsystem is presented along with graphs representing: ITOS voltage limit versus temperature; and battery charge-discharge current profiles over an orbit period.
OverFlight is an in-development graphical user interface (GUI) that implements a state-of-the-art rotorcraft maneuvering noise model using a source noise hemisphere approach coupled with the Aircraft NOise Prediction Program 2 (ANOPP2). This GUI stems from a demand for easy-to-use mission planning and community impact acoustic tools that can model the maneuvering flight of a rotary-wing vehicle. This paper covers the models used for the development of OverFlight and model validation efforts. Data from a joint NASA/Army flight test of an MD530F aircraft are used both for source noise hemispheres as well as maneuvering flight data. Analysis of the predicted maneuvering noise shows better agreement that traditional methods currently employed, while also demonstrating maneuvers where the underlying assumptions fail to hold.
A novel benzoxazine made from furfurylamine, paraformaldehyde, and piceol, Bz-FA-HA, is assessed for applications in fiber reinforced (FR) composites. Piceol is a biobased phenolic compound derived from the roots of Norwegian spruce trees and contains a methyl ketone group at the para position. Bz-FA-HA is a liquid at room temperature, has a viscosity of < 1 Pa.s at temperatures above 90 °C, and a Tonset of cure at 132 °C. The carbonyl is found to react with the furan ring, yielding a crosslinking reaction, when cured above 180 °C as indicated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Poly(Bz-FA-HA) has a Tg > 350 °C, attributed to the crosslinking reaction. Furthermore, the storage modulus is > 3 GPa, regardless of cure temperature. Poly(Bz-FA-HA) has a char yield at 800 °C of 65.0 % (62.3 % at 1000 °C), and a Tonset of decomposition of 357 °C in nitrogen. The resulting carbon formed during pyrolysis shrinks during the carbonization reaction and scanning electron microscopy imaging shows a cross-section with micro cracks. The high processability, advanced mechanical properties, and exceptional char yield make it a promising candidate as the matrix for FR composites.
The proceedings of the 1975 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop are presented. The major topics of discussion were nickel cadmium batteries and, to a lesser extent, nickel hydrogen batteries. Battery design, manufacturing techniques, testing programs, and electrochemical characteristics were considered. The utilization of these batteries for spacecraft power supplies was given particular attention.
In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) is vital to supporting a sustained human presence on the Moon or Mars. With payload launch prices ranging from $4,000 to more than $1 million per kg, reducing payload mass is of critical interest. Using in-situ resources for ISM is particularly attractive as it allows for a system of Earth-independent manufacturing for the Lunar surface, reducing the initial payload mass that is required for current ISM systems that rely on terrestrially synthesized materials. This talk presents new composite materials made from Lunar and Martian regolith and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a thermoplastic that offers the ability to be biosynthesized in space using various in-situ resources like organic waste or atmospheric CO2 as feedstock. The addition of regolith provides a route to creating materials with a diverse set of properties which will be discussed. The development of these materials represents the first step in creating a system of closed-loop ISM, which is critical to establishing a lasting human presence in space.
This research program is concerned with the effect of low-speed, concurrent flow on the spreading and extinction processes of flames over solid fuels. The primary objective is to verify the theoretically predicted extinction boundary, using oxygen percentage and flow velocity as coordinates. In particular, we are interested in the low-speed quenching limits and the existence of the critical oxygen flammability limit. Detailed flame spread characteristics, including flame spread rate, flame size, and flame structure are sought. Since the predicted flame behavior depends on the inclusion of flame and surface radiation, the measured results will also be used to assess the importance of radiative heat transfer by direct comparison to a comprehensive numerical model. This project passed the Science Concept Review (SCR) in 1996. As a result, the experiment continues on the flight definition path, and is currently scheduled to be performed in the Space Station Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR). We present an overview of recent and ongoing work, including selected experimental and theoretical topics.
