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DOE OSTI2025

Entanglement as a Probe of Hadronization

Recently, it was discovered that the proton structure at high energies exhibits maximal entanglement. This leads to a simple relation between the proton’s parton distributions and the entropy of hadrons produced in high-energy inelastic interactions, which has been experimentally confirmed. In this Letter, we extend this approach to the production of jets. Here, the maximal entanglement predicts a relation between the jet fragmentation function and the entropy of hadrons produced in jet fragmentation. We test this relation using the ATLAS Collaboration data on jet production at the Large Hadron Collider, and find a good agreement between the prediction based on maximal entanglement within the jet and the data. This study represents the first use of a quantum entanglement framework in an experimental study of the hadronization process, offering a new perspective on the transition from perturbative to nonperturbative QCD. Our results open the door to a more comprehensive understanding of the quantum nature of hadronization.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Application of fuzzy system theory in addressing the presence of uncertainties

In this paper, the combinations of fuzzy system theory with the finite element methods are present and discuss to deal with the uncertainties. The present of uncertainties is needed to avoid for prevent the failure of the material in engineering. There are three types of uncertainties, which are stochastic, epistemic and error uncertainties. In this paper, the epistemic uncertainties have been considered. For the epistemic uncertainty, it exists as a result of incomplete information and lack of knowledge or data. Fuzzy system theory is a non-probabilistic method, and this method is most appropriate to interpret the uncertainty compared to statistical approach when the deal with the lack of data. Fuzzy system theory contains a number of processes started from converting the crisp input to fuzzy input through fuzzification process and followed by the main process known as mapping process. The term mapping here means that the logical relationship between two or more entities. In this study, the fuzzy inputs are numerically integrated based on extension principle method. In the final stage, the defuzzification process is implemented. Defuzzification is an important process to allow the conversion of the fuzzy output to crisp outputs. Several illustrative examples are given and from the simulation, the result showed that propose the method produces more conservative results comparing with the conventional finite element method.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Disentangling nonradiative recombination processes in Ge micro-crystals on Si substrates

We address nonradiative recombination pathways by leveraging surface passivation and dislocation management in μm-scale arrays of Ge crystals grown on deeply patterned Si substrates. The time decay photoluminescence (PL) at cryogenic temperatures discloses carrier lifetimes approaching 45 ns in band-gap engineered Ge micro-crystals. This investigation provides compelling information about the competitive interplay between the radiative band-edge transitions and the trapping of carriers by dislocations and free surfaces. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the temperature dependence of the PL, combined with capacitance data and finite difference time domain modeling, demonstrates the effectiveness of GeO{sub 2} in passivating the surface of Ge and thus in enhancing the room temperature PL emission.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy at liquid helium temperatures for quantum materials

Fundamental quantum phenomena in condensed matter, ranging from correlated electron systems to quantum information processors, manifest their emergent characteristics and behaviors predominantly at low temperatures. This necessitates the use of liquid helium (LHe) cooling for experimental observation. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with LHe cooling (cryo-STEM) provides a powerful characterization technique to probe local atomic structural modulations and their coupling with charge, spin and orbital degrees-of-freedom in quantum materials. However, achieving atomic resolution in cryo-STEM is exceptionally challenging, primarily due to sample drifts arising from temperature changes and noises associated with LHe bubbling, turbulent gas flow, etc. In this work, we demonstrate atomic resolution cryo-STEM imaging at LHe temperatures using a commercial side-entry LHe cooling holder. Firstly, we examine STEM imaging performance as a function of He gas flow rate, identifying two primary noise sources: He-gas pulsing and He-gas bubbling. Secondly, we propose two strategies to achieve low noise conditions for atomic resolution STEM imaging: either by temporarily suppressing He gas flow rate using the needle valve or by acquiring images during the natural warming process. Lastly, we show the applications of image acquisition methods and image processing techniques in investigating structural phase transitions in Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6 , CuIr 2 S 4 , and CrCl 3 . In conclusion, our findings represent an advance in the field of atomic resolution electron microscopy imaging for quantum materials and devices at LHe temperatures, which can be applied to other commercial side-entry LHe cooling TEM holders.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Variational quantum algorithms

