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DOE OSTI2016

Higgs production in association with a top-antitop pair in the Standard Model Effective Field Theory at NLO in QCD

We present the results of the computation of the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production cross section of a Higgs boson in association with a top-antitop pair at the LHC, including the three relevant dimension-six operators (O tφ , O φG , O tG ) of the standard model effective field theory. These operators also contribute to the production of Higgs bosons in loop-induced processes at the LHC, such as inclusive Higgs, Hj and HH production, and modify the Higgs decay branching ratios for which we also provide predictions. We perform a detailed study of the cross sections and their uncertainties at the total as well as differential level and of the structure of the effective field theory at NLO including renormalisation group effects. Finally, we show how the combination of information coming from measurements of these production processes will allow to constrain the three operators at the current and future LHC runs. Finally, our results lead to a significant improvement of the accuracy and precision of the deviations expected from higher-dimensional operators in the SM in both the top-quark and the Higgs-boson sectors and provide a necessary ingredient for performing a global EFT fit to the LHC data at NLO accuracy.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Economic evaluation on CO₂-EOR of onshore oil fields in China

Carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR) and sequestration in depleted oil reservoirs is a plausible option for utilizing anthropogenic CO₂ to increase oil production while storing CO₂ underground. Evaluation of the storage resources and cost of potential CO₂-EOR projects is an essential step before the commencement of large-scale deployment of such activities. In this paper, a hybrid techno-economic evaluation method, including a performance model and cost model for onshore CO₂-EOR projects, has been developed based on previous studies. Total 296 onshore oil fields, accounting for about 70% of total mature onshore oil fields in China, were evaluated by the techno-economic method. The key findings of this study are summarized as follows: (1) deterministic analysis shows there are approximately 1.1 billion tons (7.7 billion barrels) of incremental crude oil and 2.2 billion tons CO₂ storage resource for onshore CO₂-EOR at net positive revenue within the Chinese oil fields reviewed under the given operating strategy and economic assumptions. (2) Sensitivity study highlights that the cumulative oil production and cumulative CO₂ storage resource are very sensitive to crude oil price, CO₂ cost, project lifetime, discount rate and tax policy. High oil price, short project lifetime, low discount rate, low CO₂ cost, and low tax policy can greatly increase the net income of the oil enterprise, incremental oil recovery and CO₂ storage resource. (3) From this techno-economic evaluation, the major barriers to large-scale deployment of CO₂-EOR include complex geological conditions, low API of crude oil, high tax policy, and lack of incentives for the CO₂-EOR project.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Heterogeneous System for Eagle Detection, Deterrent, and Wildlife Collision Detection for Wind Turbines (Final Technical Report)

This report summarizes the design, implementation, and test of an integrated system for automated detection and deterrence of eagles, with included wind turbine blade strike detection and imaging functionality. A machine learning approach was used in conjunction with a 360° camera system for automated detection and classification of golden eagles. This was developed using footage obtained from trained golden eagles and other raptors, in collaboration with wildlife biologists and professional bird handlers. Oregon State University developed a visual deterrent system, which uses inflatable anthropomorphic sculptures with random, kinetic motion to deter eagles, and conducted limited field testing on live eagles; the deterrent can be triggered by the visual detection of eagles using the vision system. Finally, a multi-sensor module was developed that is mounted at the turbine blade root. This module measures vibration and other motions to detect blade strikes, and an integrated on-blade camera captures an image of any impacting objects. Long-term, this blade strike detection system is intended to support an automatic monitoring and certification system for the eagle detection and deterent system. Independent field testing of each system component is described. Testing of the integrated system on an operational wind turbine was conducted across three separate field tests. This includes multi-day fields tests on a General Electric 1.5MW wind turbine at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) in Boulder, CO in October 2018 and July 2019; installation procedures, test procedures, and a summary of collected data are presented. A third multi-day on-turbine field test is also presented, which was performed using a General Electric 1.5MW wind turbine at the North American Wind Research and Training Center (NAWRTC) at Mesalands Community College, Tucumcari, NM in April 2019. Across these field tests, the vision system was demonstrated using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and the eagle classification algorithm was not tested; the visual deterrent system was demonstrated, including automatic, remote deployment following surrogate visual detections; and, multi-sensor on-blade data was recorded across multiple wind turbine operational conditions and through more than 100 surrogate blade strikes using soft projectiles, including the successful demonstration of automatic image capture of striking objects. This data set was also used for offline development and validation of enhanced collision detection algorithms. As summarized in this report, the development and field validation of an integrated detection, deterrent, and blade collision detection system represents a critical proof of concept for future technology development of related detection and deterrent technologies, where both deterrent as well as collision detection recording devices are needed for future siting, monitoring, and operation of wind turbine installations, both onshore and offshore.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2013

