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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

First Road / River Barge Security Transport of SNF under the New German Transport Security Guidelines - 19102

A transfer of 342 spent fuel assemblies from NPP Obrigheim to NPP Neckarwestheim, both located alongside the river Neckar in the south of Germany, is required to promote the decommissioning process of NPP Obrigheim, which started in 2008 after the NPP had been shut down three years before. The spent fuel storage facility in Neckarwestheim offers sufficient storage space to accept the 342 SNF assemblies, stored in fifteen dry casks type CASTOR{sup R} 440/84 mvK. After several transport feasibility studies had been conducted, Daher Nuclear Technologies GmbH was awarded the commission to plan, prepare and conduct the SNF transport. Since the combined road / river barge transport promised to be the most suitable mode of transportation Daher Nuclear Technologies started to prepare its security concept, a prerequisite to apply for and attain the transport license mandatory for transporting spent nuclear fuel in Germany. In March 2014 the company applied for the transport license, which, after more than three years and numerous amendments to the security concept, was finally granted to Daher Nuclear Technologies on May 16, 2017 by the German Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (successor organization of the BfS). Simultaneously to the license application phase the transport equipment - amongst others the heavy-duty trucks and trailers, the pusher tugs, the river barge and transport frames - had to be provided and modified to meet the intensified requirements of the New German Transport Security Guidelines Road / Rail as well as several other legal regulations referring to the transport of dangerous goods by road and inland waterways (e.g. ADR - European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road and ADN - European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways). The planning process involved various meetings with representatives of different authorities and administrative bodies incl. accredited experts as well as subcontractors. Tremendous training efforts had to be undertaken to train more than 100 transport participants regarding security measures, health, safety and environmental measures, as well as the proper handling of radioactive material. This also included the training of the security staff, that had to be qualified in compliance with the new Transport Security Guidelines Road and Rail. Finally, in June 2017, when all preparations where complete, all requirements met, and all permits obtained, the first ever security SNF transport on a German river was performed. Three laden CASTOR{sup R} 440/84 mvK transport and storage casks were transported in one batch via heavy-duty truck-trailer from the NPP Obrigheim to the NPP's own harbor, to be rolled on to the river barge, that would carry the three casks upstream the river Neckar to the approx. fifty kilometer distant NPP Neckarwestheim. The journey on the river took about eleven hours, in which several bridges and locks had to be passed. The entire transport was escorted by qualified security staff and auxiliary police forces on waterways and alongside on roads. It attracted nationwide public attention, due to its pioneer status and the fact, that there hadn't been any SNF or HLW shipments in Germany since 2011. After the convoy safely arrived at NPP Neckarwestheim's pier the three laden CASTOR{sup R} 440/84 mvK casks were rolled off the river barge via heavy-duty truck-trailers to be stored in the on-site interim storage facility. This first transport was a success and was followed by four additionally successful security transports in September, October, November and December 2017. The public attention receded significantly during the transport campaign, which ended on December 19, 2017 with the transfer of the last three of fifteen casks to the on-site interim storage facility in Neckarwestheim. With the last cask safely transferred to the interim storage facility Daher Nuclear Technologies successfully completed the transport campaign on schedule, meeting one of EnBW's fundamental objectives to finish the transfer of the 342 SNF assemblies by the end of 2017. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Thermolytic Hydrogen Generation Rate Models at High-Temperature/High-Hydroxide Regimes