Applications such as simulating complicated quantum systems or solving large-scale linear algebra problems are very challenging for classical computers, owing to the extremely high computational cost. Quantum computers promise a solution, although fault-tolerant quantum computers will probably not be available in the near future. Current quantum devices have serious constraints, including limited numbers of qubits and noise processes that limit circuit depth. Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), which use a classical optimizer to train a parameterized quantum circuit, have emerged as a leading strategy to address these constraints. VQAs have now been proposed for essentially all applications that researchers have envisaged for quantum computers, and they appear to be the best hope for obtaining quantum advantage. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including the trainability, accuracy and efficiency of VQAs. Here we overview the field of VQAs, discuss strategies to overcome their challenges and finally, we highlight the exciting prospects for using them to obtain quantum advantage.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quantum Information for Fusion Energy Sciences (Final Technical Report)

The simulation of plasma dynamics is a critical area of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) due to it’s usefulness in predicting, controlling, and confining plasmas in the context of potential fusion reactors. The simulation of plasmas is a computationally difficult problem in both classical and quantum physics, motivating investigation into the potential of quantum computers to simulate these systems. This project took several concrete steps towards this goal by developing tools for improving the control, characterization, and calibration of quantum gates on a superconducting quantum computer, developing error suppression and mitigation tools to reduce errors on the quantum computer, and utilizing these advancements to simulate reduced models of plasma dynamics on the quantum computer. In order to efficiently simulate plasma physics, an optimal control method which synthesizes, directly at the pulse level, any quantum gate on qubit and qutrit systems was developed. Using four superconducting transmon quantum processors at Rigetti and LLNL, it was demonstrated that any arbitrary quantum gate on qubits and qutrits could be implemented with high fidelity, leading to a significantly reduced length of a gate sequence. A problem of interest in FES is the nonlinear optical process of laser pulse compression within a plasma. Since quantum physics is linear, simulating nonlinear operations is not naturally feasible on a quantum computer, however it is possible to simulated a quantized version of the nonlinear process. A quantization approach to convert nonlinear wave-wave interaction problems to Hamiltonian simulation problems was developed and demonstrated using two qubits on a Rigetti device. In this experiment, a number of error suppression and mitigation techniques were investigated to determine how best to utilize the finite quantum resources. This study provides an example of how plasma problems may be solved on near-term, noisy quantum computing platforms and identified a promising set of techniques. Building on the insights of these experiments, the investigation turned to linear electron-plasma wave physics. A connection was identified between a local one-dimensional lattice spin model and linear wave phenomena, allowing a plasma physics problem to be efficiently mapped to the quantum computer. In this framework, reflection and transmission of plasma waves at a sharp boundary was studied, as well as the propagation of waves through an inhomogeneous plasma medium. In addition to the suite of error suppression and mitigation techniques developed, this experiment introduced the use of a digital-analog gate scheme designed to efficiently simulate the plasma Hamiltonian. With hardware available at the conclusion of the project, simulation at the scale of 9 qubits and 15 timesteps (60 entangling layers) was achieved.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

String-Breaking Dynamics in Quantum Adiabatic and Diabatic Processes

Confinement prohibits isolation of color charges, e.g., quarks, in nature via a process called string breaking : the separation of two charges results in an increase in the energy of a color flux, visualized as a string, connecting those charges. Eventually, creating additional charges is energetically favored, hence breaking the string. Such a phenomenon can be probed in simpler models, including quantum spin chains, enabling enhanced understanding of string-breaking dynamics. A challenging task is to understand how string breaking occurs as time elapses, in an out-of-equilibrium setting. This work establishes the phenomenology of dynamical string breaking induced by a gradual increase of string tension over time. It, thus, goes beyond instantaneous quench processes and enables tracking the real-time evolution of strings in a more controlled setting. We focus on domain-wall confinement in a family of quantum Ising chains. Our results indicate that, for sufficiently short strings and slow evolution, string breaking can be described by the transition dynamics of a two-state quantum system akin to a Landau-Zener process. For longer strings, a more intricate spatiotemporal pattern emerges: the string breaks by forming a superposition of bubbles (domains of flipped spins of varying sizes), which involve highly excited states. We finally demonstrate that string breaking driven only by quantum fluctuations can be realized in the presence of sufficiently long-ranged interactions. This work holds immediate relevance for studying string breaking in quantum-simulation experiments.

