Performance Characteristics of ETS-1 Nuclear Exhaust System. NERVA Program Final Report
Performance tests, exhaust velocity, and design of scale model for nuclear exhaust system
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Characterization of Intrinsic Fiber Optic Temperature Sensors by In-core and Furnace Testing
Increased research and development in nuclear technology has raised the demand for novel sensors and instrumentation to meet data objectives, and survive in different conditions and environments, beyond conventional light water reactor (LWR) environments. Expediting the deployment of advanced nuclear technologies by developing, demonstrating, and qualifying advanced reactor fuel forms necessitates a deeper understanding of how irradiation affects fuels and materials' performance. To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of fuels and materials performance, researchers require more specialized experiments and measurements. The demand for innovative sensors to support nuclear fuel development arises from the complexity of materials' behavior under irradiation and the challenges of deploying instrumentation in Material Test Reactors (MTRs) for irradiation tests. Additionally, measurements of material properties require integrated measurement systems to characterize thermal properties, mechanical properties, chemistry, and microstructure [1]. Among the potential measurement techniques, optical fiber-based sensors have been identified as potential sensors to measure different physical phenomena such as temperature, strain, pressure, and fluid level. Optical fiber sensors have the capability to provide multi-sensing and multiplexing instrumentation, allowing the measurement of different physical parameters within a single sensor configuration, and transmitting data collected at multiple locations through a single fiber. They offer immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical passivity, compatibility with various sensing methodologies, and cost-effectiveness. Beyond their widespread use in telecommunications, silica fiber-based instruments are utilized in industrial applications, even at temperatures reaching 300?400°C, such as distributed temperature sensing in oil and gas recovery. The Department of Energy (DOE) is interested in using fiber optics to support fuel cycle development [2]. Fiber optics are an excellent candidate for harsh environment sensing, including sensing at very high temperatures (1900oC for sapphire optical fibers). Distributed fiber optic sensing has been deployed in other harsh environments like coal gasification plants [3]. Distributed strain sensing, which operates similarly to distributed temperature sensing, has been deployed to monitor underground mines and fibers have been imbedded in soil to monitor sink-hole development [4][5]. The application of fiber optic sensors to advanced reactor development is a promising area of research.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
A comparison of nuclear thermal rocket development cost and schedule for piloted missions to Mars
In Fiscal Year 1992, NASA led a team, including DOE, universities, and industry, that evaluated various schedule and cost scenarios for development of nuclear thermal rocket propulsion systems for piloted Mars exploration. This paper summarizes the results of two of these studies: (1) a so-called 'Fast Track' approach, that would result in technology readiness level 6 (TRL-6-system ground testing complete) by the year 2000, and (2) a slower program that results in TRL-6 by 2006. Both scenarios included a concurrent engineering approach. Costs and schedules for the two scenarios are compared. In addition to the six-year schedule delay, the TRL-6 in 2006 scenario is estimated to increase the cost of the program from $4.7 billion to $5.8 billion (in real-year dollars). On the positive side, the technical program should be better, since nuclear testing of fuel elements may be possible prior to concept down-select, resulting in a more informed decision.
Clark, John S.↗
Small Fast Spectrum Reactor Designs Suitable for Direct Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
Advancement of U.S. scientific, security, and economic interests through a robust space exploration program requires high performance propulsion systems to support a variety of robotic and crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit. Past studies, in particular those in support of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI), have shown nuclear thermal propulsion systems provide superior performance for high mass high propulsive delta-V missions. The recent NASA Design Reference Architecture (DRA) 5.0 Study re-examined mission, payload, and transportation system requirements for a human Mars landing mission in the post-2030 timeframe. Nuclear thermal propulsion was again identified as the preferred in-space transportation system. A common nuclear thermal propulsion stage with three 25,000-lbf thrust engines was used for all primary mission maneuvers. Moderately lower thrust engines may also have important roles. In particular, lower thrust engine designs demonstrating the critical technologies that are directly extensible to other thrust levels are attractive from a ground testing perspective. An extensive nuclear thermal rocket technology development effort was conducted from 1955-1973 under the Rover/NERVA Program. Both graphite and refractory metal alloy fuel types were pursued. Reactors and engines employing graphite based fuels were designed, built and ground tested. A number of fast spectrum reactor and engine designs employing refractory metal alloy fuel types were proposed and designed, but none were built. The Small Nuclear Rocket Engine (SNRE) was the last engine design studied by the Los Alamos National Laboratory during the program. At the time, this engine was a state-of-the-art graphite based fuel design incorporating lessons learned from the very successful technology development program. The SNRE was a nominal 16,000-lbf thrust engine originally intended for unmanned applications with relatively short engine operations and the engine and stage design were constrained to fit within the payload volume of the then planned space shuttle. The SNRE core design utilized hexagonal fuel elements and hexagonal structural support elements. The total number of elements can be varied to achieve engine designs of higher or lower thrust levels. Some variation in the ratio of fuel elements to structural elements is also possible. Options for SNRE-based engine designs in the 25,000-lbf thrust range were described in a recent (2010) Joint Propulsion Conference paper. The reported designs met or exceeded the performance characteristics baselined in the DRA 5.0 Study. Lower thrust SNRE-based designs were also described in a recent (2011) Joint Propulsion Conference paper. Recent activities have included parallel evaluation and design efforts on fast spectrum engines employing refractory metal alloy fuels. These efforts include evaluation of both heritage designs from the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and General Electric Company GE-710 Programs as well as more recent designs. Results are presented for a number of not-yet optimized fast spectrum engine options.