This report describes the results of testing performed to extend the applicable ranges of temperature and hydroxide concentration for use within the Glycolate and Global Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Hydrogen Generation Rate (HGR) expressions. Seven experimental conditions (six simulants of the 242-25H Evaporator system chosen as a D-optimal set of experiments and a single test conducted at an elevated boiling point of 170 °C) were investigated in the presence of sodium glycolate and Xiameter TM AFE-1010. Glycolate was employed to study the extension of the Glycolate Thermolytic HGR expression while Xiameter TM AFE-1010 was employed to study the extension of the Global TOC Thermolytic HGR expression. The following conclusions were derived from this testing: The Glycolate Thermolytic HGR expression may be confidently used to predict thermolytic HGRs from glycolate at temperatures as high as 170 °C and hydroxide concentrations as high as 23 M.; The hydroxide and temperature-dependence predicted by the Global TOC Thermolytic HGR expression has been confirmed at temperatures as high as 170 °C and hydroxide concentrations as high as 23 M, suggesting that the Global TOC Thermolytic HGR expression may be used at these ranges.; Methane was observed from tests with Xiameter TM AFE-1010 at production rates higher than those observed for hydrogen. These rates were observed at temperatures higher than 100 °C.; Preliminary models suggest that increasing hydroxide/temperature causes an increase in Methane Generation Rate (MGR) from Xiameter TM AFE-1010. The following recommendations are based on this testing: The existing equations for thermolytic HGR from glycolate and non-glycolate organics should be used at Concentration, Storage, and Transfer Facilities (CSTF) storage and evaporation conditions, including temperatures and hydroxide concentrations exhibited in the 242-25H Evaporator.; Further investigation should be made into the influence of methylsilanes on CSTF flammability. This investigation should include: determination of the types of methylsilanes historically added to the CSTF, determination of methane formation rates from each type of methylsilane, and determination of the extent of degradation of methylsilanes in CSTF waste.; Characterization techniques should be developed by Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to assist in the speciation of methylsilane-containing waste in the CSTF.; Additional testing with radioactive waste should be performed to determine the MGRs possible in radioactive waste and better inform model predictions made from testing with simulants.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS1995

Troika partnership model for licensing NASA-LaRC technologies

The Technology Applications (TAG) Group at NASA Langley Research Center has currently more than 100 technologies that are ripe for commercialization. These technologies are categorized by various sectors including: Energy and the Environment; Materials and Structures; Manufacturing; Information and Communications; Transportation, and Medical/Sensor/ Instrumentation. A requirement that TAG has placed on all technologies ready for licensing is that there will be some university involvement in the technology transfer or knowledge transfer process. This model involves the troika of government (LaRC), industry and university. A number of variations on the Troika Partnership Model (TPM) were developed as a part of this ASEE Fellowship. Furthermore, five technologies were identified - three of which industrial interests have been matched: LaRC-SI, a thermoplastic that can be used as a coating; Variable Geometry Truss Manipulator Arm that can be used for nuclear waste clean -up and as scaffolding; and ADAPT (Approach to Data Management, Archive Protection, and Transmission) is a technology that could be used for a variety of multi-tasking operations over the Internet. The aim of this work was to initiate a Space Act Agreement (SAA) for at least one of these technologies using one of the options of the TPM. A preliminary partnership agreement using the SAA is currently being negotiated with NASA-LaRC, VPI and Virginia Power for the LaRC-SI thermoplastic that will be used as a coating.

Maclin, Arlene P.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Upcycling waste PET into functional multiblock copolymers through controlled macromolecular design

