Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “efficiency maximization”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,207 records · Page 67
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1992

Utilization of the graded universal testing system to increase the efficiency for assessing aerobic and anaerobic capacity

The in-flight exercise test performed by cosmonauts as part of the Russian Exercise Countermeasure Program is limited to 5 minutes due to communication restrictions. During a recent graded exercise test on a U.S. Shuttle flight, the test was terminated early due to an upcoming loss of signal (LOS) with the ground. This exercise test was a traditional test where the subject's exercise capacity dictates the length of the test. For example, one crew member may take 15 minutes to complete the test, while another may take 18 minutes. The traditional exercise test limits the flight schedulers to large blocks of space flight time in order to provide medical and research personnel information on the fitness capacity (maximal oxygen uptake: VO2max) of crew members during flight. A graded exercise test that would take a finite amount of time and a set preparation and recovery time would ease this problem by allowing flight schedulers to plan exercise tests in advance of LOS. The Graded Universal Testing System (GUTS) was designed to meet this goal. Fitness testing of astronauts before and after flight provides pertinent data on many variables. The Detailed Supplemental Objective (DSO608) protocol (6) is one of the graded exercise tests (GXT) currently used in astronaut testing before and after flight. Test times for this protocol have lasted from 11 to 18 minutes. Anaerobic capacity is an important variable that is currently not being evaluated before and after flight. Recent reports (1,2,5) from the literature have suggested that the oxygen deficit at supramaximal exercise is a measure of anaerobic capacity. We postulated that the oxygen deficit at maximal exercise would be an indication of anaerobic capacity. If this postulate can be accepted, then the efficiency of acquiring data from a graded exercise test would increase at least twofold. To examine this hypothesis anaerobic capacity was measured using a modified treadmill test (3,4) designed to exhaust the anaerobic systems in approximately 45 to 75 seconds. Lactate concentration in the blood was analyzed after all tests, since lactate is the end-product of anaerobic energy production. Therefore, the peak lactate response is an additional indication of anaerobic capacity. A preliminary comparison of the GUTS and the DSO608 suggests that the GUTS protocol would increase the efficiency of VO2max testing of astronauts before and after flight. Results for anaerobic capacity have not been tabulated.

Rodgers, Sandra L.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Synthesis of MOF having hydroxyl functional side groups and optimization of activation process for the maximization of its BET surface area

To accomplish the postsynthetic modification of MOF with organic-metal precursors (OMPs) described in our previous researches more efficiently, synthesis of MOF (HCC-2) possessing relatively larger pore size as well as higher number of hydroxyl functional side groups per its base unit than those of HCC-1 has been successfully conducted via adopting 1,4-di-(4-carboxy-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)benzene as an organic ligand and Zn(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}{center_dot}6H{sub 2}O as a metal source, respectively. Also, optimization about the Activation process of HCC-2 was performed to maximize its BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area which was proved to be proportional to the number of exposed active sites on which its postsynthetic modification occurred. However, Activation process having been validated to be so effective with the acquirement of highly-purified HCC-1 (CO{sub 2} supercritical drying step followed by vacuum drying step) was less satisfactory with the case of HCC-2. This might be attributed to relatively higher hydrophilicity and bulkier molecular structure of organic ligand of HCC-2. However, it was readily settled by simple modification of above Activation process. Moreover, indispensable residues composed of both DMF and its thermally degraded derivatives which were chemically attached via coordination bond with hydroxyl functionalities even after Activation process III might enable their H{sub 2} adsorption properties to be seriously debased compared to that of IRMOF-16 having no hydroxyl functionalities. - Graphical abstract: Synthesis of new-structured MOF (HCC-2) simultaneously possessing relatively larger pore size as well as higher number of hydroxyl functional side groups per its base unit at the same time than those of HCC-1 has been performed via adopting 1,4-di-(4-carboxy-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)benzene as an organic ligand and Zn(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}{center_dot}6H{sub 2}O as a metal source, respectively. Also, the optimization of activation process for HCC-2 was conducted to maximize its BET surface area while the suitability of this activation process was proved via SEM, TGA, EA, XRF, and PSD. Being compared with the crystal structures of IRMOF-16 and HCC-1 via XRD and FT-IR analysis, the crystal structure of HCC-2 having an identical chemical structure except the introduction of four hydroxyl functional side groups on the backbone of its organic ligand showed no noticeable change. Specifically, HCC-2 was established as a cubic structure with each axis of about 21.5 A. Moreover, H{sub 2} adsorption isotherms for these HCCs were attained to ultimately examine that hydroxyl functionalities inside their pores have any influence on their H{sub 2} adsorption properties. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer HCC-2 having higher number of hydroxyl groups than that of HCC-1 was prepared. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The optimization of activation process for HCC-2 was studied. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The crystal structure of HCC-2 was a cubic-shaped structure with each axis of 21.5 A. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer -OH functionalities on HCCs had negative influence on their H{sub 2} adsorption abilities. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer This might be due to impurities rigidly attached to their functional side groups.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Identification of Catalysts and Materials for a High-Energy Density Biochemical Fuel Cell: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