Schnitzler, Bruce G.↗
A Compilation of Historical Data on Hagan Drop Testing with Results
The Hagan nuclear material storage container was designed in the late 1990’s to provide a robust container for daily use, safe transport within the plutonium facility PF-4, and storage of nuclear material for up to twenty years. There are currently >3000 loaded Hagan containers in use at TA-55. The majority of these are in the TA-55 vault, but they are also used in safes and in floor locations on the main floor of PF-4. The original design criteria are given below
98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
Measurements of Pion and Muon Nuclear Capture at Rest on Argon in the LArIAT Test Beam Experiment
LArIAT is a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) experiment in a test beam at Fermilab from 2015 to 2017 to understand and characterize interactions of particles in LAr which are commonly observed in neutrino-Ar final-states. Tracks for pions and muons in LArTPCs are difficult to differentiate since both particles exhibit very similar ionization profiles for muon and pion that stop in the TPC. We are exploring unique new particle discrimination capabilities by exploiting information from small, isolated ionization depositions, referred to as "blips", reconstructed near the endpoint of stopping tracks. These blips are formed by gammas emitted when an at-rest pion or muon captures on the argon nucleus. The relatively low beam energy provided by LArIAT makes it uniquely suited for performing this demonstration. In this poster, we present an overview of event candidate selection, blip reconstruction, and background subtraction corresponding to our signal of interest, nuclear captures of pions and muons at rest inside LArIAT's TPC.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Predictive Data Analytics Framework Using Advanced Test Reactor Acoustic Data
Although a nuclear reactor is a hostile environment for sensing and electrical communications, the reactor core is amenable to acoustic communication. An acoustic measurement infrastructure (AMI) has been installed at the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) nozzle trench area to record acoustic signals that has the ability to capture different operating regime of the reactor. This AMI includes ATR in-pile structural components, coolant, acoustic receivers, primary coolant pumps (PCP) as signal sources, a data acquisition system, and signal-processing algorithms, enabling real-time. This report will discusses development of recursive Fast Fourier Transform approach to process in real-time acoustic signals, application of short time Fast Fourier Transform to the ATR brush data to understand the vibration level and to develop spectrograms for different primary coolant pump combinations. The combination of primary coolant pumps for normal and power axial locator mechanism of ATR are different and generates different signatures. These acoustic signatures were used to develop machine learning approaches to automatically classify different operating regimes. This lay the foundation for predictive analytic framework that can be leverage by ATR to optimize their operation and maintenance. The path forward involves continued engagement with ATR and expanded implementation of AMI and predictive framework at ATR and other facilities within INL and at other experimental reactors.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Data Challenges in Multi-Sensor Data Science System for Monitoring a Solvent Extraction Process
Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is maintaining and gaining knowledge into the nuclear fuel cycle by building a test bed to allow researchers the opportunity to study nuclear fuel processing operations. This includes studying solvent extraction processes that use centrifugal contactors. As part of INL’s mission, the goal of this project is to develop a system that utilizes non-traditional measurement sources such as vibration, acoustics, current, light, flow, and temperature in conjunction with data-based, machine learning techniques that will allow for signal discovery. This multisensory data can support the development of safeguards by design, provide operator process awareness, and discover process anomalies. This poster will highlight some of the data collection and analytics challenges for the multi-sensor system as well as the mitigation strategies to build a robust system. Additionally, some preliminary data from the first testing campaign will be shown to help illustrate the data needs of the system.