Ising model↗
DOE OSTI2015

Versatile Formal Methods Applied to Quantum Information.

Using a novel formal methods approach, we have generated computer-veri ed proofs of major theorems pertinent to the quantum phase estimation algorithm. This was accomplished using our Prove-It software package in Python. While many formal methods tools are available, their practical utility is limited. Translating a problem of interest into these systems and working through the steps of a proof is an art form that requires much expertise. One must surrender to the preferences and restrictions of the tool regarding how mathematical notions are expressed and what deductions are allowed. Automation is a major driver that forces restrictions. Our focus, on the other hand, is to produce a tool that allows users the ability to con rm proofs that are essentially known already. This goal is valuable in itself. We demonstrate the viability of our approach that allows the user great exibility in expressing state- ments and composing derivations. There were no major obstacles in following a textbook proof of the quantum phase estimation algorithm. There were tedious details of algebraic manipulations that we needed to implement (and a few that we did not have time to enter into our system) and some basic components that we needed to rethink, but there were no serious roadblocks. In the process, we made a number of convenient additions to our Prove-It package that will make certain algebraic manipulations easier to perform in the future. In fact, our intent is for our system to build upon itself in this manner.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Annihilation-to-nothing: a quantum gravitational boundary condition for the Schwarzschild black hole

The interior of a static Schwarzschild metric can be written in terms of two functions, similar to some models of anisotropic cosmology. With a suitable choice of canonical variables, we solve the Wheeler-DeWitt equation (WDW) inside the horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole. By imposing classicality near the horizon, and requiring boundedness of the wave function, we get a rather generic solution of the WDW equation, whose steepest-descent solution, i.e., the ridge of the wave function, coincides nicely with the classical trajectory. However, there is an ambiguity in defining the arrow of time which leads to two possible interpretations—(i) if there is only one arrow of time, one can infer that the steepest-descent of the wave function follows the classical trajectory throughout: coming from the event horizon and going all the way down to the singularity, while (ii) if there are two different arrows of time in two separate regimes, it can be inferred that the steepest-descent of the wave function comes inwards from the event horizon in one region while it moves outwards from the singularity in the other region, and there exists an annihilation process of these two parts of the wave function inside the horizon. Additionally, adopting the second interpretation could shed light on the information loss paradox: as time goes on, probabilities for histories that include black holes and singularities decay to zero and eventually only trivial geometries dominate.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

High-Resolution Momentum Imaging—From Stern’s Molecular Beam Method to the COLTRIMS Reaction Microscope [Book Chapter]

Multi-particle momentum imaging experiments are now capable of providing detailed information on the properties and the dynamics of quantum systems in Atomic, Molecular and Photon (AMO) physics. Historically, Otto Stern can be considered the pioneer of high-resolution momentum measurements of particles moving in a vacuum and he was the first to obtain sub-atomic unit (a.u.) momentum resolution (Schmidt-Böcking et al. in The precision limits in a single-event quantum measurement of electron momentum and position, these proceedings). A major contribution to modern experimental atomic and molecular physics was his so-called molecular beam method, which Stern developed and employed in his experiments. With this method he discovered several fundamental properties of atoms, molecules and nuclei. As corresponding particle detection techniques were lacking during his time, he was only able to observe the averaged footprints of large particle ensembles. Today it is routinely possible to measure the momenta of single particles, because of the tremendous progress in single particle detection and data acquisition electronics. A “state-of-the-art” COLTRIMS reaction microscope can measure, for example, the momenta of several particles ejected in the same quantum process in coincidence with sub-a.u. momentum resolution. Such setups can be used to visualize the dynamics of quantum reactions and image the entangled motion of electrons inside atoms and molecules. This review will briefly summarize Stern’s work and then present in longer detail the historic steps of the development of the COLTRIMS reaction microscope. Furthermore, some benchmark results are shown which initially paved the way for a broad acceptance of the COLTRIMS approach. Finally, a small selection of milestone work is presented which has been performed during the last two decades.