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) oligomers derived from glycolysis depolymerization were converted into multiblock copolymers through diisocyanate-mediated coupling with dihydroxy-terminated oligomers, enabling precise control over copolymer sequence distribution, connectivity, and mechanical performance. Here, we demonstrate that telechelic PET oligomers isolated directly from depolymerized consumer waste can serve as reactive building blocks for the formation of segmented multiblock copolymers, eliminating the need to revert to monomeric feedstocks. Dihydroxy-terminated PET oligomers (Mw ≈ 8 kg mol−1) were coupled with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, Mw ≈ 4 kg mol−1) to form PET-PEO multiblock copolymers with high molar mass (Mw ≈ 160 kg mol−1). We further show that the timing of end-capping reactions provides a key control parameter that governs the competition between chain extension and termination, thereby dictating the resulting multiblock architecture and molecular-weight evolution. Evaluation of their mechanical properties reveals that virgin PET exhibits high modulus (∼3 GPa) and strength (43 MPa) but limited ductility (<10% elongation). In contrast, PET–PEO multiblock copolymers retain comparable tensile strength (44 MPa), albeit while exhibiting dramatically enhanced ductility (>90% elongation), forming tougher materials with efficient stress transfer between the rigid PET domains and the flexible PEO segments. When incorporated into PET/PEO blends at low loadings, the multiblock copolymers serve as effective compatibilizers, yielding materials with an intermediate modulus (1.1–1.2 GPa) and improved elongation compared to uncompatibilized blends. Furthermore, the presence of PEO blocks increases water uptake and gas permeability relative to virgin PET, reflecting the tunability of molecular transport through the copolymeric blocks. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of PET–PEO multiblock copolymers derived from post-consumer PET for gas transport applications. These results demonstrate that multiblock copolymer formation from telechelic PET oligomers provides a versatile platform for tailoring the mechanical and transport behavior of polyester-based materials through controlled macromolecular design and establishes a generalizable strategy for transforming consumer plastic waste into functional segmented polymers without requiring complete depolymerization to monomers.

Watson-Sanders, Shelby [Department of Chemistry, U↗
DOE OSTI2020

Microalgae Biomass Production for Utilization of CO2 and Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Microalgal cultivation processes for production of foods, feeds, fuels, fertilizers and other bioproducts and wastewater treatment are being considered for reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. Major differences between microalgae and higher plant biomass cultivation are include their potential for much higher productivities, their higher content of major (N-P-K) and minor nutrients, and the challenge of harvesting such microscopic plants. Most critical, microalgal mass cultures, unlike higher plants, currently require fertilization with concentrated sources of CO2. As practically all of the C fixed into algal biomass will be re-emitted into the atmosphere in short order, algae processes do not sequester carbon. Their potential for CO2 emissions reductions must thus be based on comparisons with current technologies for the production of competing products, such as biofuels or animal feeds, or in wastewater treatment. Further, due to economic limitations to flue gas transport (3 to 12 % CO2), as well as highly variable diurnal and seasonal CO2 utilization and limited land and water availability near most CO2 sources, only a small fraction of waste CO2 emissions will be directly utilizeable for microalgae biomass production. However, for long-distance transport, flue gas CO2 capture by chemical processes would greatly increase the costs of flue gas utilization. More concentrated, sources of CO2 from refineries, fertilizer, chemical plants, and fermentations are available, but are also very limited relative to the quantities required for commodity production. Microalgae can also be cultivated on organic wastes, which provide both nutrients (N, P, K, etc.) and organic and inorganic carbon for algal growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional treatment processes. To maximize the potential for algae biomass production and CO2 utilization, direct capture of CO2 from air will be required. This could be accomplished with the algal cultivation process itself in large open-raceway ponds, through chemical and biological enhancements of CO2 transfer into algal cutures. The relative productivities, economics, greenhouse gas balances, and resource potentials of these alternative CO2 sources for large-scale production of microalgae will be reviewed.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Thermal Analysis for SRS Saltstone Disposal Unit Facility