The NASA Lewis Research Center has contracted with Electro Energy, Inc., to develop a bipolar nickel-metal hydride battery design for energy storage on low-Earth-orbit satellites. The objective of the bipolar nickel-metal hydride battery development program is to approach advanced battery development from a systems level while incorporating technology advances from the lightweight nickel electrode field, hydride development, and design developments from nickel-hydrogen systems. This will result in a low-volume, simplified, less-expensive battery system that is ideal for small spacecraft applications. The goals of the program are to develop a 1-kilowatt, 28-volt (V), bipolar nickel-metal hydride battery with a specific energy of 100 watt-hours per kilogram (W-hr/kg), an energy density of 250 W-hr/liter and a 5-year life in low Earth orbit at 40-percent depth-of-discharge.
Video highlighting the products and manufacturing capabilities of the Thermal Protection Facility at Kennedy Space Center which is part of the JSC EA/ES division. This record includes an mp4 video with a run time of 9 min. 13 sec.; in color; with sound.
In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) is vital to supporting a sustained human presence on the Moon or Mars. With payload launch prices ranging from $4,000 to more than $1 million per kg, reducing payload mass is of critical interest. Using in-situ resources for ISM is particularly attractive as it allows for a system of Earth-independent manufacturing for the Lunar surface, reducing the initial payload mass that is required for current ISM systems that rely on terrestrially synthesized materials. This talk presents new composite materials made from Lunar and Martian regolith and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a thermoplastic that offers the ability to be biosynthesized in space using various in-situ resources like organic waste or atmospheric CO2 as feedstock. The addition of regolith provides a route to creating materials with a diverse set of properties which will be discussed. The development of these materials represents the first step in creating a system of closed-loop ISM, which is critical to establishing a lasting human presence in space.
The Aeolus-Earth Mission (DWTS-Helio) is a recently selected NASA Heliophysics investigation that will apply the innovative Doppler Wind Temperature Sounder (DWTS) technique to the Space Atmosphere Interaction Region (SAIR) at ~105-180 km. The technique, invented by Gordley & Marshall (2011), applies the Doppler Scanning with Gas Filter (DSGF) technique using a cryo-cooled MWIR radiometer to view the limb of the atmosphere from LEO (orbital velocity creates the Doppler shifts required by the technique). For this implementation of DWTS, a Nitric Oxide (NO) low pressure gas cell is used. The limb of the atmosphere is observed from a spacecraft at orbital velocity, and as an observed air volume passes through the field of view, this velocity creates a set of Doppler-shifted images. These images are used to create Doppler Integrated Pass (DIP) signals, from which atmospheric temperature and wind profiles are extracted (it may be considered a converse of the successful in-flight calibration of gas cells used for the HALOE instrument). The technique is relative, removing the need for absolute radiances, and the signal-to-noise ratio for this technique is high, resulting in good measurement precision. Different gas cells can be used to create different altitude coverage and may be combined to measure a more continuous altitude range. For example, using a NO cell captures the lower atmosphere from 30-50km as well as the SAIR, while using the 13 isotopologue of CO2 would capture 50-120km. Due to the desired data volume as well as power and thermal considerations, this initial Aeolus-Earth flight will be more suited for a ‘hosted’ payload on an Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle platform instead of the ‘free-flyer’ option originally investigated. Lastly, the technique is sufficiently powerful that a two-channel system could produce full Mars atmosphere data not currently possible.
