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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Institutional Computing: Final Report Quantum Effects on Cosmology: Probing Physics Beyond the Standard Model with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

The current one-year project allocation (w17 burst) supports the continuation of research performed in the two-year Institutional Computing allocation (w14 bigbangnucleosynthesis). The project has supported development and production runs resulting in several publications[1, 2, 3, 4] in peer-review journals and talks. Most signi cantly, we have recently achieved a signi cant improvement in code performance. This improvement was essential to the prospect of making further progress on this heretofore unsolved multiphysics problem that lies at the intersection of nuclear and particle theory and the kinetic theory of energy transport in a system with internal (quantum) degrees of freedom.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Complex Systems Models and Their Applications: Towards a New Science of Verification, Validation & Uncertainty Quantification

This report contains the written footprint of a Sandia-hosted workshop held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, June 22-23, 2016 on “Complex Systems Models and Their Applications: Towards a New Science of Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification,” as well as of pre-work that fed into the workshop. The workshop’s intent was to explore and begin articulating research opportunities at the intersection between two important Sandia communities: the complex systems (CS) modeling community, and the verification, validation and uncertainty quantification (VVUQ) community The overarching research opportunity (and challenge) that we ultimately hope to address is: how can we quantify the credibility of knowledge gained from complex systems models, knowledge that is often incomplete and interim, but will nonetheless be used, sometimes in real-time, by decision makers?

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

CSULA Hydrogen Refueling Facility Performance Evaluation and Optimization

Throughout its history, Cal State LA has been in the forefront of advanced energy and transportation technologies. The station is located at the intersection of two major highways in Los Angeles region and has a convenient access. It is capable of producing up to 60 kg/day and can fuel 15-20 vehicles per day. Cal State LA had partnered with DOE to establish a robust station operation and performance data collection program. This consisted of equipping the station with additional instrumentation and collecting fueling performance data for several years. The data was further furnished to NREL for processing and agglomeration with data from other stations. In addition to fueling, maintenance and failure events were shared as well as hydrogen purity reports. The station has also undergone several upgrades in fueling protocols and hardware for improved performance and code compliance.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2018

Quantum Sensing for High Energy Physics

The Coordinating Panel for Advanced Detectors (CPAD) of the APS Division of Particles and Fields organized a first workshop on Quantum Sensing for High Energy Physics (HEP) in early December 2017 at Argonne National Laboratory. Participants from universities and national labs were drawn from the intersecting fields of Quantum Information Science (QIS), high energy physics, atomic, molecular and optical physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics and materials science. Quantum-enabled science and technology has seen rapid technical advances and growing national interest and investments over the last few years. The goal of the workshop was to bring the various communities together to investigate pathways to integrate the expertise of these two disciplines to accelerate the mutual advancement of scientific progress.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Astrophysical Dynamics in the Laboratory: Mach Stems and Magnetized Shock Waves. Final Report DE-N0002037 R18200

The work for this grant focused around two major themes: (1) study of the phenomena that occur when two strong shock waves intersect, and (2) understanding the effects that magnetic fields have on gas in the postshock region, especially when the gas exhibits strong cooling. Both of these themes had a laboratory, numerical, and astronomical observational component. The emphasis on new astrophysical observations to accompany the experimental work has been a signature of our previous programs, and this interdisciplinary approach continued to yield a host of new discoveries and insights as evidenced by the large number of refereed papers in major journals. This document summarizes briefly how the published work fits in with the two major themes. The eclectic mixture of observational, experimental, and numerical present in our efforts is self-evident from the titles of the papers in most cases. Connecting the observations to the experiments in a meaningful way has long been a major challenge in this field, and we are one of very few groups to do this successfully.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effects of Nuclear Weapons

The study of the effects of nuclear weapons has provided hundreds of persons a lifelong career in a technical field. This presentation is just a snapshot of the topic covering the four defined burst regions, documents devoted to the topic, and the actual effects of a nuclear explosive device. With the aid of previously released atomic testing movies and superb Hollywood actor narrations, we examine the effects of thermal, blast, radiation, EMP on both structures and people. Lastly, the effects of a 1 kt nuke detonated at the intersection of South Las Vegas Blvd. and Tropicana wiping out the Excalibur, MGM Grand, New York New York, and Tropicana hotels and the M&M store.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗
DOE OSTI2018

