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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,207 records · Page 67
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Data Associated with "Identifying Suitable Front Contacts for High-Efficiency Cd(Se,Te) Solar Cells on Space-Qualified Cover Glass"

This is data associated with the publication " Identifying Suitable Front Contacts for High-Efficiency Cd(Se,Te) Solar Cells on Space-Qualified Cover Glass " by Aesha P. Patel, Ryan Muzzio, Matthew R. Young, Robert Morrissey, Suresh Chaulagain, B. Edward Sartor, Prabodika N. Kaluarachchi, Christian Velez, Joshua A. Brown, Joel N. Duenow, Stephen Glynn, Michael J. Heben, Zhaoning Song, Nikolas J. Podraza, Adam B. Phillips, Randy J. Ellingson, Matthew O. Reese. All data associated with each figure in the manuscript and supplementary should be available in this dataset. A readme file is also included to provide some guidance. Abstract: Deployment of photovoltaics in space requires devices that combine high-efficiency, low areal mass, and resilience to harsh environments. Historically, high-efficiency multijunction III–V materials have dominated space power systems; however, their high cost and limited manufacturing throughput motivate the exploration of scalable alternatives. While CdTe-based thin-film photovoltaics offer an attractive option, their performance on non-conventional substrates can suffer from front-contact instability under higher-temperature processing. Here, the role of front-contact chemistry in limiting cell performance is investigated using CdTe-based devices fabricated on 150 μm thick Ceria-doped space-qualified 0214 Corning glass. A matrix of four transparent conducting oxides (TCOs: CTO, AZO, ITO, IZO) combined with two n-type emitters (MZO, IGO) reveals chemical stability at the front interface—rather than absorber composition alone—governs recombination losses, voltage deficits, and device reproducibility. Chemically stable front-contact combinations suppress elemental diffusion and interfacial degradation, resulting in significantly improved carrier lifetimes and junction quality. These insights are validated through record-certified Cd(Se,Te) cell efficiencies of 18.4% under AM1.5G and 16.2% under AM0 illumination on ultra-thin glass. Beyond CdTe, this work provides a general framework for the rational selection of TCO/emitter interfaces in superstrate thin-film photovoltaics, including emerging technologies like metal halide perovskites, while enabling high-efficiency, lightweight photovoltaics for space applications.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1987

Photovoltaic power modules for NASA's manned space station

The capability and the safety of manned spacecraft are largely dependent upon reliable electric power systems. Two similar space power systems able to survive the low Earth orbit environment, are being considered for NASA's Manned Space Station (SS), scheduled to begin operation in the mid 1990's. The Space Station Electric Power System (EPS) is composed of Photovoltaic (PV) Power Modules, Solar Dynamic (SD) Power Modules, and the Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) System. One EPS configuration will deliver 37.5 kW of PV based, utility grade, ac power to SS users. A second 75 kWe PV based EPS option is also being considered for SS deployment. The two EPS options utilize common modules and differ only in the total number of PV Power Modules used. Each PV Power Module supplies 18.75 kWe of ac power and incorporates its own energy storage and thermal control. The general requirements and the current preliminary design configuration of the Space Station PV Power Modules are examined.

Tatro, Charles A.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Photovoltaic power modules for NASA's manned Space Station

The capability and the safety of manned spacecraft are largely dependent upon reliable electric power systems. Two similar space power systems able to survive the low earth orbit environment, are being considered for NASA's Manned Space Station (SS), scheduled to begin operation in the mid 1990's. The Space Station Electric Power System (EPS) is composed of Photovoltaic (PV) Power Modules, Solar Dynamic (SD) Power Modules, and the Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) System. One EPS configuration will deliver 37.5 kW of PV based, utility grade, ac power to SS users. A second 75 kWe PV based EPS option is also being considered for SS deployment. The two EPS options utilize common modules and differ only in the total number of PV Power Modules used. Each PV Power Module supplies 18.75 kWe of ac power and incorporates its own energy storage and thermal control. The general requirements and the current preliminary design configuration of the Space Station PV Power Modules are examined.