Jahnke, T.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Using Computationally-Determined Properties for Machine Learning Prediction of Self-Diffusion Coefficients in Pure Liquids

The ability to predict transport properties of liquids quickly and accurately will greatly improve our understanding of fluid properties both in bulk and complex mixtures, as well as in confined environments. Such information could then be used in the design of materials and processes for applications ranging from energy production and storage to manufacturing processes. As a first step, we consider the use of machine learning (ML) methods to predict the diffusion properties of pure liquids. Recent results have shown that Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) can effectively predict the diffusion of pure compounds based on the use of experimental properties as the model inputs. In the current study, a similar ANN approach is applied to modeling diffusion of pure liquids using fluid properties obtained exclusively from molecular simulations. A diverse set of 102 pure liquids is considered, ranging from small polar molecules (e.g., water) to large nonpolar molecules (e.g., octane). Self-diffusion coefficients were obtained from classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Since nearly all the molecules are organic compounds, a general set of force field parameters for organic molecules was used. The MD methods are validated by comparing physical and thermodynamic properties with experiment. Computational input features for the ANN include physical properties obtained from the MD simulations as well as molecular properties from quantum calculations of individual molecules. Furthermore, fluid properties describing the local liquid structure were obtained from center of mass radial distribution functions (COM-RDFs). Feature sensitivity analysis revealed that isothermal compressibility, heat of vaporization, and the thermal expansion coefficient were the most impactful properties used as input for the ANN model to predict the MD simulated self-diffusion coefficients. The MD-based ANN successfully predicts the MD self-diffusion coefficients with only a subset (2 to 3) of the available computationally determined input features required. A separate ANN model was developed using literature experimental self-diffusion coefficients as model targets. Although this second ML model was not as successful due to a limited number of data points, a good correlation is still observed between experimental and ML predicted self-diffusion coefficients.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Bridge Connectivity Dictates Spin Interactions and Triplet Pair Dynamics in Intramolecular Singlet Fission

Electron spin plays a critical role in determining the structure, dynamics, and reactivities of molecular excited states, including multiexciton processes such as singlet fission. These systems exhibit triplet pair states whose excited state dynamics can be widely tuned through molecular engineering. For example, the electronic coupling between covalently linked chromophores can be readily modulated using chemical bridges to control proximity, quantum interference, or resonance effects. However, less is known about how spin coupling interactions are impacted by chromophore architecture, and how this influences triplet pair recombination dynamics. Here, in this study, we investigate the role of bridge connectivity and chromophore identity in modulating interchromophore exchange and dipolar coupling interactions for a series of pentacene and tetracene dimers bridged by alternant hydrocarbons (phenylene, naphthalene, anthracene). Using both time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance and transient absorption spectroscopy, we find that the boundedness and recombination pathways of the triplet pair spins are highly sensitive to molecular architecture and chromophore-specific magnetic dipolar interactions. Notably, nominally ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic eigenstates result in distinct spin state orderings, consistent with predictions from quantum interference-based graphical models. These findings establish new design principles for tuning spin dynamics in iSF materials, with implications for photonic and quantum information applications.

He, Guiying [City Univ. of New York (CUNY), NY (Un↗
DOE OSTI2019

Collective charge and spin dynamics in low-dimensional itinerant electron systems with spin-orbit coupling