Saltstone Disposal Units (SDU) are long term disposal units for low activity grout produced from the solidification of decontaminated non-hazardous salt waste at SRS. The unit is a cylindrical disposal vault of 150 ft. in diameter and 23 ft. in height. The total volume the SDU can hold is 3 million gallons of grout. The hydration process of the grout material produces heat from an exothermic chemical reaction. If the grout reaches temperatures higher than the maximum safety temperature of 95 deg. C, cracks can start forming leading to contamination of the environment. The purpose of this study is to develop the optimal baseline domain boundary conditions and to perform a sensitivity analysis with respect to the baseline modeling conditions. The following assumptions were made for the modeling calculations: - The system geometry is axisymmetric; - The system was at steady state; - Ambient temperature was set to 100 deg. F; - Air was assumed to be an incompressible ideal gas; - Radiation was neglected for a conservative estimation; - Natural convection for the SDU vapor space is assumed to be turbulent because Rayleigh number based on typical operating conditions is higher than 10{sup 8}; - Water tables were not taken into consideration. The following sensitivity analyses were performed to find the optimal domain boundary: - Mesh size sensitivity; - Soil depth sensitivity - Soil depth varied from 30 ft to 250 ft with a soil thickness of 90 ft; - Soil thickness sensitivity - Soil thickness varied from 30 ft to 270 ft with a soil depth of 180 ft; - Soil conductivity sensitivity - Soil thermal conductivity varied from 0.25 W/m-K to 1 W/m-K; - Ambient Temperature Sensitivity - Ambient temperature varied from 70 deg. F to 110 deg. F. For the thermal calculations, the temperature of the bottom of the soil was set to 17.4 deg. C. The heat flux on the roof of the building and surface of the earth is 163.2 W/m{sup 2}. The soil sides are set to be adiabatic. The sensitivity analysis shows that the mesh size has no effect on the numerical results. This is mainly due to a small convection zone and large conduction zones in the modeling domain. The optimal domain boundary was found to be a soil thickness of 90 ft and a soil depth of 150 ft. The different sensitivity analysis performed here shows the optimal boundary domain to be used for thermal calculations is a soil depth of 150 ft beneath the SDU and a soil thickness of 90 ft. Anything larger would produce similar solutions but at a longer computational time to solve. The maximum temperature was more sensitive to soil properties as shown here. While the ambient temperature affected the max temperature linearly. Most of the heat transfer takes place downward vertically between the SDU and the soil beneath it. Using the optimal domain boundary determined by the sensitivity analyses, the maximum thermal loading to keep the maximum grout temperature below 95 deg. C is 1.646 W/m{sup 3}.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2026

Lithium metal-mediated electrochemical reduction of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have substantial environmental and health hazards. Unfortunately, current degradation routes require high temperatures or corrosive conditions and/or lead to incomplete defluorination and the generation of shorter alkyl chains. Inspired by the lithium-metal battery literature, here we develop an electrochemical degradation process that leverages reactive metals and highly reducing environments. Here, we show that electrodeposited lithium metal can enable 95% degradation and 94% defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid to LiF without forming any shorter C 2 –C 6 PFAS as end products. Using computational simulations, we find that electron transfer from lithium to perfluorooctanoic acid leads to rapid C–F bond cleavage, fluoride formation and carbon chain fragmentation. We expand the scope to other PFAS compounds and demonstrate substantial degrees of degradation on over 22 different PFAS, plus complete mineralization to inorganic fluorides. Finally, we use the mineralized F − as a fluorine source for the synthesis of fluorinated non-PFAS compounds to complete a circular fluorine loop from waste to valuable product.

Sarkar, Bidushi [Univ. of Chicago, IL (United Stat↗
DOE OSTI2024

ILAW Container Cost Reduction and Optimization Study

This study, performed on behalf of Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS), examines the potential for making cost savings for the Immobilized Low Active Waste (ILAW) containers over the mission life of the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). it builds on earlier study assessments 24590-LAW-RPT-M-01-001 Rev 0 ILAW Product Container Specifications Optimization Study and DOE/ORP-2013-02 Rev 0 Decision Analysis of Low-Active Waste Container Finishing Handling System Alternatives. The WTP design and installed equipment has evolved over an extended period ~20 years. Consequently, some of the existing requirements relating the ILAW containers may no longer be applicable under current mission plans where the glass filled containers are placed into the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) rather than stacked in an engineered purpose-built ventilated store as originally envisioned. The study team reviewed available WTP project reference documents to establish the functions the container must perform and assign requirements against each of these functions. With the assumptions that some of the existing WTP contract restrictions would not necessarily apply to the subsequent facility operations contract the container requirements were reviewed to identify those which were ‘hard constraints‘, imposed by regulatory requirements. Initially each of these hard constraints were reviewed, evaluated and documented to see if they precluded the use of an alternate less expensive material of construction, carbon steel, to the existing 304 L stainless steel in the current container specification. That review did not generate any fatal flaws for a change in material of construction to carbon steel allowing the study team to examine the impacts of material cost savings, potential changes to the design and requirements and impacts on interfaces of the containers with the existing WTP process equipment from container receipt, transfers, glass filling, cooling and export. In addition, a change in container target fill level was evaluated and qualitative, and quantitative where feasible, impacts to the container fabrication process assessed. Lastly, additional follow on development or testing activities to support the use of carbon steel were assessed and a recommended path forward with a ROM cost and timescale developed.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2011