Reservoir Stimulation Optimization with Operational Monitoring for Creation of EGS

EGS field projects have not sustained production at rates greater than ½ of what is needed for economic viability. The primary limitation that makes commercial EGS infeasible is our current inability to cost-effectively create high-permeability reservoirs from impermeable, igneous rock within the 3,000-10,000 ft depth range. Our goal is to develop a novel fracturing fluid technology that maximizes reservoir permeability while reducing stimulation cost and environmental impact. Laboratory equipment development to advance laboratory characterization/monitoring is also a priority of this project to study and optimize the physicochemical properties of these fracturing fluids in a range of reservoir conditions. Barrier G is the primarily intended GTO barrier to be addressed as well as support addressing barriers D, E and I.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

Reservoir Stimulation Optimization with Operational Monitoring for Creation of EGS

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

An assessment of the harvesting and fuel performance of a single-pass cut-and-chip harvester in commercial-scale short-rotation poplar crops as influenced by crop and weather conditions

There is a need for data on commercial-scale harvesting operations in hybrid poplar short rotation crops to better understand costs and logistics, especially for modeling large scale biorefineries. An investigation was conducted on the in-field performance of a single-pass cut-and-chip harvester operating in commercial fields for over 370 individual wagon loads representing a range of crop and field conditions. Mean material capacity peaked at 70 Mg h -1 in dry conditions in lower biomass (<60 Mg ha -1 ), but was only 28 Mg h -1 during wet conditions and often higher standing biomass. Wet ground conditions require the harvester to divert additional power to maintaining forward movement, which results in decreased material capacity and increased fuel consumption. Crops with higher standing biomass had taller trees that do not always feed as smoothly into the harvester, slowing forward progress and lowering material capacity. Mean crop specific fuel consumption, L of fuel per Mg of biomass processed, generally decreased as standing biomass increased. When standing biomass was above 40 Mg ha -1 mean crop specific fuel consumption (FCC) was 1.69 L Mg -1 in dry conditions and 3.98 L Mg -1 in wet conditions, but when standing biomass was below 40 Mg ha-1 FCC increased drastically (as high as 5 L Mg -1 ) because the harvester is putting more effort into forward speed instead of material processing. Developing relationships between material capacity and fuel consumption based on standing biomass and ground conditions at representative scales are essential for conducting environmental and economic analyses of these systems.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging captures photochemical efficiency of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in a field setting

Abstract Background Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological reactions and forms the basis of crop productivity and yield on which a growing global population relies. However, to develop improved plant cultivars that are capable of increased productivity, methods that can accurately and quickly quantify photosynthetic efficiency in large numbers of genotypes under field conditions are needed. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging is a rapid, non-destructive measurement that can provide insight into the efficiency of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Results To test and validate a field-deployed fluorescence imaging system on the TERRA-REF field scanalyzer, leaves of potted sorghum plants were treated with a photosystem II inhibitor, DCMU, to reduce photochemical efficiency (F V /F M ). The ability of the fluorescence imaging system to detect changes in fluorescence was determined by comparing the image-derived values with a handheld fluorometer. This study demonstrated that the imaging system was able to accurately measure photochemical efficiency (F V /F M ) and was highly correlated ( r = 0.92) with the handheld fluorometer values. Additionally, the fluorescence imaging system was able to track the decrease in photochemical efficiency due to treatment of DCMU over a 7 day period. Conclusions The system’s ability to capture the temporal dynamics of the plants’ response to this induced stress, which has comparable dynamics to abiotic and biotic stressors found in field environments, indicates the system is operating correctly. With the validation of the fluorescence imaging system, physiological and genetic studies can be undertaken that leverage the fluorescence imaging capabilities and throughput of the field scanalyzer.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2022

The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems

This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes outside the barrel hadron calorimeter. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using 10 three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect. These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, 4 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2021