This research project in theoretical condensed-matter physics aims to study the collective charge and spin excitations of itinerant quasi-two-dimensional electronic systems such as doped semiconductor nanostructures and carbon-based materials, in the presence of impurities and spin-orbit coupling. In previous work under DOE support, we had discovered an interesting interplay between many-body effects and Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions: contrary to many situation in spintronics where spin-orbit interactions lead to loss of spin coherence, collective spin modes are robust against such coherence losses, and behave as macroscopic quantum objects with a collective magnetic moment precessing about an effective spin-orbit magnetic field. Experimental data for GaAs and CdMnTe quantum wells, obtained by our collaborators at the University Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, confirmed our predictions and suggested that the observed effect is universal. However, a full theoretical explanation of the effect is still missing, and a wealth of new experimental data remains to be analyzed. We therefore plan to address the following three interrelated objectives: 1. Theory of collective modes in chiral systems. We will explore the various ways in which spin-orbit interactions affect collective spin-density and spin-flip excitations in semiconductor quantum wells. The goal will be to develop a universal formalism for chiral collective modes, with a particular emphasis on analytic results for dispersion relations, which will be compared with experimental results from inelastic light scattering. We will calculate the linewidths of spin plasmons and spin-flip waves due to impurity scattering and spin Coulomb drag from first principles. 2.Many-body effects in noncollinear magnetism. We will describe electronic many-body effects using time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) in the linear-response regime. Quantum wells with spin-orbit coupling are noncollinear itinerant magnetic systems at the crossover between two and three dimensions, which poses subtle challenges for standard exchange-correlation (xc) functionals such as the local-density approximation (LDA). We will develop new orbital-dependent xc functionals for noncollinear magnetic systems by generalizing the so-called STLS approach. 3. Beyond single semiconductor quantum wells. We will consider quantum well bilayer or multilayer systems with spin-orbit coupling, where the coupling between the quasi-2D electron systems leads to acoustic and optical modes (in phase and out of phase). How are these modes affected if the two layers have the same or different chirality? Plasmon modes have been widely studied in graphene and other topological materials, and we will study collective spin excitations in graphene and other carbon-based materials in the presence of spin-orbit coupling and magnetic fields. The potential impact of the proposed research will be both on a fundamental and a practical level. A universal theory of chiral collective modes will advance our understanding of the interplay between many-body effects and spin-orbit interactions in a wide variety of materials and systems. A generalized STLS approach for noncollinear magnetism will be of wide interest beyond the systems studied here. This work may also point towards new ways of manipulating and controlling spin waves in low-dimensional itinerant electron systems: this could be used to encode, transport and process information, which would be of interest to the field of magnon spintronics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Superconducting metamaterials - the first step toward a microwave quantum bus

Coherent manipulation of quantum states is at the core of quantum information science (QIS). Many state-of-the-art quantum systems rely on microwave fields for quantum operations. As such, the microwave electromagnetic fields serve as the ideal "quantum bus" to integrate different types of QIS systems into a hybrid quantum system. Superconducting metamaterials are artificial materials consisting of arrays of superconducting resonant microstructures with sizes much smaller than the microwave wavelengths of interest. Superconducting metamaterials are a strong candidate medium for the microwave quantum bus, because the effective impedance, field distributions, and frequency response can all be controlled by engineering the microstructures, electrical bias, and magnetic flux while maintaining extremely low loss. In this project, we investigate the fundamental unit of a superconducting metamaterial - a resonator with physical dimensions much smaller than the microwave wavelengths - using NbTiN as the working superconductor, whose high operating temperatures and magnetic fields are desirable attributes for compatibility with a wide variety of quantum systems. We first studied the properties of sputtered NbTiN thin films by correlating the film thickness with the normal state resistivity, superconducting transition temperature, and resonances of transmission line resonators made from these films. We developed a process flow and designed a coplanar waveguide platform for studying small resonators. The platform significantly shortens the turnaround times of the resonator fabrication and testing cycles. Several resonators with different designs were fabricated and tested at 4 Kelvin. Resonances were observed in some resonator testers. Potential paths for improvements and future directions are discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

Strong parametric dispersive shifts in a statically decoupled two-qubit cavity QED system

Qubits in cavity quantum electrodynamic (QED) architectures are often operated in the dispersive regime, in which the operating frequency of the cavity depends on the energy state of the qubit, and vice versa. The ability to tune these dispersive shifts provides additional options for performing either quantum measurements or logical manipulations. Here we couple two transmon qubits to a lumped-element cavity through a shared superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). In this work, our design balances the mutual capacitive and inductive circuit components so that both qubits are statically decoupled from the cavity with low flux sensitivity, offering protection from decoherence processes. Parametric driving of the SQUID flux enables independent, dynamical tuning of each qubit’s interaction with the cavity. As a practical demonstration, we perform pulsed parametric dispersive readout of both qubits. The dispersive frequency shifts of the cavity mode follow the theoretically expected magnitude and sign. This parametric approach creates an extensible, tunable cavity QED framework with various future applications, such as entanglement and error correction via multi-qubit parity readout, state and entanglement stabilization, and parametric logical gates.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Clustering high dimensional data using RIA