Diferrocenyl oligothiophene wires: Raman and quantum chemical study of valence-trapped cations

A combination of Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations is used to describe the structural and spectroscopic properties of the different isomeric cations of diferrocenyl quaterthiophenes. Isomerisation of the thienyl {beta}-positions provides site selective oxidation, which gives rise to species that can interconvert by moving the charge over the bridge. The spectroscopic study allows us to describe a sequence of stationary trapped cationic, either ferrocenyl or thienyl, states which constitutes an energy cascade of accessible sites through which the charge transfer can proceed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

REPORT ON THE ANALYSIS OF WAC SAMPLES FROM EVAPORATOR OVERHEADS FOR 2011

This report tabulates the chemical analysis of the 3H, 2H and 2F evaporator overhead samples including the inorganic, organic, and radionuclide species according the ETP WAC (rev.4). In addition, the physical properties including pH, total suspended solids, and average particle size are listed for each sample. The report identifies all sample receipt dates, preparation methods, and analyses completed to accumulate these values. All values were found to be within the ETP WAC specifications for WWCT except for the {sup 137}Cs concentration for the 2F sample which was slightly above the limit (~5%). However, tank farm personnel sample each tank overhead for beta/gamma prior to transfer using a pulse height analyzer and these field readings were all well within limits. Additional actions will be taken to help understand the reason in the discrepancy of the field measurement versus laboratory analysis.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

FUSRAP Data Management and Information Transitions - 19459

The Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) was created in the mid-1970's to clean up radiological contamination resulting from early development of nuclear weapons. The US Department of Energy (US DOE) was responsible for FUSRAP until October 1997, when Congress transferred administration and execution of FUSRAP site cleanup to the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Currently, the US DOE Office of Legacy Management (LM) determines the eligibility of a site for referral to USACE. USACE determines whether the site is included in FUSRAP for cleanup, conducts remedial actions, and transfers sites back to LM for long-term surveillance and maintenance (LTS and M). LM and USACE established the Data Management Working Group (DMWG) to (1) establish a common understanding of US DOE and USACE district-specific data, records practices, and requirements as they apply to FUSRAP programmatic documents for site transition and transfer; (2) establish methods to ensure accurate data transfer; and (3) develop a timeline for data and records transfer. These methods will ensure continuity of stewardship while transitioning from cleanup to LTS and M and beyond as more FUSRAP sites transfer from USACE to LM. The DMWG has met monthly and the meetings are attended by a wide range of LM and USACE project managers and subject matter experts. Discussion topics have addressed site records management, including data needs and uses; transfer and posting of Administrative Record and Permanent Record files for public accessibility; and management of legal and classified files. There have been a number of group successes, including the following: - Establishment of a common understanding of data and records practices and requirements as the sites transition and transfer from USACE to LM; - Development of effective lines of communication between USACE and LM concerning data management for transition; - Establishment of a cohesive approach to data management between the two agencies. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2011

Synthesis, Structure Elucidation, and Redox Properties of [superscript 99]Tc Complexes of Lacunary Wells-Dawson Polyoxometalates: Insights into Molecular [superscript 99]Tc-Metal Oxide Interactions