Tatro, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Growth Chambers on the International Space Station for Large Plants

The International Space Station (ISS) now has platforms for conducting research on horticultural plant species under LED lighting, and those capabilities continue to expand. The 'Veggie' vegetable production system was deployed to the ISS as an applied research platform for food production in space. Veggie is capable of growing a wide array of horticultural crops. It was designed for low power usage, low launch mass and stowage volume, and minimal crew time requirements. The Veggie flight hardware consists of a light cap containing red (630 nm), blue, (455 nm) and green (530 nm) LEDs. Interfacing with the light cap is an extendable bellows/baseplate for enclosing the plant canopy. A second large plant growth chamber, the Advanced Plant Habitat (APH), is will fly to the ISS in 2017. APH will be a fully controllable environment for high-quality plant physiological research. APH will control light (quality, level, and timing), temperature, CO2, relative humidity, and irrigation, while scrubbing any cabin or plant-derived ethylene and other volatile organic compounds. Additional capabilities include sensing of leaf temperature and root zone moisture, root zone temperature, and oxygen concentration. The light cap will have red (630 nm), blue (450 nm), green (525 nm), far red (730 nm) and broad spectrum white LEDs (4100K). There will be several internal cameras (visible and IR) to monitor and record plant growth and operations. Veggie and APH are available for research proposals.

Advanced Plant Habitat↗
NASA NTRS2016

Growth Chambers on the International Space Station for Large Plants

The International Space Station (ISS) now has platforms for conducting research on horticultural plant species under LED (Light Emitting Diodes) lighting, and those capabilities continue to expand. The Veggie vegetable production system was deployed to the ISS as an applied research platform for food production in space. Veggie is capable of growing a wide array of horticultural crops. It was designed for low power usage, low launch mass and stowage volume, and minimal crew time requirements. The Veggie flight hardware consists of a light cap containing red (630 nanometers), blue, (455 nanometers) and green (530 nanometers) LEDs. Interfacing with the light cap is an extendable bellowsbaseplate for enclosing the plant canopy. A second large plant growth chamber, the Advanced Plant Habitat (APH), is will fly to the ISS in 2017. APH will be a fully controllable environment for high-quality plant physiological research. APH will control light (quality, level, and timing), temperature, CO2, relative humidity, and irrigation, while scrubbing any cabin or plant-derived ethylene and other volatile organic compounds. Additional capabilities include sensing of leaf temperature and root zone moisture, root zone temperature, and oxygen concentration. The light cap will have red (630 nm), blue (450 nm), green (525 nm), far red (730 nm) and broad spectrum white LEDs (4100K). There will be several internal cameras (visible and IR) to monitor and record plant growth and operations. Veggie and APH are available for research proposals.

Veggie↗
DOE OSTI2022

2022 FORCE Development Status Update

Due to the rapidly changing nature of the energy landscape in both the U.S. and abroad, including the increase in non-dispatchable variable renewable energy (VRE) deployment and the abundance of carbonbased dispatchable fuels, the Integrated Energy Systems (IES) program under the Department of Energy (DOE) has been engaged in determining whether IES could assist in providing nuclear power plants (NPPs) with a viable strategy for achieving future economic competitiveness. This includes enhanced dispatch flexibility for NPPs, thanks to thermal and electrical storage technology as well as the generation of ancillary commodities such as hydrogen, desalinated water, and synthetic fuels from the heat generated by NPPs. The technical and economic viability of these systems is of primary concern to the IES program, with the intent of providing insight to the wider nuclear energy community at large.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Market and Modeling Uncertainty in Distributed Solar Deployment Projections: A Multi-Model Comparison

Distributed solar photovoltaic (DPV) systems that generate energy in behind-the-meter (BTM) applications for residential, commercial, and other end-user sectors are a growing and contentious development in the U.S. power system. While less than one percent of all electricity generation in the United States came from DPV systems in 2016 (EIA, April 2017), this technology has experienced rapid growth in recent years and, as of the start of 2017, over 1.3 million DPV systems had been installed (Munsell 2017). Thus, projecting the feasibility and potential timing of mass-market breakout of distributed solar is increasingly pertinent - yet projections remain highly uncertain.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Self-Sustained CPS Design for Reliable Wildfire Monitoring