Anomalous dimensions from gauge couplings in SMEFT with right-handed neutrinos

Standard Model Neutrino Effective Field Theory (SMNEFT) is an effective theory with Standard Model (SM) gauge-invariant operators constructed only from SM and right-handed neutrino fields. For the full set of dimension-six SMNEFT operators, we present the gauge coupling terms of the one-loop anomalous dimension matrix for renormalization group evolution (RGE) of the Wilson coefficients between a new physics scale and the electroweak scale. We find that the SMNEFT operators can be divided into five subsets which are closed under RGE. Our results apply for both Dirac and Majorana neutrinos. We also discuss the operator mixing pattern numerically and comment on some interesting phenomenological implications.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Theoretical assessment of the transition between electron emission mechanisms in a collisional crossed-field gap

Understanding the transition to the limiting current under vacuum and collisional conditions for thermal-field emission in a crossed-field gap is critical for characterizing the operating regime for numerous applications, such as high-power microwaves and Hall thrusters. By deriving the exact solution for the current density as a function of cathode temperature (and, by extension, initial velocity), cathode electric field, applied voltage, collision frequency, and magnetic field, we determine the transition from the canonical current source (thermal-field emission) to the vacuum and collisional limiting currents under different operating conditions. Here, we further show that the exact solution recovers the asymptotic solutions for the canonical and limiting currents for vacuum and collisional crossed-field gaps under appropriate limits. The exact solution demonstrates that the critical current decreases with both increasing magnetic field strength and increasing collisionality. Nexus phase space plots constructed by matching the individual asymptotic solutions provide the conditions for the transitions between mechanisms, elucidating when a single mechanistic equation would suffice and when theories combining multiple mechanisms are necessary.

Breen, Lorin I. [Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Virtual/Augmented Reality (VR/AR):Tools for Nuclear Training, Operations and Design

Introduction: Problems: Mistakes in the field due to a lack of information (Ex: Pump repair failure rate 50%); Avoidable exposure due to multiple employees for procedure adherence and monitoring; Debates over 2D drawings can be more easily resolved. Purpose: Training: Employees can be trained more effectively. Operating: Operations can be carried out more efficiently with fewer workers required with AR. Design Review: Pull the designers and designs into VR. Design: VR: Unreal Engine, Unity, Custom. AR: HoloLens: Unity, Custom - DirectX 12.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Measurements of the pp → W ± γγ and pp → Zγγ cross sections at $ \sqrt{\mathrm{s}} $ = 13 TeV and limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings

The cross section for W or Z boson production in association with two photons is measured in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb -1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The W → ℓν and Z → ℓℓ decay modes (where ℓ = e, μ) are used to extract the Wγγ and Zγγ cross sections in a phase space defined by electron (muon) with transverse momentum larger than 30 GeV and photon transverse momentum larger than 20 GeV. All leptons and photons are required to have absolute pseudorapidity smaller than 2.5. The measured cross sections in this phase space are σ(Wγγ) = ${13.6}_{-1.9}^{+1.9}{\left(\mathrm{stat}\right)}_{-4.0}^{+4.0}$ (syst) ± 0.08 (PDF + scale) fb and σ(Zγγ) = ${5.41}_{-0.55}^{+0.58}{\left(\mathrm{stat}\right)}_{-.070}^{+0.64}$(syst) ± 0.06 (PDF + scale) fb. Limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings are set in the framework of an effective field theory with dimension-8 operators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Sum rules in the standard model effective field theory from helicity amplitudes

The dispersion relation of an elastic 4-point amplitude in the forward direction leads to a sum rule that connects the low energy amplitude to the high energy observables. We perform a classification of these sum rules based on massless helicity amplitudes. With this classification, we are able to systematically write down the sum rules for the dimension-6 operators of the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT), some of which are absent in previous literatures. These sum rules offer distinct insights on the relations between the operator coefficients in the EFT and the properties of the full theory that generates them. Their applicability goes beyond tree level, and in some cases can be used as a practical method of computing the one loop contributions to low energy observables. They also provide an interesting perspective for understanding the custodial symmetries of the SM Higgs and fermion sectors.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Removing flat directions in standard model EFT fits: How polarized electron-ion collider data can complement the LHC