The isotope {sup 99}Tc ({beta}{sub max}, 293.7; half-life, 2.1 x 10{sup 5} years) is an abundant product of uranium-235 fission in nuclear reactors and is present throughout the radioactive waste stored in underground tanks at the Hanford and Savannah River sites. Understanding and controlling the extensive redox chemistry of {sup 99}Tc is important in identifying tunable strategies to separate {sup 99}Tc from spent fuel and from waste tanks and, once separated, to identify and develop an appropriately stable waste form for {sup 99}Tc. Polyoxometalates (POMs), nanometer-sized models for metal oxide solid-state materials, are used in this study to provide a molecular level understanding of the speciation and redox chemistry of incorporated {sup 99}Tc. In this study, {sup 99}Tc complexes of the ({alpha}{sub 2}-P{sub 2}W{sub 17}O{sub 61}){sup 10-} and ({alpha}{sub 1}-P{sub 2}W{sub 17}O{sub 61}){sup 10-} isomers were prepared. Ethylene glycol was used as a 'transfer ligand' to minimize the formation of TcO{sub 2} {center_dot} xH{sub 2}O. The solution structures, formulations, and purity of TcVO({alpha}{sub 1}/{alpha}{sub 2}-P{sub 2}W{sub 17}O{sub 61}){sup 7-} were determined by multinuclear NMR. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the complexes is in agreement with the formulation and structures determined from {sup 31}P and {sup 183}W NMR. Preliminary electrochemistry results are consistent with the EXAFS results, showing a facile reduction of the TcVO({alpha}{sub 1}-P{sub 2}W{sub 17}O{sub 61}){sup 7-} species compared to the TcVO({alpha}{sub 2}-P{sub 2}W{sub 17}O{sub 61}){sup 7-} analog. The {alpha}{sub 1} defect is unique in that a basic oxygen atom is positioned toward the {alpha}{sub 1} site, and the Tc{sup V}O center appears to form a dative metal-metal bond with a framework W site. These attributes may lead to the assistance of protonation events that facilitate reduction. Electrochemistry comparison shows that the ReV analogs are about 200 mV more difficult to reduce in accordance with periodic trends.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fiscal Year 2021 Filtration of Hanford Tank 241-AP-107 Supernatant Samples Obtained at Prototypic Tank Level and Filtered at 16 °C

Bench-scale filtration testing of 8.5 liters of supernatant from Hanford waste tank 241-AP-107, chilled to 16 °C, was conducted using a backpulse dead-end filter (BDEF) filtration system equipped with a feed vessel and a Mott inline filter Model 6610 (Media Grade 5) in the hot cells of the Radiochemical Processing Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. This was done to assess the impact of a lower sampling location within the tank as well the lowered filtration temperature on supernatant stability and fouling. The as-received samples were transferred to 1.5-liter poly bottles and held at 16 °C for approximately 1 week prior to filtration. The feed was filtered through the BDEF system at a targeted flux of 0.065 gpm/ft 2 to match the prototypic operation of the TSCR system. During the initial period of filtration, the differential pressure required to effect filtration at 0.065 gpm/ft 2 increased until it reached 2 psid [the Tank Side Cesium Removal (TSCR) action limit] at 26 hours. After this, the filter was backpulsed to dislodge accumulated solids and reduce this pressure differential. An additional eight backpulses were conducted during the initial filtration period; each time, the target pressure was reached sooner than during the previous interval. Volume filtered decreased from 0.9 to 0.03 m 3 /m 2 over the course of 14 processing hours. After the ninth backpulse, the backpulse frequency had become unsustainable, and it was decided to perform an extensive filter cleaning. The filter was cleaned by draining the chilled AP-107 feed into chilled holding containers, introducing 0.1 M NaOH into the feed vessel, and recirculating the NaOH through the system for 20 minutes before allowing the system to soak for 2 hours without temperature control. A measurable decrease in filter resistance during this recirculation indicated that the 0.1 M NaOH was likely dissolving some of the solids that had deposited on the filter. Post cleaning, the filter resistance was effectively restored to initial conditions as the initial transmembrane pressure was restored to original levels. However, resumed processing of the AP-107 feed at 16 °C continued to result in an increased rate of filter resistance. An additional five backpulses were conducted (four during feed processing, one during subsequent cleaning) before the conclusion of the test. Solids concentrated from the backpulse solutions displayed sodium oxalate-type phases, Al-oxides and sodium Al-oxides/carbonates, iron oxides, and Ca-bearing phases (calcite). The scanning electron microscopy analyses also revealed a large distribution of particles, with some particles, notably sodium phosphate dodecahydrate, having diameters close to 0.5 mm.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