Continuous monitoring of areas nearby the electric grid is critical for preventing and early detection of devastating wildfires. Existing wildfire monitoring systems are intermittent and oblivious to local ambient risk factors, resulting in poor wildfire awareness. Ambient sensor suites deployed near the gridlines can increase the monitoring granularity and detection accuracy. However, these sensors must address two challenging and competing objectives at the same time. First, they must remain powered for years without manual maintenance due to their remote locations. Second, they must provide and transmit reliable information if and when a wildfire starts. The first objective requires aggressive energy savings and ambient energy harvesting, while the second requires continuous operation of a range of sensors. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first self-sustained cyber-physical system that dynamically co-optimizes the wildfire detection accuracy and active time of sensors. The proposed approach employs reinforcement learning to train a policy that controls the sensor operations as a function of the environment (i.e., current sensor readings), harvested energy, and battery level. Here, the proposed cyber-physical system is evaluated extensively using real-life temperature, wind, and solar energy harvesting datasets and an open-source wildfire simulator. In long-term (5 years) evaluations, the proposed framework achieves 89% uptime, which is 46% higher than a carefully tuned heuristic approach. At the same time, it averages a 2-minute initial response time, which is at least 2.5× faster than the same heuristic approach. Furthermore, the policy network consumes 0.6 mJ per day on the TI CC2652R microcontroller using TensorFlow Lite for Micro, which is negligible compared to the daily sensor suite energy consumption.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Blockchain Enabled Intelligence of Federated Systems (BELIEFS): An attack-tolerant trustable distributed intelligence paradigm

In this article, a Blockchain Enabled Intelligence of Federated Systems (BELIEFS) is proposed to conduct cooperative control for the multi-regional large-scale power system with a multi-agents system (MAS). By establishing a two levels blockchain, each regional AI agent can simultaneously manage intra-regional controllers and cooperate with other AI agents. Under the consensus mechanism, the agents, which respectively conducted distributed deep reinforcement learning (DDRL) algorithm in multi-regions, can have the tolerant capability of malicious attacks in their training process. The demonstration of the proposed approach is within a multi-regional large-scale interconnected power system. Under the mode of "centralized dispatching and hierarchical management", this article aims to definite a mathematical model to deal with the control problem of the power systems. With the comparison experiments, the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed method in the training process are verified. In addition, malicious attacks are set on the main chain and shard chains to verify the attack-tolerant capability. We expect that such approach and results can suggest a new paradigm of attack-tolerant trustable distributed AI deployment.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Casing Annulus Monitoring of CO 2 Injection Using Wireless Autonomous Distributed Sensor Networks

Effective and secure carbon subsurface storage, involving the deep underground injection of CO 2 into geological formations where it is permanently trapped, is paramount to mitigating CO 2 emissions (Figure I). Ensuring the integrity of these storage sites and detecting potential leakage through the casing annulus necessitates robust monitoring. This work provides the first integrated demonstration of a wireless casing-annulus monitoring architecture that can operate in highly attenuating cement-brine environments relevant to CO 2 storage. This project focused on developing and validating a novel sensor system for integration with autonomous monitoring near the cement reservoir interface. The goal was a fully integrated Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 4/5 field validation of a distributed wireless intelligent sensor system providing real-time, direct subsurface formation measurements to enhance fluid movement monitoring in the cemented casing annulus. Achieving this objective required the development and integration of 1) wireless autonomous microsensor technology by California Institute of Technology (Caltech); 2) sensor packaging and emplacement technology by Research Triangle Institute (RTI); and 3) smart well completions using wireless active casing collars and NOV pipe by the Sandia National Lab (SNL). The collaboration with the Caltech team in this project aimed to develop millimeter-scale radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors capable of detecting CO 2 , pH, and/or methane levels. These sensors are engineered to be impervious to fluids, allowing them to be mixed with cement and installed within the casing annulus. They operate using RFID protocols at frequencies of 902–928 MHz for both power and communication. A Sandia National Laboratories’ team engaged their expertise in the development of a Smart Collar system designed for the wireless data collection from these RFID sensors embedded in the cement annulus and transmission of this information to the ground surface via IntelliPipe/IntelliServ NOV drill pipe. This is accomplished through inductive coupling at the collar, which facilitates data transfer through each segment of the pipe. Because the system cannot transmit a direct current signal to power the Smart Collar, both power and communication were implemented using alternating current and electromagnetic signals at varying frequencies. Furthermore, the developed microsensor technology had to be demonstrated and validated in comparison with reference transducer measurements in a field test site at The University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin). Although the full sensor suite did not reach field-deployment readiness, the system-level integration achieved in this project establishes a validated pathway for future incorporation of advanced microsensors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1997