We study the potential of future electron-ion collider (EIC) data to probe four-fermion operators in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT). The ability to perform measurements with both polarized electron and proton beams at the EIC provides a powerful tool that can disentangle the effects from different SMEFT operators. We compare the potential constraints from an EIC with those obtained from Drell-Yan data at the Large Hadron Collider. We show that EIC data play an important complementary role since they probe combinations of Wilson coefficients not accessible through available Drell-Yan measurements.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Measurement of electroweak $Z\left(\nu \overline{\nu}\right)\gamma jj$ production and limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The electroweak production of $Z\left(\nu \overline{\nu}\right)\gamma jj$ in association with two jets is studied in a regime with a photon of high transverse momentum above 150 GeV using proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis uses a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 139 fb –1 collected by the ATLAS detector during the 2015–2018 LHC data-taking period. This process is an important probe of the electroweak symmetry breaking mechanism in the Standard Model and is sensitive to quartic gauge boson couplings via vector-boson scattering. The fiducial $Z\left(\nu \overline{\nu}\right)\gamma jj$ cross section for electroweak production is measured to be ${0.77}_{-0.30}^{+0.34}$ fb and is consistent with the Standard Model prediction. Evidence of electroweak $Z\left(\nu \overline{\nu}\right)\gamma jj$ production is found with an observed significance of 3.2σ for the background-only hypothesis, compared with an expected significance of 3.7σ. The combination of this result with the previously published ATLAS observation of electroweak $Z\left(\nu \overline{\nu}\right)\gamma jj$ production yields an observed (expected) signal significance of 6.3σ (6.6σ). Limits on anomalous quartic gauge boson couplings are obtained in the framework of effective field theory with dimension-8 operators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Forecasting for ESCAPE: A Multi-Institution Hybrid Forecasting and Nowcasting Operation for Sea-Breeze Convection Supporting a Ground-Based and Airborne Field Campaign

The Experiment of Sea-Breeze Convection, Aerosols, Precipitation and Environment (ESCAPE) field project deployed two aircraft and ground-based assets in the vicinity of Houston, Texas, between 27 May and 2 July 2022, examining how meteorological conditions, dynamics, and aerosols control the initiation, early growth stage, and evolution of coastal convective clouds. To ensure that airborne- and ground-based assets were deployed appropriately, a forecasting and nowcasting team was formed. Daily forecasts guided real-time decision-making by assessing synoptic weather conditions, environmental aerosol, and a variety of atmospheric modeling data to assign a probability for meeting specific ESCAPE campaign objectives. During the research flights, a small team of forecasters provided “nowcasting” support by analyzing radar, satellite, and new model data in real time. The nowcasting team proved invaluable to the campaign operation, as sometimes changing environmental conditions affected, for example, the timing of convective initiation. In addition to the success of the forecasting and nowcasting teams, the ESCAPE campaign offered a unique “testbed” opportunity where in-person and virtual support both contributed to campaign objectives. The forecasting and nowcasting teams were each composed of new and experienced forecasters alike, where new forecasters were given invaluable experience that would otherwise be difficult to attain. Both teams received training on forecast models, map analysis, Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT), and thermodynamic sounding analysis before the beginning of the campaign. In this article, the ESCAPE forecasting and nowcasting teams reflect on these experiences, providing potentially useful advice for future field campaigns requiring forecasting and nowcasting support in a hybrid virtual/in-person framework.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2013

Control of an External Microcontroller using the Android Operating System

There is a critical need for rugged and portable control systems for field-deployable sensors. Since the Android is an open-source operating system, a smartphone can potentially be modified to serve as a communications device to interface with a controller and many types of experiments/sensors in the field. The communications can be wireless or via USB cables. Through this project, we have demonstrated two-way communication and control of an external Arduino microcontroller, as well as real time data acquisition, through an easy to operate GUI on an Android OS phone operating through Bluetooth wireless communication.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Fiber-Optic Silicon Fabry-Perot Interferometric Bolometer: The Influence of Mechanical Vibration and Magnetic Field

Plasma radiation plays an important role in the operation and control of magnetic confinement fusion and is typically measured by bolometers. Here, we study the influence of mechanical vibration and magnetic field, which are typically present in magnetic confinement fusion devices, on the performance of a fiber-optic bolometer (FOB) based on silicon Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) demodulated by a scanning diode laser. It is found that both the vibration and magnetic field could cause large noise due to the birefringence of the silicon FPI. To mitigate the birefringence effects, we demonstrated two effective methods: polarization maintaining FOB and polarization scrambling. We show that two methods can be effective in mitigating the effect caused by the sensor birefringence: (1) replacing the regular single-mode fiber in the FOB system with polarization-maintaining fiber and (2) using a polarization scrambler after the laser source. For both methods, no significant increase in the noise was observed in the vibration and magnetic field tests. Finally, our research highlights the importance of the polarization management for the FOB systems toward their practical applications in magnetic-confinement fusion systems.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