DEMONSTRATION OF A PASSIVE CONDENSER LOOP

Building HVAC consumes significant amount of energy. It is estimated that about 7% of the total electricity consumed by water cooled chiller is used to drive the condenser water pump. A passive condenser loop is developed to curb this energy consumption by replacing the open pumped loop to a closed loop thermosyphon system. The loop thermosyphon uses waste heat to circulate the condenser fluid, eliminating the electrical pumping power requirement and the large circulation pump. Since it is a closed loop, it also reduces the maintenance cost and enables both wet and dry cooling modes. A demonstration unit with a riser about 40 feet (12.2 meters) tall is fabricated and tested at powers up to 25 kW. The result has successfully showed that the loop thermosyphon is able to transfer the heat near isothermally (∆T < 0.4C) over the long distance without the need of any pump and consuming any electricity.

Loop thermosyphon, building HVAC, condenser loop↗
DOE OSTI2012

Building Diagnostic Market Deployment (Final Report)

Operational faults are pervasive across the commercial buildings sector, wasting energy and increasing energy costs by up to about 30% (Mills 2009, Liu et al. 2003, Claridge et al. 2000, Katipamula and Brambley 2008, and Brambley and Katipamula 2009). Automated fault detection and diagnostic (AFDD) tools provide capabilities essential for detecting and correcting these problems and eliminating the associated energy waste and costs. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Building Technology Program (BTP) has previously invested in developing and testing of such diagnostic tools for whole-building (and major system) energy use, air handlers, chillers, cooling towers, chilled-water distribution systems, and boilers. These diagnostic processes can be used to make the commercial buildings more energy efficient. The work described in this report was done as part of a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and KGS Building LLC (KGS). PNNL and KGS both believe that the widespread adoption of AFDD tools will result in significant reduction to energy and peak energy consumption. The report provides an introduction and summary of the various tasks performed under the CRADA. The CRADA project had three major focus areas: (1) Technical Assistance for Whole Building Energy Diagnostician (WBE) Commercialization, (2) Market Transfer of the Outdoor Air/Economizer Diagnostician (OAE), and (3) Development and Deployment of Automated Diagnostics to Improve Large Commercial Building Operations. PNNL has previously developed two diagnostic tools: (1) whole building energy (WBE) diagnostician and (2) outdoor air/economizer (OAE) diagnostician. WBE diagnostician is currently licensed non-exclusively to one company. As part of this CRADA, PNNL developed implementation documentation and provided technical support to KGS to implement the tool into their software suite, Clockworks. PNNL also provided validation data sets and the WBE software tool to validate the KGS implementation. OAE diagnostician automatically detects and diagnoses problems with outdoor air ventilation and economizer operation for air handling units (AHUs) in commercial buildings using data available from building automation systems (BASs). As part of this CRADA, PNNL developed implementation documentation and provided technical support to KGS to implement the tool into their software suite. PNNL also provided validation data sets and the OAE software tool to validate the KGS implementation. Finally, as part of this CRADA project, PNNL developed new processes to automate parts of the re-tuning process and transfer those process to KGS for integration into their software product. The transfer of DOE-funded technologies will transform the commercial buildings sector by making buildings more energy efficient and also reducing the carbon footprint from the buildings. As part of the CRADA with PNNL, KGS implemented the whole building energy diagnostician, a portion of outdoor air economizer diagnostician and a number of measures that automate the identification of re-tuning measures.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2014