The proposed research attempted to identify novel biochemical catalysts, catalyst support materials, high-efficiency electron transfer agents between catalyst active sites and electrodes, and solid-phase electrolytes in order to maximize the current density of biochemical fuel cells that utilize various alcohols as substrates.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2016

System Engineering Applied: A Case Study in the Implementation of Successful Systems

The application of Systems Engineering (SE) principles has emerged to manage complex systems from a concept to the successful realization and implementation of the system. Multiple Research and Development (R&D) programs at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) have implemented these principles and have maximized their efforts in the realization of successful systems. The Primary Standards Laboratory (PSL) at SNL has avoided the full implementation of such principles which has stalled the development of new and efficient calibration systems. The objective of this project is to introduce SE to the PSL and develop a framework of best practices that can be utilized to expedite the development and deployment of accurate and efficient testing systems throughout the PSL. A Case Study will be presented for the principles of the SE development lifecycle in a R&D environment to maximize the PSL’s efforts in a requirements-driven environment.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Rapidly Viable Sustained Grid

Rapid recovery of power flow, possibly after a blackout, is a crucial need arising in scenarios that are increasingly becoming more frequent; here, solutions for rapid viability of power while the grid is being restored are urgently needed to keep critical infrastructure (CI) online. Increasingly, after the initial recovery phase, sustenance of reliable power requires assistive services to the grid for long periods of time. Even though the need is urgent, there is only sparse effort present toward a comprehensive framework/strategy for making power rapidly viable with an emphasis on sustained grid ancillary services; which is the focus of this proposal. The proposed concept envisions four phases. In the first phase, when a large portion of power is disrupted (see Figure 1(a)), emphasis is on bringing CI online with the objective of maximizing the time horizon of power viability using resources available at the CI. In the second phase (Figure 1(b)), neighborhood resources are tightly coordinated that forms the CI’s central-core (CC) to provide guaranteed viability of CI over a longer horizon. In the third phase, self-organizing power networks are expanded in a distributed layer supporting the central-core (Figure 1(c)). In the fourth phase, separate CI-networks coalesce and are controlled in a coordinated fashion to provide grid ancillary services (AS), such as primary frequency control and enhancing grid resiliency. With time, system efficiencies and penetration of renewables increase, while the time-horizon of guaranteed sustenance of CI is maximized. Under proposed work, the concept will be instantiated with a focus on medical centers as CI. Comprehensive power hardware in the loop strategies and emulated field tests will guide and validate devised solutions. A strong T2M effort to commercialize resulting technology is outlined. The proposed technology will be transformative for the grid. It will fundamentally change the way large contingencies are managed where power systems and critical infrastructure transition from being fragile to being robust using intelligent, self-organizing control for coordinating resources, enhanced resiliency and use of sustainable energy sources.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2000

A New High Efficiency Segmented Thermoelectric Unicouple

To achieve high thermal-to-electric energy conversion efficiency, it is desirable to operate thermoelectric generator devices over large temperature gradients and also to maximize the thermoelectric performance of the materials used to build the devices. However, no single thermoelectric material is suitable for use over a very wide range of temperatures (approx. 300 - 1000 K). It is therefore necessary to use different materials in each temperature range where they possess optimum performance. This can be achieved in two ways: 1) multistage thermoelectric generators where each stage operates over a fixed temperature difference and is electrically insulated but thermally in contact with the other stages and 2) segmented generators where the p- and n-legs are formed of different segments joined in series. The concept of integrating new thermoelectric materials developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) into a segmented thermoelectric generator has been presented in detail in earlier publications . This new generator is expected to operate over a 300-973 K temperature difference and will use novel segmented legs based on a combination of state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials and novel p-type Zn4Sb3, p-type CeFe4Sb12-based alloys and n-type CoSb3-based alloys. An increase in the conversion efficiency of about 60% is expected compared to conventional Bi2Te3- and PbTe-based generators. We present in this paper the latest experimental results from the bonding studies between the different segments of the p-legs, n-legs, and p-leg to n-leg interconnect. Evaluation of the bond quality was done by measuring the contact resistance across the joints as well as by detailed microstructure investigations to reveal any potential interdiffusion. Among the materials investigated as inter-layers between the different segments of the legs, Pd-Ag joining alloys have been found to provide mechanically stable and low electrical resistance bonds.