Diffusion of Innovations: Interplay of Social, Economic, Technological, and Policy Drivers in the Solar Industry. Summary of UT Austin Student Capstone Research Projects

The University of Texas at Austin’s Policy Research Project (PRP), a nine-month (two semesters) capstone, is a keystone of the core curriculum at the LBJ School of Public Affairs. In PRPs, small groups of students, under the mentorship of a faculty director, take on real-world problems that require special knowledge and skill sets. PRPs expose students to challenges in formulating and executing research, and in communicating academic research and related complex data to broader stakeholder communities and decision makers. The PRP structure is an innovative and effective approach for integrating research within the teaching and training of graduate students who are preparing themselves to address important real-world problems at the intersection of society, economics, technology, and policy. The project summaries below describe seven papers developed during September 2017 – May 2018 as part of a PRP on “Diffusion of Innovations: Interplay of Social, Economic, Technological, and Policy Drivers in the Solar Industry.” Twenty graduate students, drawn from the LBJ School’s Masters in Public Affairs and Masters in Global Policy Studies programs and the Jackson School Geoscience’s Energy and Earth Resources program, participated in this PRP. Dr. Varun Rai, Associate Professor and Associate Dean for Research at the LBJ School, directed the PRP, with support from his research team including: Dr. Ariane Beck, Dr. Ashok Sekar, D. Cale Reeves, and Erik Funkhouser. Clients for the project included the U.S. Department of Energy (Casey Canfield), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Ben Hoen, Galen Barbose Joachim Seel, Naïm Darghouth, Ryan Wiser), and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Benjamin Sigrin, Eric O’Shaughnessy). The seven projects separately addressed one of the following topics: (1) low- and middle-income PV adoption, (2) modeling economic and information intervention design, (3) evaluation of DOE’s Solar in Your Community Challenge, (4) property value impacts near large-scale solar facilities, (5) solar market maturity and evolution of business models, (6) social media data for predicting PV adoption, and (7) individual-level variation in adoption of innovations. Many of the papers relied on data collected and curated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, including data embedded within the annual Tracking the Sun and Utility-Scale Solar reports. Each of the seven teams in the PRP prepared a research paper. The PRP culminated with a full-day conference at UT Austin in May 2018 to present findings from the seven projects in this PRP to a broad audience of about 75 experts from academia, national labs, industry, and government from across the country.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Assessing the Geomechanical Response of CO 2 Disposal in Flood Basalt Reservoirs

In this work, we complete a multi-scale investigation of the physical processes governing geologic CO 2 sequestration in basalt reservoirs. This work integrates (i) laboratory measurements of relative permeability in a basalt fracture, (ii) theoretical modeling to understand how relative permeability uncertainty affects geomechanical performance attributes of basalt reservoirs, (iii) outcrop-scale simulation to identify the characteristics of vertical CO 2 flow in a basalt fracture network, and (iv) regional-scale assessment of permeability architecture in the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG). These individual studies are combined into a site-scale stochastic model of geologic CO 2 sequestration in the Columbia River Plateau, which shows how bulk and relative permeability variability affects geomechanical reservoir integrity and storage capacity of flood basalt reservoirs. This project resulted in a novel laboratory technique that combines X-ray CT and micro-PET scanning to calculate the relative permeability curves for a horizontal fracture in basalt. We also discovered that permeability on the Columbia River Plateau exhibits directionally-dependent spatial correlation, which our analysis suggests is a result of loading-induced subsidence. This analysis further discovered that permeability in the CRBG may increase at depth due to bending moment stresses. In the context of CO 2 sequestration, this result implies that storage capacity and injectivity may actually increase at depths beyond ~1 km. Our outcrop-scale investigation found that buoyant, free-phase CO 2 tends to accumulate at fracture intersections, which inhibits vertical flow over 10+ year timescales and may facilitate both physical and chemical trapping as fluid mobility decreases. At the site-scale, we find that in flood basalt reservoirs the spatial configuration of reservoir permeability exhibits substantial control on CO 2 injectivity. We utilized known borehole geology from the Wallula Basalt Sequestration Pilot Project to develop 50 equally probable permeability configurations and found that a single injection well operating at 95% of the borehole breakout pressure can deliver 0.12 to 2.0 million metric tons of CO 2 per year (MMT CO 2 per year). This maximum injection rate can support a 1,000 MW gas-fired power plant with a single injection well.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Unconfined Compression Results on Core from Boreholes U-15n#12 and U-15n#13, NNSS in support of SPE

The Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) serves as the geologic setting for a Source Physics Experiment (SPE) program. The SPE provides ground truth data to create and improve strong ground motion and seismic S-wave generation and propagation models. The NNSS was chosen as the test bed because it provides a variety of geologic settings ranging from relatively simple to very complex. Each series of SPE testing will comprise the setting and firing of explosive charges (source) placed in a central borehole at varying depths and recording ground motions in instrumented boreholes located in two rings around the source, positioned at different radii. Modeling using advanced simulation codes will be performed both before and after each test to predict ground response and to improve models based on acquired field data, respectively. A key component in the predictive capability and ultimate validation of the models is the full understanding of the intervening geology between the source and the instrumented boreholes including the geomechanical behavior of the site's rock/structural features. This report summarizes unconfined compression testing (UCS) from coreholes U-15n#12 and U-15n#13 and compares those datasets to UCS results from coreholes U-15n and U-15n#10. U-15n#12 corehole was drilled at -60° to the horizontal and U-15n#13 was drilled vertically in granitic rock (quartz monzonite) after the third SPE shot. Figure 1 illustrates at the surface, U 15n#12 and U-15n#13 coreholes were approximately 30 meters and 10 meters from the central SPE borehole (U-15n) respectively. Corehole U-15n#12 intersects the central SPE borehole (U 15n) at a core depth of 174 feet (approximately 150 feet vertical depth). The location of U 15n#12 and U-15n#13 is the site of the first, second and third SPE's, in Area 15 of the NNSS.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Direct Shear and Triaxial Shear test Results on Core from Borehole U-15n and U-15n#10, NNSS in support of SPE

Direct Shear (DS) and Triaxial Shear (FCT) tests from Core holes U-15n and U-15n#10 are part of a larger material characterization effort for the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) project. This larger effort encompasses characterizing a granite body from Nevada both before and after each SPE shot. Core hole U-15n is the vertically oriented source hole for all SPE shots; pre shot core was taken from this hole for DS and FCT testing. After two SPE shots were executed, an inclined core hole (U-15n#10) was drilled; both DS and FCT tests were conducted from this core hole. The first shot (SPE-1) conducted on May 3, 2011 was a calibration shot. SPE-1 was an order of magnitude smaller than the second shot (SPE-2). After SPE-2 was conducted on October 25, 2011 the aforementioned inclined core hole (U-15n#10) was drilled. At its bottom, the inclined core hole intersects the source hole. The third shot (SPE-3) occurred on July 24, 2012. Vertical and inclined core holes were drilled post SPE-3 and specimens will soon be selected for geomechanical characterization. At the time of this writing, work is ongoing at Nevada in preparation for the fourth SPE shot (SPE-4).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Unconfined Compression Results on Core from Borehole U-15n#10, NNSS, in support of SPE

The Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) serves as the geologic setting for a Source Physics Experiment (SPE) program. The SPE provides ground truth data to create and improve strong ground motion and seismic S-wave generation and propagation models. The NNSS was chosen as the test bed because it provides a variety of geologic settings ranging from relatively simple to very complex. Each series of SPE testing will comprise the setting and firing of explosive charges (source) placed in a central borehole at varying depths and recording ground motions in instrumented boreholes located in two rings around the source, positioned at different radii. Modeling using advanced simulation codes will be performed both before and after each test to predict ground response and to improve models based on acquired field data, respectively. A key component in the predictive capability and ultimate validation of the models is the full understanding of the intervening geology between the source and the instrumented boreholes including the geomechanical behavior of the site's rock/structural features. This memorandum reports on an initial phase of unconfined compression testing from corehole U-15n#10. Specimens tested came from the U-15n#10 core hole, which was drilled at -60° to the horizontal in granitic rock (quartz monzonite) after the second SPE shot (SPE-2). Figure 1 illustrates at the surface, the core hole was approximately 90 feet from the central SPE borehole. Corehole U 15n#10 intersects the central SPE borehole (U-15n) at a core depth of 170 feet (approximately 150 feet vertical depth) which is within the highly damaged zone of SPE-2. The U-15n#10 location is the site of the first, second and third SPE's, in Area 15 of the NNSS.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