Low-Temperature Power Electronics Program

Many space and some terrestrial applications would benefit from the availability of low-temperature electronics. Exploration missions to the outer planets, Earth-orbiting and deep-space probes, and communications satellites are examples of space applications which operate in low-temperature environments. Space probes deployed near Pluto must operate in temperatures as low as -229 C. Figure 1 depicts the average temperature of a space probe warmed by the sun for various locations throughout the solar system. Terrestrial applications where components and systems must operate in low-temperature environments include cryogenic instrumentation, superconducting magnetic energy storage, magnetic levitation transportation system, and arctic exploration. The development of electrical power systems capable of extremely low-temperature operation represents a key element of some advanced space power systems. The Low-Temperature Power Electronics Program at NASA Lewis Research Center focuses on the design, fabrication, and characterization of low-temperature power systems and the development of supporting technologies for low-temperature operations such as dielectric and insulating materials, power components, optoelectronic components, and packaging and integration of devices, components, and systems.

Patterson, Richard L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Umbilical Fatigue Analysis for a Wave Energy Converter

Unique umbilical designs for wave energy converters (WECs), including the ability to handle significantly larger motions and loads over long deployments, are often required when conventional marine umbilical designs for offshore oil and gas and offshore wind may not meet the design and cost needs of wave energy technologies. This study details a fatigue analysis of a dynamic power umbilical attached to a two-body floating point absorber WEC system, using the sea states provided for the PacWave testing facilities. The 6 degrees of freedom motion time history for the WEC was simulated, and the motions of the attachment point for the umbilical on the WEC and respective sea states were used to analyze the dynamic motions and fatigue of the connected power umbilical to predict the fatigue life. The results show that the fatigue damage observed is more significant in shallow water, and extensive fatigue damage may occur because of the larger curvature response of the umbilical. The umbilical configurations departing at 90 deg off incoming waves were found to have the highest fatigue life attributed to less extension or compression of the umbilical. However, additional bend stiffener/limiter features may need to be incorporated into the buoyancy section and touchdown regions to minimize curvature-induced fatigue.

50 EE - Wind and Water Power Program - Water (EE-4↗
DOE OSTI2022

Lessons Learned for Rapid Decarbonization Of Power Sectors: Key Messages for Energy Ministers

This report covers key lessons learned for the rapid decarbonization of power systems, emphasizing best practices in planning, building, and operating power systems. This report is the result of a collaborative effort among various Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) workstreams and partner initiatives: 21st Century Power Partnership (21CPP); Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS); Global Power System Transformation Consortium (G-PST), a partner to CEM; Industrial Deep Decarbonization Initiative (IDDI); International Energy Agency Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks Initiative (IEA 3DEN), a partner to CEM; International Smart Grid Action Network (ISGAN); Long Term Scenarios for the Energy Transition (LTES); Nuclear Innovation: Clean Energy Future (NICE Future); Super-Efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD). The contents are not intended to be comprehensive of all power sector topics, and there may be overlap between content in each section due to the nature of this first-of-its-kind collaborative effort to deliver unified messaging on power sector decarbonization to energy ministers. This work is intended to complement other work at the Clean Energy Ministerial and offers options for consideration, not specific policy recommendations.