Caillat, T.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis of Superadiabatic Matrix-Stabilized Combustion for Gas Turbine Engines

In aircraft propulsion as well as stationary power generation, gas turbine engines remain a key energy conversion technology due to their high thermal efficiencies and low emissions. However, as emission requirements become increasingly stringent, engine manufacturers have sought to design combustion systems that operate near the fuel-lean limit of flammability. In this study, superadiabatic matrix-stabilized combustion, also known as porous media combustion, is evaluated as an advanced combustion concept for extending the lean flammability limit to achieve improved efficiency and emissions. To this end, a Brayton cycle analysis is developed and key parameters of the porous matrix are identified for maximizing the extension of the lean flammability limit. It is shown that stabilization of combustion below the nominal lean flammability limit allows for the design of engines with significantly higher pressure ratios and lower dilution ratios without increasing turbine inlet temperatures, thus improving cycle thermal efficiency. Combustor flammability limits were shown to be extendable by up to 32% when employing matrix-stabilized combustion, resulting in thermal efficiency gains of up to 11% compared to a nominal design.

Superadiabatic combustion↗
DOE OSTI2019

Thermal desalination via supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle: Optimal system design and techno-economic analysis without reduction in cycle efficiency

The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) Brayton cycle is an upcoming power cycle potentially providing higher energy efficiency and more compact turbomachinery compared to traditionally used Brayton and Rankine cycles. The heat rejected from the sCO 2 Brayton cycle is quite hot (>70 degrees C) and must be cooled before flowing back to the compressor. However, this heat is ideal for producing fresh water with a thermal desalination system. This paper focuses on integrating multi-effect distillation (MED) with the sCO 2 stream exiting the recuperator. A new methodology for integration of MED with the sCO 2 Brayton cycle is proposed for simultaneous production of power and fresh water. The distillate produced does not affect the sCO 2 cycle efficiency, i.e., distillate is produced without being a parasitic load to the power plant compared to conventional integration of MED with steam Rankine cycle. To maximize the energy recovery from the waste heat stream exiting the sCO 2 cycle, a new methodology is formulated and discussed in the Appendix. Integration of MED with a 115 MW e sCO 2 power plant (49.2% efficient) produces 2813 m3/day of distillate and the cost of distilled water is 1.1 $/m 3 . Further, to enhance the distillate production, an innovative MED configuration is proposed, and for the same cycle operating condition with an electrical output 115 MW e , the net distillate production increases by 59% to 4472 m 3 /day at 1 $/m 3 . The cost of desalinated water for the integrated system is 17.8% lower than that of a standalone reverse-osmosis plant having the same capacity. Parametric analysis is performed to calculate the optimal design parameters for the integrated MED-sCO 2 system.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2006

Imagine Moving Off the Planet

Moving off the planet will be a defining moment of this century as landing on the Moon was in the last. For that to happen for humans to go where humans cannot go-- simulation is the sole solution. NASA supports simulation for life-cycle activities: design, analysis, test, checkout, operations, review and training. We contemplate time spans of a century and more, teams dispersed to different planets and the need for systems that endure or adapt as missions, teams and technology change. Without imagination such goals are impossible. But with imagination we can go outside our present perception of reality to think about and take action on what has been, is and, especially, what might be. Consciously maturing an imagined, possibly workable, idea through framing it to optimization to design, and building the product provides us with a new approach to innovation and simulation fidelity. We address options, analyze, test and make improvements in how we think and work. Each step includes increasingly exact information about costs, schedule, who will be needed, where, when and how. NASA i integrating such thinking into its Exploration Product Realization Hierarchy for simulation and analysis, test and verification, and stimulus response goals. Technically NASA follows a timeline of studies, analysis, definition, design, development and operations with concurrent documentation. We have matched this Product Realization Hierarchy with a continuum from image to realization that incorporates commitment, current and needed research and communication to ensure superior and creative problem solving as well as advances in simulation. One result is a new approach to collaborative systems. Another is a distributed observer network prototyped using game engine technology bringing advanced 3-D simulation of a simulation to the desktop enabling people to develop shared consensus of its meaning. Much of the value of simulation comes from developing in people their ability to make good decisions and reflexes supporting impressive achievement. Synthesizing imagination systematically into our work - and thus our success - is a challenge. NASA engineers have inventive minds, and the task is determining how best to enable them to devise the simulation and other innovations that will make a story so clear and so intellectually sound that people can carry out the mission for 50-100 years. This demands skills and knowledge traditionally under-respected and under-represented in technology organizations. But we are beginning to see that the process encourages efficiency and enables us to attain more effective results. We have to elicit imaginative, intelligent and effective ways to make better use than ever of the minds we have and will have available. We have to accept the challenge to accomplish tasks among dispersed interdisciplinary teams who must overcome changing priorities and technology, time and distance in order to maximize interactivity and innovation as never before. Attention to the process of innovation is a practical means to increase the efficiency of our intelligence. We have an obligation to reexamine and improve the process by which we approach and exercise innovation as we accept the charge to move off the planet.