Clustering may simply represent a convenient method for organizing a large data set so that it can easily be understood and information can efficiently be retrieved. However, identifying cluster in high dimensionality data sets is a difficult task because of the curse of dimensionality. Another challenge in clustering is some traditional functions cannot capture the pattern dissimilarity among objects. In this article, we used an alternative dissimilarity measurement called Robust Influence Angle (RIA) in the partitioning method. RIA is developed using eigenstructure of the covariance matrix and robust principal component score. We notice that, it can obtain cluster easily and hence avoid the curse of dimensionality. It is also manage to cluster large data sets with mixed numeric and categorical value.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ultrafast Spin Crossover in a Room-Temperature Ferrimagnet: Element-Specific Spin Dynamics in Photoexcited Cobalt Ferrite

Transition metal complexes capable of photoinduced spin crossover have been greatly investigated because of their potential to enable ultrafast optical control of information processing. Yet, any real application of photoswitchable molecules requires that spin crossover be paired with additional functionality such as long-range magnetic order. Important advances combining these functions are notably reported for a number of bimetallic Prussian Blue analogues; however, to date, PBA-based magnetic photoswitches can only operate below 150 K due to loss of magnetic order. In contrast, cobalt ferrite is a ferrimagnetic semiconductor with a Curie temperature of 790 K and extremely favorable magnetic properties by comparison to state-of-the-art PBAs. The mixed valence electronic structure of cobalt ferrite is reminiscent of cobalt–iron PBA, which is a well-known photoswitch. To investigate the potential for photoswitching in this material, we employ transient XUV spectroscopy to probe charge and spin dynamics with element-specific resolution on the femtosecond time scale. Results show that 400 nm light excites a metal-to-metal charge transfer transition, which drives the crossover of high-spin Co 2+ to low-spin Co 3+ with a time constant of 405 ± 29 fs and an internal quantum efficiency of unity. This result establishes the existence of efficient photoswitching in a new class of robust ferrimagnetic spinel ferrites.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantum Information Science in High Energy Physics at the Large Hadron Collider (Final Report-QuantISED)

We pursue scientific research at the interface of High Energy Physics and Quantum Information Science. This includes studies of thermal radiation and quantum entanglement in high-energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), with special emphasis on entanglement entropy and the Higgs boson. This project has also been extended to include quantum entanglement and charged current weak interactions using Fermilab results. And most recently, we have begun tests of the temporal entanglement using LHC data. Collider experiments such as proton-proton collisions at the LHC yield hadrons that exhibit an exponential behavior at low transverse momenta. This surprising behavior is seen in data from both the ATLAS and CMS collaborations. We attribute this phenomenon to quantum entanglement between the regions in the nucleon wave function. The exponential component to the transverse momentum distribution is a result of thermal radiation that is akin to Hawking or Unruh radiation that should exist at the event horizon of astrophysical black holes and neutron stars. The Principal Investigator, in collaboration with a theoretical physicist at Stony Brook University and Brookhaven National Laboratory, and with Yale University students, has shown evidence for this thermal radiation in several production and decay processes in the ATLAS and CMS data, and its connection to entanglement entropy (O.K. Baker and D.E Kharzeev, Phys. Rev. D 98, 054007 (2018)), including even the Higgs boson sector. Interestingly, this thermal behavior is also seen in momentum distributions of charged current weak interactions according to our studies. These findings suggest a deep connection between quantum entanglement (entanglement entropy) and thermalization in both hadron collisions at the energy frontier and neutrino scattering at the intensity frontier. We have confirmed the proposed relation between the effective temperature and the hard-scattering scale at lower energies using the most recent LHC data for the following systems: Higgs bosons, top quarks, and charged hadrons. Additionally, we have results for hadron production in neutrino scattering from nuclei using Fermilab weak interaction data. This study is carried out using data from the MINERvA collaboration. In those cases where entanglement is expected, there is an exponential component to the momentum distribution, while this component is absent in those processes where no entanglement is expected. This research thus tests the hypothesis about a link between quantum entanglement and thermalization in strong and weak interactions. See Phys Lett B 811, 135948 (2020). We also initiated research applying a quantum search algorithm (Grover's Algorithm) to LHC data. This quantum algorithm was used to show how rare events in LHC data can be searched for in large, unsorted databases, with quadratic speedup compared to classical search algorithms on classical computers. See "Application of a Quantum Search Algorithm to High- Energy Physics Data at the Large Hadron Collider", arXiv:2010.00649 [quant-ph].

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