The Mars Exploration through Analog-site Drilling (MEAD) project is designed to demonstrate the feasibility and scientific value of robotic drilling missions to Mars in the search for evidence of past or extant life. MEAD conducts high-fidelity field simulations integrating drilling, autonomous operations, and in-situ life-detection and mineralogical instruments. The project tests the Signs of Life Detector (SOLID), proposed for the 2019 Discovery Mars Icebreaker mission, and ARIA (Astronaut Raman Instrument for ISRU and Astrobiology), which provides mineral identification and detects trace organics and volatiles, including indicators of organic thermal maturity. Because current and planned Mars drilling missions operate largely “blind,” MEAD also evaluates the use of drill-induced vibrations recorded by deployed geophones to enable local subsurface mapping for improved targeting of drilling and sampling. In August 2025, MEAD completed its first-year field deployment to Haughton Crater in the Canadian High Arctic, an established Mars impact-crater terrestrial analog site, bringing a Honeybee Robotics TRIDENT drill with applied automation, alongside ARIA, SOLID, and FleetSpace geophones.
The Curiosity rover's exploration of rocks and soils in Gale crater has provided diverse geochemical and mineralogical data sets, underscoring the complex geological history of the region. We report the crystalline, clay mineral, and amorphous phase distributions of four Gale crater rocks from an 80‐m stratigraphic interval. The mineralogy of the four samples is strongly influenced by aqueous alteration processes, including variations in water chemistries, redox, pH, and temperature. Localized hydrothermal events are evidenced by gray hematite and maturation of amorphous SiO 2 to opal‐CT. Low‐temperature diagenetic events are associated with fluctuating lake levels, evaporative events, and ground water infiltration. Among all mudstones analyzed in Gale crater, the diversity in diagenetic processes is primarily captured by the mineralogy and X‐ray amorphous chemistry of the drilled rocks. Variations indicate a transition from magnetite to hematite and an increase in matrix‐associated sulfates suggesting intensifying influence from oxic, diagenetic fluids up section. Furthermore, diagenetic fluid pathways are shown to be strongly affected by unconformities and sedimentary transitions, as evidenced by the intensity of alteration inferred from the mineralogy of sediments sampled adjacent to stratigraphic contacts.
A new approach to masterless, distributed, digital-charge control for batteries requiring charge control has been developed and implemented. This approach is required in battery chemistries that need cell-level charge control for safety and is characterized by the use of one controller per cell, resulting in redundant sensors for critical components, such as voltage, temperature, and current. The charge controllers in a given battery interact in a masterless fashion for the purpose of cell balancing, charge control, and state-of-charge estimation. This makes the battery system invariably fault-tolerant. The solution to the single-fault failure, due to the use of a single charge controller (CC), was solved by implementing one CC per cell and linking them via an isolated communication bus [e.g., controller area network (CAN)] in a masterless fashion so that the failure of one or more CCs will not impact the remaining functional CCs. Each micro-controller-based CC digitizes the cell voltage (V(sub cell)), two cell temperatures, and the voltage across the switch (V); the latter variable is used in conjunction with V(sub cell) to estimate the bypass current for a given bypass resistor. Furthermore, CC1 digitizes the battery current (I1) and battery voltage (V(sub batt) and CC5 digitizes a second battery current (I2). As a result, redundant readings are taken for temperature, battery current, and battery voltage through the summation of the individual cell voltages given that each CC knows the voltage of the other cells. For the purpose of cell balancing, each CC periodically and independently transmits its cell voltage and stores the received cell voltage of the other cells in an array. The position in the array depends on the identifier (ID) of the transmitting CC. After eight cell voltage receptions, the array is checked to see if one or more cells did not transmit. If one or more transmissions are missing, the missing cell(s) is (are) eliminated from cell-balancing calculations. The cell-balancing algorithm is based on the error between the cell s voltage and the other cells and is categorized into four zones of operation. The algorithm is executed every second and, if cell balancing is activated, the error variable is set to a negative low value. The largest error between the cell and the other cells is found and the zone of operation determined. If the error is zero or negative, then the cell is at the lowest voltage and no balancing action is needed. If the error is less than a predetermined negative value, a Cell Bad Flag is set. If the error is positive, then cell balancing is needed, but a hysteretic zone is added to prevent the bypass circuit from triggering repeatedly near zero error. This approach keeps the cells within a predetermined voltage range.