Elfrey, Priscilla R.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Multimodal Event Detection in Twitter Hashtag Networks

In this study, event detection in a multimodal Twitter dataset is considered. We treat the hashtags in the dataset as instances with two modes: text and geolocation features. The text feature consists of a bag-of-words representation. The geolocation feature consists of geotags (i.e., geographical coordinates) of the tweets. Fusing the multimodal data we aim to detect, in terms of topic and geolocation, the interesting events and the associated hashtags. To this end, a generative latent variable model is assumed, and a generalized expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is derived to learn the model parameters. The proposed method is computationally efficient, and lends itself to big datasets. Lastly, experimental results on a Twitter dataset from August 2014 show the efficacy of the proposed method.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Contribution of Metal-Organic-Heat Carrier nanoparticles in a R245fa low-grade heat recovery Organic Rankine Cycle

This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the applications of an innovative nanofluid – suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid- in the ORC field, based on a new class of nanoparticles – termed Metal-Organic Heat Carriers (MOHCs) – molecularly engineered to reversibly uptake and release the working fluid molecules in which they are suspended. Unlike standard nanoparticles (i.e. Al2O3, Al, …), these MOHCs make it possible to extract additional heat from the endothermic enthalpy of desorption which can be as much as twice the level of the latent heat of vaporization of the pure fluid phase alone. The paper illustrates the development of a numerical model for assessing the MOHC-based nanofluid gain in ORC systems. More specifically, the possible combination of the base fluid R245fa with the nanoparticle MIL101, a robust Metal Organic Heat Carrier, was considered. To properly model the reversible adsorption/desorption process, experimental analyses were carried out to study the uptake of the R245fa in MIL101 at different operating conditions and departing from the experimental results, proper semi-empirical correlations were defined and adopted within the numerical model. The resulting performance of the MIL101/R245fa were compared with those of pure organic fluids, whose cycle was optimized in order to maximize the area-to-power ratio. Promising results were achieved in terms of system efficiency increase and heat exchanger area reduction.

Cavazzini, Giovanna↗
DOE OSTI2021

Continuous Liquid–Liquid Extraction and in-Situ Membrane Separation of Miscible Liquid Mixtures

Separation operations are critical across a wide variety of manufacturing industries and account for about one quarter of all in-plant energy consumption in the United States. Conventional liquid-liquid separation operations require either thermal or chemical treatment, both of which have a large environmental impact and carbon footprint. Consequently, there is a great need to develop sustainable, clean methodologies for separation of miscible liquid mixtures. The greatest opportunities to achieve this lie in replacing high-energy separation operations (e.g., distillation) with low-energy alternatives such as liquid-liquid extraction. One of the primary design challenges in liquid-liquid extraction is to maximize the interfacial area between two immiscible (e.g., polar and non-polar) liquids for efficient mass transfer. However, this often involves energy-intensive methods including ultrasonication, pumping the feed and the extractant through packed columns with high tortuosity, or using a supercritical fluid as an extractant. Emulsifying the feed and the extractant, especially with a surfactant, offers a large interfacial area, but subsequent separation of emulsions can be energy-intensive and expensive. Thus, emulsions are typically avoided in conventional extraction operations. Herein, we discuss a novel, easily scalable, platform separation methodology termed CLEANS (Continuous Liquid-liquid Extraction And iN-situ membrane Separation). CLEANS integrates emulsion-enhanced extraction with continuous, gravity-driven, membrane-based separation of emulsions into a single unit operation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the addition of a surfactant and emulsification significantly enhance extraction (by > 250% in certain cases), even for systems where the best extractants for miscible liquid mixtures are known. Utilizing the CLEANS methodology, we demonstrate continuous separation of a wide range of miscible liquid mixtures, including soluble organic molecules from oils, alcohols from esters, and even azeotropes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Discovery of hybrid chemical synthesis pathways with DORAnet