21CPP↗
DOE OSTI2021

Markets and Economic Requirements for Fission Batteries and Other Nuclear Systems

Fission Batteries (FBs) are nuclear reactors defined by five characteristics which enable large-scale deployment: cost competitive, standardized sizes for economic mass production, easy installation and removal, secure and safe unattended operation with high reliability. FBs are not defined by technology or power level. Technical and market considerations suggest that most FBs will produce 20 to 30 MWt. This proceedings reports on the outcomes of two workshops that were held in January 2021 to better define markets and economic challenges for FBs. Three major markets were identified. The largest market is the industrial and commercial heat market. There are about 4000 industrial users (excluding utilities) that require more than one megawatt of heat. The number of customers versus size of heat demand was determined. In a low-carbon world there is the potential for many additional customers—including expanded biofuels production and district heat. The second market is for non-grid electricity. This includes co-generation plants that produce heat and electricity for a single customer. The third market is the maritime market with ~100,000 ships worldwide. In the United States, natural gas is the low-cost energy option today and will remain so unless constraints or taxes impact its use. If restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, the FB competition includes natural gas with carbon capture, biofuels, hydrogen and grid electricity. Natural gas with carbon capture is not economically viable on a small scale. Biofuels may be expensive but may be the economically preferred option for locations with small energy demands of a few megawatts. Hydrogen is a potential competitor with many of the characteristics of natural gas. Grid electricity is not a competitive source of heat. For FBs to be economically competitive, the price of delivered heat must be $20-50/MWh ($6-15/million BTU). The economically competitive range for non-grid electricity is estimated at $70-100/MWh. These electricity prices are competitive with the retail prices of electricity in many parts of the United States for the customer. FBs are not expected to be competitive selling wholesale electricity to the grid. To achieve the aforementioned cost targets for heat and electricity markets, FB designers must (1) maximize the power output within the constraints of a FB (e.g., truck transportability, passive decay heat removal), (2) drastically reduce the size of onsite staff, (3) adopt core designs with low fuel costs (enrichment and fabrication), and (4) develop a system design that is efficiently manufactured in factories. The business case depends upon more than being just a replacement for natural gas. The largest incentives for adoption of FBs is where they create new markets and new sources of revenue. An example is the paper and pulp industry that burns biomass wastes to provide heat and electricity to make paper. An external heat source could meet the demand for heat and electricity by the paper process and enable converting waste biomass into liquid biofuels rather than burning to provide heat. Other markets, such as data centers, are driven by special energy requirements such as extreme reliability. Most customers are not in the energy business but need heat and electricity to produce a product—a manufactured good, education, retail sales (shopping malls), marine transport or some other product. As a consequence, there will be large incentives to lease rather than own FBs. Leasing avoids the regulatory challenges that remain with the owner of the FB. Leasing creates large incentives for FP standardization of sizes and transportability to maintain the value of the FB at the end of the lease—similar to the leasing of jet engines and aircraft. The economic constraints combined with technical constraints suggest competitive FBs will likely have outputs exceeding 10 MWt. There appear to be little incentives for very long-lived reactor cores because such machines require much larger inventories of fuel. Maintenance requirements and the options to provide technology updates may favor shorter lifetimes (~5 years). The assessment is that there is the potential for FBs to be economically viable and play a major role in global decarbonization in three markets: heat, non-grid electricity and maritime applications.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Kiloton Class ISRU Systems for LO2/LCH4 Propellant Production on the Mars Surface