98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
Qualifying the Instrument Thimble 11 Test Position in the Advanced Test Reactor Critical
The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) is a versatile nuclear research reactor located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in Eastern Idaho, United States of America. It is one of the most powerful and flexible research reactors in the world and is primarily used for materials testing, isotope production and basic nuclear science research. The ATR is a light-water-cooled, beryllium-moderated reactor with a nominal thermal power capacity of 250 MW utilizing specially designed fuel, arranged in a serpentine pattern to create 9 flux traps. The special design of ATR allows for the neutron flux within each of the flux traps providing flexibility for experiments, programs and allowing experiments with different dose requirements to be irradiated simultaneously. The Advance Test Reactor Critical (ATRC) is a full-scale replica of the ATR core but is housed in a pool instead of a pressure vessel. ATRC is usually operated at less than 600 watts [1]. There are 12 dry instrument thimbles located around the outside of the core tank where a variety of measurement equipment is housed to facilitate reactor operations. Currently Instrument Thimble 11 (IT-11) is not utilized in ATR or ATRC. A range of measurements is ongoing to qualify IT-11 as a test platform for nuclear instrumentation research, development and further experimentation.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Dynamic Scaling Analysis of Accelerated Irradiation Testing on Additive Manufacturing Materials by Positron Annihilation
The timely applications of Additive Manufacturing (AM) materials in nuclear environments require accelerated irradiation tests, mainly ion irradiation to enable rapid prototyping. Low dose ion irradiation would cause sub-nanostructure changes by generation of lattice defects, vacancies, vacancy clusters and voids and void swelling caused by cellular dislocations. Positron Annihilation Lifetime (PAL), a novel technology, sensitive towards sub-nanostructure morphology with high accuracy (about 10-7 vacancy per atom), supported by Transition Electron Microscope (TEM) would be applied to identify the type and total size of the defects. The subsequent PAL measurements and TEM surface studies would be followed by PAL analysis that includes sophisticated trapping model. The PAS results would become an input to dynamic scaling analysis (that predicts radiation effects from low dose studies for high dose effects), which incorporate mean-field theory model. The final effect is an in-depth understanding of the microstructure evolution of AM materials under ion irradiation which can be extrapolated to the studies of neutron irradiation, since ion-irradiation takes less time and do not cause the irradiation hazard. The working hypothesis is that PAL technology, that have excellent sensitivity to low-defect concentration would help to identify ion-induced material damage on the atomic and nano-scale level, which then could be extrapolated to understand the neutron damage better.
accelerated irradiation testing↗
Testing Fast Reactor Fuels in a Thermal Reactor: A Comparison Report
The testing of fast reactor fuels in the thermal-spectrum of the Advanced Test Reactor using cadmium-filtering has been underway since 2003. The objective of this experimental approach to create a temperature profile inside of test fuel rodlets that is nearly prototypic of corresponding fast reactor conditions. This requires, necessarily, that the power generation profile inside of test fuel rodlets also be nearly prototypic of corresponding fast reactor conditions. By doing so, this experimental approach should allow for the study of fast reactor fuel performance phenomena that are primarily dependent upon the conditions of temperature and/or temperature gradient inside the fuel to be possible using a thermal test reactor. Validation of this assertion has been undertaken by both supporting analyses and by comparing fuel performance phenomena observed in fuels irradiated in cadmium-filtered positions in ATR to similar or identical fuels irradiated under similar conditions in genuine fast reactors. This report documents a preliminary comparison of fuel performance data available from the testing of metallic, oxide, and nitride fuels in cadmium-filtered positions in the ATR to the performance of identical or similar fuels irradiated in genuine fast reactors. Although a variety of fuel performance metrics are presented, particular attention is paid to those phenomena that are primarily, or significantly, dependent on conditions of temperature and temperature gradient with the fuel. Although the comparisons presented in this report are at this time limited in scope and preliminary in nature, they do support the assertion that the objectives of the cadmium-filtered testing approach in ATR are both feasible and appear sound. The analyses and comparisons presented in this report show that ATR irradiations performed using cadmium shrouding are sufficiently prototypic that they can be used with confidence in the development and testing of fast reactor fuels.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Leveraging Connections 2018 Progress Report