Developing efficient tools for discovering novel synthesis pathways is essential to advance chemical production methods that maximize the use of resources and energy. We introduce DORAnet (Designing Optimal Reaction Avenues Network Enumeration Tool), an open-source computational framework that addresses key limitations in current computer-aided synthesis planning (CASP) tools. DORAnet integrates both chemical/chemocatalytic (i.e., non-enzymatic) and enzymatic transformations, enabling the discovery of hybrid synthesis pathways. With 390 expert-curated chemical/chemocatalytic reaction rules and 3606 enzymatic rules derived from MetaCyc, it provides extensive flexibility for synthetic chemists and biotechnologists. The framework features customizable network expansion strategies, advanced filtering, and pathway search, ranking, and visualization tools. Validated against known reaction data, DORAnet successfully identified both established and novel synthesis routes for key industrial chemicals. In a case study involving 51 high-volume targets, DORAnet frequently ranked known commercial pathways among the top three results, demonstrating its practical relevance and ranking accuracy, while also uncovering numerous alternative (hybrid) synthesis pathways that were highly ranked.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Solid state photon upconversion utilizing thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules as triplet sensitizer

The ability to upconvert light is useful for a range of applications, from biological imaging to solar cells. But modern technologies have struggled to upconvert incoherent incident light at low intensities. Here, we report solid state photon upconversion employing triplet-triplet exciton annihilation in an organic semiconductor, sensitized by a thermally activated-delayed fluorescence (TADF) dye. Compared to conventional phosphorescent sensitizers, the TADF dye maximizes the wavelength shift in upconversion due to its small singlet-triplet splitting. The efficiency of energy transfer from the TADF dye is 9.1%, and the conversion yield of sensitizer exciton pairs to singlet excitons in the annihilator is 1.1%. Our results demonstrate upconversion in solid state geometries and with non-heavy metal-based sensitizer materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Concept Design for a High Temperature Helium Brayton Cycle with Interstage Heating and Cooling

The primary metric for the viability of these next generation nuclear power plants will be the cost of generated electricity. One important component in achieving these objectives is the development of power conversion technologies that maximize the electrical power output of these advanced reactors for a given thermal power. More efficient power conversion systems can directly reduce the cost of nuclear generated electricity and therefore advanced power conversion cycle research is an important area of investigation for the Generation IV Program. Brayton cycles using inert or other gas working fluids, have the potential to take advantage of the higher outlet temperature range of Generation IV systems and allow substantial increases in nuclear power conversion efficiency, and potentially reductions in power conversion system capital costs compared to the steam Rankine cycle used in current light water reactors. For the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR), Helium Brayton cycles which can operate in the 900 to 950 C range have been the focus of power conversion research. Previous Generation IV studies examined several options for He Brayton cycles that could increase efficiency with acceptable capital cost implications. At these high outlet temperatures, Interstage Heating and Cooling (IHC) was shown to provide significant efficiency improvement (a few to 12%) but required increased system complexity and therefore had potential for increased costs. These scoping studies identified the potential for increased efficiency, but a more detailed analysis of the turbomachinery and heat exchanger sizes and costs was needed to determine whether this approach could be cost effective. The purpose of this study is to examine the turbomachinery and heat exchanger implications of interstage heating and cooling configurations. In general, this analysis illustrates that these engineering considerations introduce new constraints to the design of IHC systems that may require different power conversion configurations to take advantage of the possible efficiency improvement. Very high efficiency gains can be achieved with the IHC approach, but this can require large low pressure turbomachinery or heat exchanger components, whose cost may mitigate the efficiency gain. One stage of interstage cooling is almost always cost effective, but careful optimization of system characteristics is needed for more complex configurations. This report summarizes the primary factors that must be considered in evaluating this approach to more efficient cycles, and the results of the engineering analysis performed to explore these options for Generation IV high temperature reactors.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
NASA NTRS1975

The long term energy problem and aeronautics

The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.

Rudey, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Aerodynamic preliminary analysis system 2. Part 2: User's manuals

An aerodynamic analysis system based on potential theory at subsonic/supersonic speeds and impact type finite element solutions at hypersonic conditions is described. Three dimensional configurations having multiple nonplanar surfaces of arbitrary planform and bodies of noncircular contour may be analyzed. Static, rotary, and control longitudinal and lateral directional chracteristics may be generated. The analysis has been implemented on a time sharing system in conjunction with an input tablet digitizer and an interactive graphics input/output display and editing terminal to maximize its responsiveness to the preliminary analysis problem. Typical simulation indicates that program provides an efficient analysis for systematically performing various aerodynamic configuration tradeoff and evaluation studies.

Divan, P.↗