As part of the 2023 strategic analysis cycle to explore the trade space, the NASA Mars Architecture Team wanted to explore what it takes to produce in situ on Mars many hundreds of tons of propellants for a large all-chemical transportation system. The conceptual operations and design of the LO 2 /LCH 4 in situ resource utilization (ISRU) water acquisition, propellant production and liquification system was assigned to the NASA Compass concurrent engineering team with support from various NASA ISRU, cryogenic fluid management, and surface power experts. The conceptual point design examined one case producing 300 t of LO 2 /LCH 4 from the Mars atmosphere and delivered water in 20 months and storing the liquified propellants in a to-be-reused lander. Several of these large single-stage, all-chemical class large vertical landers would deliver the required ISRU equipment. The required 150 t of water stock for the ISRU system was traded between three options: delivered, pumped from subsurface ice deposits or extracted from surface soils. The large propellant production systems consist of atmospheric CO 2 collection scroll pumps, a combined solid oxide electrolysis and methanation system to convert the CO 2 and water into gaseous O 2 and CH 4 , and various dryers, scrubbers, and separators to remove the excess water, CO 2 and H 2 . The liquefaction system consisted of 90 K cryocoolers to provide cold Ne to the launch vehicle tanks to liquify these CH 4 and O 2 gases and store them as rocket propellants. The systems are deployed using a 6 t (payload) capable chassis derived from conceptual pressurized rover designs. In total, the propellant production and liquefaction systems required three propellant production pallets, two liquefaction pallets, two water tankers, and six 40 kW-fission surface power systems (FSPS) with cabling. All this equipment was found to notionally fit inside two- 75 metric ton payload capacity Mars ascent and landing vehicles (MALV). For the case where 150 t of water delivered from Earth, four cargo MALVs are required for the full system. The same is true when the 150 t of water is extracted through surface mining. For the borehole system, only 3 cargo MALVs are necessary. A comparison of approaches in terms of number of landers, number and type of elements, power and time is made.

ISRU↗
DOE OSTI2020

Performance Evaluation of Data-Enhanced Hierarchical Control for Grid Operations

This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation to evaluate the performance of voltage regulation of Data-Enhanced Hierarchical Control (DEHC). This DEHC uses an advanced distribution management system (ADMS) for grid operations to control legacy and grid-edge devices and coordinate with distributed energy management systems (DERMS) to manage high penetrations of photovoltaics (PV) on a utility distribution system. The HIL platform provides realistic laboratory testing, including accurate modeling (legacy devices, grid-edge devices, and PV) of the real-world distribution system from a utility partner, a real controller (ADMS), software controller DERMS, hardware grid-edge devices, and standard communications protocols. The test results demonstrate functionalities of the integrated platform and the performance of voltage regulation of the coordinated control systems. Based on laboratory testing, the utility can set up the same grid-automation system to manage DERs, legacy devices, and grid-edge devices to achieve their system-level control and operation objectives (e.g., voltage regulation), thus de-risking potential issues such as instability for field deployment.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Design Considerations for Distributed Energy Resource Honeypots and Canaries

There are now over 2.5 million Distributed Energy Resource (DER) installations connected to the U.S. power system. These installations represent a major portion of American electricity critical infrastructure and a cyberattack on these assets in aggregate would significantly affect grid operations. Virtualized Operational Technology (OT) equipment has been shown to provide practitioners with situational awareness and better understanding of adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). Deploying synthetic DER devices as honeypots and canaries would open new avenues of operational defense, threat intelligence gathering, and empower DER owners and operators with new cyber-defense mechanisms against the growing intensity and sophistication of cyberattacks on OT systems. Well-designed DER canary field deployments would deceive adversaries and provide early-warning notifications of adversary presence and malicious activities on OT networks. In this report, we present progress to design a high-fidelity DER honeypot/canary prototype in a late-start Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Impact of Dynamic Storage Capacity Valuation in Capacity Expansion Models: Preprint

This paper looks at the impact of dynamic storage capacity valuation in capacity expansion models (CEMs), which are tools commonly used by power system planners, policymakers, and other stakeholders to inform decisions regarding the buildout of the electric grid. The objective of this analysis is to demonstrate the impact with a CEM of moving from a static storage capacity value (CV) to a curve-fitted approximation that captures the interactions between storage duration, PV penetrations, and storage penetration. We fit and then use those curves to calculate the battery storage CV as a function of the storage duration, storage penetration, and PV penetration. We use the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to show the impact of this improved storage capacity valuation on deployment. We also provide a curve fit equation for use by other modeling teams. This exogenous, but dynamic, approach is meant to be a first step in improving the representation of storage in CEMs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