This 2018 progress report contains a list of Los Alamos National Laboratory's top innovations of the time, including: Inventing - Los Alamos National Laboratory has been inventing for the past 75 years to accomplish the difficult, the unexpected and at times, what seems impossible. The Feynman Center is rethinking roadmaps for patent and software strategies to enable Los Alamos to achieve greater impact of its innovations; Innovating - The US technology advantage in national security is dependent on continual innovation. Los Alamos’ immense contributions in leading edge science and technology research and development are directed into solving complex and forthcoming national security challenges. Check out the Technology Snapshot platform at https://techsnapshot.lanl.gov to explore Los Alamos’s technologies ready to be developed into disruptive applications; Disrupting - Known well for developing the first nuclear weapon, big and small science at Los Alamos is behind many other disruptive innovations. This year we are highlighting Los Alamos’s leadership in small modular nuclear reactor design and development, work on international nuclear safeguards electronics instrumentation, and first demonstrated deployment of non-destructive testing to measure corrosion in nuclear material storage containers; Partnering - Los Alamos science has assisted partners big and small with their toughest challenges, this year Los Alamos scientists assisted two New Mexico farm owners—Tim Seaman with Manzanar Los Silvestres apple orchard in Abiquiu and Christopher Bassett of Freshies of New Mexico in El Guique — protect their crops from frost.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
MITR & NBSR DDE Irradiations in BR2 – Fluence in LEU Cladding and Structural Materials
The BR2 nuclear reactor is a material testing reactor (MTR) located in Mol, Belgium, and operated by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN) since 1963. The reactor is highly versatile as the number and location of fuel elements and control rods can change significantly from cycle to cycle to accommodate different needs. Argonne National Laboratory (ANL or Argonne) Reactor Conversion (RC) team has collaborated with SCK CEN for over a decade on the conversion of domestic and international research reactors from highly enriched uranium (HEU, ≥20 wt.% of 235 U) to low enriched uranium (LEU, <20 wt.% of 235 U) fuel. The U.S. High-Performance Research Reactor (USHPRR) project within the M3 Reactor Conversion Program aims at converting five U.S. high performance research reactors (MITR, MURR, NBSR, HFIR, and ATR) and one critical facility (ATR-C) to LEU fuel. These USHPRRs still use and regularly refuel with HEU fuel. Each facility has a unique reactor design, operating conditions, and fuel element design to accomplish its mission. The goal of the USHPRR project is to convert the USHPRRs and the critical facility to LEU fuel while maintaining experimental performance and ensuring safe facility operation. The current technical report focuses on two reactors requiring very high-density LEU fuel: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor (MITR) and the National Bureau of Standards Reactor (NBSR). To support the conversion of these reactors, so-called design demonstration elements (DDE) are planned to be irradiated in the BR2 reactor under conditions similar to the targeted reactors and using a prototypic geometry. In support of this experiment, SCK CEN studied and modeled the DDE irradiations using MCNP6.2 to investigate the feasibility of irradiating the MITR DDE and NBSR DDE in BR2. Argonne reviewed and confirmed the conclusions of this study. Structural analysis is another step toward converting USHPRR to LEU fuel. The objective of the current report is to provide information useful to the structural analysis of the NBSR & MITR DDEs to support its irradiation in BR2. Specifically, the goal is to provide the fast neutron (E>0.1MeV) fluence in the cladding of the fuel plates in BR2 for the whole period of irradiation (8 cycles for MITR DDE and 10 cycles for NBSR DDE). Additionally, fast neutron fluences in the side plates and in the NBSR DDE’s outside plates were calculated and reported. Neutronic calculations were performed using MCNP6.2 on the RTRHPC cluster.
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
Performance of Microreactor Test Article with Embedded Sensors During Testing in The Single Primary Heat Extraction and Removal Emulator
The nuclear industry is pursuing microreactors that can be factory assembled and deployed to remote regions for reliable power generation. One class of microreactors uses a monolithic metal core block coupled to heat pipes that use passive heat flow, increasing the surface area for heat transfer without requiring active coolant flow through the reactor core. Additional experimental testing is required to understand the heat rejection limitations of heat pipes and thermal stresses in the monolithic core block due to significant temperature gradients. This report describes the initial characterization and testing of a stainless-steel test article that was fabricated with embedded sensors to measure heat pipe performance limits, as well as spatially distributed temperatures and strains during electrically heated thermal testing to simulate nuclear heating. The electrically heated testing was performed in the Single Primary Heat Extraction and Removal Emulator facility located at Idaho National Laboratory. The ultimate goals of this work are to (1) accurately monitor temperature and strain distributions that result from differential thermal expansion in the test articles and (2) quantify the heat rejection limits of heat pipes as a function of operating temperature and working fluid during steady-state and transient operations. Initial tests focused on the feasibility of using advanced fiber-optic sensors and other sensor technologies to improve the understanding of temperature and strain distributions within the electrically heated experiments. However, these sensing capabilities could benefit the broader microreactor community if the sensors could be used to monitor component and system health during nuclear operations to inform a limited number of microreactor operators, ultimately reducing operation and maintenance costs and moving toward semiautonomous operation.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
Coupled Thermal-Hydraulic and Fuel Performance Simulations of the TWIST LOCA Commissioning Test Series in TREAT