ECP Milestone Memo WBS 2.3.4.13 ECP/VTK-m FY19Q1 [MS-19/01-03] ZFP / Release / Clip STDA05-17

The STDA05-17 milestone comprises the following 3 deliverables. VTK-m Release 2 We will provide a release of VTK-m software and associated documentation. The source code repository will be tagged at a stable state, and, at a minimum, tarball captures of the source code will be made available from the web site. A version of the VTK-m User's Guide documenting this release will also be made available. Productionize zfp compression The "ZFP: Compressed Floating-Point Arrays" project (WBS 1.3.4.13) is creating an implementation of ZFP compression in VTK-m. Their implementation will be focused on operating in CUDA. The VTK-m project will assist by generalizing the implementation to other devices (such as multi-core CPUs). We will also assist in productionizing the code such that it can be used by external projects and products. Clip Clip operations intersect meshes with implicit functions. It is the foundation of spatial subsetting algorithms, such as "box," and the foundation of data-based subsetting, such as "isovolume." The algorithm requires considering thousands of possible cases, and is thus quite difficult to implement. This milestone will implement clipping to be sufficient for Visit's and ParaView's needs.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

PV Cyber Security Research (Final Report)

Extensive deployment of interoperable distributed energy resources (DER) on power systems is increasing the power system cyber security attack surface. National and jurisdictional interconnection standards require DER to include a range of autonomous and commanded grid support functions which can drastically influence power quality, voltage, and bulk system frequency. This project was split into two phases. The first provided a survey and roadmap of the cybersecurity for the solar industry. The second investigated multiple PV cybersecurity research and development (R&D) concepts identified in the first phase. In the first year, the team created a roadmap for improving cybersecurity for distributed solar energy resources. This roadmap was intended to provide direction for the nation over the next five years and focused on the intersection of industry and government and recommends activities in four related areas: stakeholder engagement, cyber security research and development, standards development, and industry best practices. At the same time, the team produced a primer for DER vendors, aggregators, and grid operators to establish a common taxonomy and describe basic principles of cyber security, encryption, communication protocols, DER cyber security recommendations and requirements, and device-, aggregator-, and utility-level security best practices to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This material was motivated by the need to assist the broader PV industry with cybersecurity resilience and describe the state-of-the-art for securing DER communications. Lastly, an adversary-based assessment of multiple PV devices was completed at the Distributed Energy Technologies Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories to determine the status of industry cybersecurity practices. The team found multiple deficiencies in the security features of the assessed devices. In the second year, a set of recommendations was created for DER communication protocols— especially with respect to the state-of-the-art requirements in IEEE 2030.5. Additionally, several cybersecurity R&D technologies related to communications-enabled photovoltaic systems were studied to harden DER communication networks. Specifically, the team investigated (a) using software defined networking to create a moving target defense system for DER communications, and (b) engineering controls that prevent misprogramming or adversary action on DER devices/networks by disallowing setpoints that will generate unstable power system operations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges

Environmental engineers support the well-being of people and the planet in areas where the two intersect. Over the decades the field has improved countless lives through innovative systems for delivering water, treating waste, and preventing and remediating pollution in air, water, and soil. These achievements are a testament to the multidisciplinary, pragmatic, systems-oriented approach that characterizes environmental engineering. The future holds daunting challenges for human society and our environment. Populations are expanding, demand for resources is increasing, the climate is changing, and humanity’s impacts on the planet continue to mount. Will we be able to achieve a better quality of life for our growing population without compromising the ability of future generations to achieve the same? This study, authored by 18 of the nation’s leading environmental engineers, scientists, and policy experts under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, outlines the crucial role for environmental engineers in this period of dramatic growth and change. The report identifies five pressing challenges of the 21st century that environmental engineers are uniquely poised to help advance: 1: Sustainably supply food, water, and energy, 2: Curb climate change and adapt to its impacts, 3: Design a future without pollution and waste, 4: Create efficient, healthy, resilient cities, and 5: Foster informed decisions and actions. The report’s vision is ambitious. The challenges ahead are substantial. Yet every day, environmental engineers are making progress, both by applying existing knowledge and skills and by advancing research and innovation to generate new insights and achievements. By refocusing and redoubling its efforts to advance practical, impactful solutions for humanity’s multifaceted, vexing problems, the field of environmental engineering can build on its past successes—and chart new territory—in the decades ahead.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