Waste Water Treatment Apparatus and Methods

An improved draft tube spout fluid bed (DTSFB) mixing, handling, conveying, and treating apparatus and systems, and methods for operating are provided. The apparatus and systems can accept particulate material and pneumatically or hydraulically conveying the material to mix and/or treat the material. In addition to conveying apparatus, a collection and separation apparatus adapted to receive the conveyed particulate material is also provided. The collection apparatus may include an impaction plate against which the conveyed material is directed to improve mixing and/or treatment. The improved apparatus are characterized by means of controlling the operation of the pneumatic or hydraulic transfer to enhance the mixing and/or reacting by controlling the flow of fluids, for example, air, into and out of the apparatus. The disclosed apparatus may be used to mix particulate material, for example, mortar; react fluids with particulate material; coat particulate material, or simply convey particulate material.

Littman, Howard↗
DOE OSTI2025

Small-scale Assessment of Simplified Ceramic Waste Form Processing

The feasibility of directly processing glass-bonded sodalite ceramic waste form materials by heating a mixture of Zeolite 4A, chloride salt, and sodium borosilicate binder glass was demonstrated by generating laboratory-scale materials. This direct processing method eliminates pre-setting the moisture content of the Zeolite 4A, eliminates the step of occluding salt in the prepared Zeolite 4A prior to processing, and can be conducted using larger particle sizes of crushed Zeolite 4A and crushed borosilicate glass than those called for in the current method. These simplifications are expected to facilitate material transfer and handling in a hot cell or controlled atmosphere environment and be more readily implemented at large scale than the current method. Most materials made to assess these simplifications were directly processed at 925 °C for two hours in an argon atmosphere glovebox, but one material was processed at 925 °C for four hours and one material was processed at 880 °C for two hours. Sodalite was generated and became microencapsulated by the binder glass in all materials. The microstructures were uniform throughout each product, were similar in all products, and were similar to the microstructures of materials made previously using the pressureless consolidation or hot isostatic pressing methods. Various formulations showed the efficiency of sodalite generation was not sensitive to the salt-to-Zeolite 4A ratio or salt-to-glass mass ratio, although a greater relative mass of glass is required to encapsulate sodalite generated from large particles of aggregated Zeolite 4A. The upper limit of salt loadings that can be effectively processed remains to be determined. The effectiveness of direct processing provided new insights into the conversion mechanism. The salt was likely dissolved into the glass that transported NaCl into the Zeolite 4A aggregates and sodalite was generated in situ as NaCl migrated from the outside of the aggregate inward. Other salt cations (e.g., potassium, strontium, cesium, and probably lithium) remain dissolved in the glass encapsulating the zeolite/sodalite domains. When the glass solidifies during cooling, small halite inclusion phases form in glass within sodalite domains and large mixed salt inclusions form in glass surrounding the sodalite due to the low solubility of chloride in the (solid) glass. Other salt cations were oxidized during processing and formed inclusions in the bulk glass (e.g., neodymium). Initial degradation tests show the dissolution behavior of directly processed CWF (SCWF) materials is similar to CWF materials made using different methods.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1986

Air Evaporation closed cycle water recovery technology - Advanced energy saving designs

The Air Evaporation water recovery system is a visible candidate for Space Station application. A four-man Air Evaporation open cycle system has been successfully demonstrated for waste water recovery in manned chamber tests. The design improvements described in this paper greatly enhance the system operation and energy efficiency of the air evaporation process. A state-of-the-art wick feed design which results in reduced logistics requirements is presented. In addition, several design concepts that incorporate regenerative features to minimize the energy input to the system are discussed. These include a recuperative heat exchanger, a heat pump for energy transfer to the air heater, and solar collectors for evaporative heat. The addition of the energy recovery devices will result in an energy reduction of more than 80 percent over the systems used in earlier manned chamber tests.

Morasko, Gwyndolyn↗