As the nuclear industry is looking to increase light water reactor (LWR) burnup limits, Idaho National Laboratory has developed an experiment vehicle for the Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) to support high burnup fuel safety testing. One of the main purposes of this vehicle, known as the Transient Water Irradiation System for TREAT (TWIST), is to perform in-pile loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) experiments on high burnup LWR fuel to investigate phenomena termed fuel fragmentation, relocation, and dispersal (FFRD). Prior to performing experiments on high burnup fuel specimens, a commissioning test series will be performed. The main purpose of the Loss-of-Coolant-Commissioning (LOC-C) test series is to qualify the TWIST device and validate the power coupling between TREAT and the TWIST fuel rod as well as validation of the thermal-hydraulic and fuel performance simulation predictions.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
Conduct weld campaign (FY-21-1) on irradiated materials provided by the Canadian Nuclear Laboratory (CNL), including baseline post-weld evaluation and testing
A collaborative research on developing advanced welding technologies for irradiated stainless steel 304 materials between CNL and ORNL has been established to support both U.S. and Canadian interests in evaluation of weld repair techniques on irradiated materials to support continuous operation of commercial nuclear power. The work utilizes unique material from the National Research Universal (NRU) reactor and the specialized welding hot cell facility at ORNL. The objective is to explore suitable welding technique and parameters and to determine the helium concentration limitation in terms of irradiated stainless-steel weldability. An additional objective is to develop the knowledge and understanding of cracking mechanisms induced by high concentration of helium in the process of weld repair of the irradiated structural alloys. This report summarizes the experimental welding evaluation on irradiated material from the NRU reactor containing helium concentrations ranging from 12 to 45 atomic parts per million (appm).
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
The MPACT 2020 Milestone: Safeguards and Security by Design of Future Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities.
The Materials Protection, Accounting, and Control Technologies (MPACT) campaign, within the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, has developed a Virtual Facility Distributed Test Bed for safeguards and security design for future nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The purpose of the Virtual Test Bed is to bring together experimental and modeling capabilities across the U.S. national laboratory and university complex to provide a one-stop-shop for advanced Safeguards and Security by Design (SSBD). Experimental testing alone of safeguards and security technologies would be cost prohibitive, but testbeds and laboratory processing facilities with safeguards measurement opportunities, coupled with modeling and simulation, provide the ability to generate modern, efficient safeguards and security systems for new facilities. This Virtual Test Bed concept has been demonstrated using a generic electrochemical reprocessing facility as an example, but the concept can be extended to other facilities. While much of the recent work in the MPACT program has focused on electrochemical safeguards and security technologies, the laboratory capabilities have been applied to other facilities in the past (including aqueous reprocessing, fuel fabrication, and molten salt reactors as examples). This paper provides an overview of the Virtual Test Bed concept, a description of the design process, and a baseline safeguards and security design for the example facility. Parallel papers in this issue go into more detail on the various technologies, experimental testing, modeling capabilities, and performance testing.
98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
Nuclear Forensics
Nuclear forensics is a key part of the nuclear security strategy for the United States and the international community. The NACS Division is central to the leadership role that LLNL has had in nuclear forensics over the past 25 years. Our current nuclear forensic program includes conducting R&D on provenance and attribution signatures, collaborating with international partners, training the next generation of nuclear forensic experts, developing test materials for verification and validation exercises, and providing expert advice to national and international policy makers. Key to our success in these areas has been the strong and continuing involvement in nuclear forensic casework obtained through law enforcement and intelligence channels as well as our outstanding analytical capabilities. NACS must continue to conduct forward-thinking R&D in nuclear forensics that supports operational programs and addresses intelligence gaps. To maintain leadership in nuclear forensics, we must attract, develop, and retain the best talent. The NNSA has a central leadership role in developing educational initiatives for nuclear forensics. In concert with the Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, the NACS Division will continue to participate in all nuclear forensic educational initiatives (undergraduate, graduate, postdoctoral) and incorporate LLNL’s D&I vision into its student and postdoc recruitment efforts. We will continue to build formal relationships with key academic partners and institutions with active and emerging nuclear forensic research interests. We will also strengthen relationships with NNSA DNN and SSAA funded university consortia (e.g. NSSC, ACE, CNEC, CVT, ETI, MTV), helping them conduct research of interest and relevance to nuclear forensics, while at the same time evaluating and recruiting promising talent from these programs.
07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