From Interstellar Cloud to Star to Laboratory: Frontier HEDP Studies of Magnetized Colliding Plasma Flows with Strong Radiative Cooling

The project investigated a number of phenomena related to the interaction of highly supersonic, strongly cooled flows where magnetic field and the development of plasma instabilities play a role in the system evolution. Colliding plasma jets and flow interactions are commonplace in astrophysical systems which are strongly collisional, and radiatively cooled despite their large size. Many observations require the testing of hypotheses which can lead to a greater understanding of the dominant plasma condition and processes. We have developed experiments to investigate counter-propagating, high Mach number flows where the radiative loss was rate varied. The development of extended shock structure at the intersection of these flows was observed and characterized over a range of parameter space. Of particular note, was the fragmentation of shocks in collisional, radiatively cooled flows which show strong indications of the development of a turbulent power density spectrum driven by cooling instabilities. This is significant in that similar processes are believed to develop in stellar nurseries where gravity play little role. We have demonstrated the efficacy of novel experiments where a high Mach number flow interacts with a magnetized target. The target B-field dominates the morphology of the shock evolution, in contract to the purely hydrodynamic case. Additionally, the interaction of 2 bow shocks was shown to result in regular reflection mid-plane, in line with detailed simulation work. This is directly relevant to the often-complicated structures formed at the head of HH jets in which multiple shocks can generate new structures in observations as they interact. Research work from all the above has been published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences, regularly by graduate and undergraduate students.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Quantum Computing as a High School Module

Quantum computing is a growing field at the intersection of physics and computer science. This module introduces three of the key principles that govern how quantum computers work: superposition, quantum measurement, and entanglement. The goal of this module is to bridge the gap between popular science articles and advanced undergraduate texts by making some of the more technical aspects accessible to motivated high school students. Problem sets and simulation based labs of various levels are included to reinforce the conceptual ideas described in the text. This is intended as a one week course for high school students between the ages of 15-18 years. The course begins by introducing basic concepts in quantum mechanics which are needed to understand quantum computing.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Support for the American Conference on Theoretical Chemistry

From July 17th to 21st, 2017 theoretical chemists from the United States and abroad gathered at Boston University to take part in the 2017 American Conference on Theoretical Chemistry. The ACTC grew out of a Gordon Research Conference held biennially from 1962 to 1970. The conference in its current form has been held every three years since 1972. The 2017 conference was chaired by Sharon Hammes-Schiffer (Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) and vice-chaired by Todd J. Marti&#324ez (Stanford Univ). David F. Coker of Boston University served as the Deputy Chair and Local Organizer. More than 30 professors at the forefronts of their respective fields gave talks describing recent research developments. Additionally, over 170 students and postdocs contributed posters detailing their research efforts in theoretical chemistry and its numerous intersecting disciplines.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

A New Organometallic Americium Complex

Scientists from Los Alamos, Prof. W. J. Evans at UC-Irvine, and their collaborators, have synthesized and gathered the first structural data on an organometallic cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complex of americium (Am). Americium is an important element that is of interest for reasons such as nuclear energy research and waste disposal, however it is challenging to work with because it is both scarce and highly radioactive. Historically, americium was viewed as sitting at an intersection in actinide chemistry where the elements begin to behave more “lanthanidelike”. Thanks in part to recent work at Los Alamos and others, this simplistic picture is being reimaged with a more nuanced and detailed comprehension of how americium subtly differs from other actinides and lanthanides. The research was published in the international chemistry journal Angewandte Chemie.

Gaunt, Andrew James↗