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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,243 records · Page 69
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Performance of an RPM based on Gd-lined plastic scintillator for neutron and gamma detection [ANIMMA--2015-IO-372]

A Radiation Portal Monitor (RPM) was developed by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Ansaldo Nucleare (ANN) within the FP7 SCINTILLA European project. The system was designed to detect both gamma and neutron radiation with a single technology. It is conceived to monitor vehicle and cargo containers in transits across borders or ports, to find radioactive elements and to avoid illegal trafficking of strategic nuclear materials. The system is based on a {sup 3}He-free neutron detection technology using plastic scintillators coupled to Gadolinium to detect and discriminate gamma from neutron signals. During the 3 years of the SCINTILLA project the construction and test of the first two prototypes drove the definition of the final layout of a full RPM system consisting of two twin pillars as a portal for vehicle and cargo container scan. A custom System Control Software (SCS) manages the electronics of the RPM, the ancillary devices and the data analysis. The combination of the detector layout and of the software functionalities enables both to distinguish neutrons and gammas and to identify the energy range of a detected gamma source. The system was initially characterized via static tests with gamma and neutron sources in the INFN laboratory. These measurements were used to calibrate the detector, evaluate the response of the single pillars as well as of the full system, and optimize the RPM configuration and discrimination algorithm. During this phase, specific tests were performed to study the stability over time of the system, monitoring the measured the neutron and gamma count rates over periods of several weeks. The results allow us to demonstrate the reliability and robustness of the RPM. In a second time the RPM performance was studied via dynamic tests performed during the SCINTILLA test and benchmark campaigns. These measurements took place in the JRC ITRAP+10 facility at Ispra (Varese-Italy). The laboratory is equipped with an experimental set-up for dynamic tests of multiple systems according to international standards. The performed measurements utilized radioactive sources with activities selected according to ANSI and IEC standards to test the detector alarm performances in terms of gamma and neutron response, sensitivity to high gamma fields, sensitivity to moderated neutron sources as well as false alarm rates (FAR). In addition, the RPM was tested in challenging configurations exceeding the requirements set by international standards to determine the real limits of the system. The results obtained during these campaigns demonstrated that the system detection efficiency is not only compliant to international standards for its category, but often exceeds them, demonstrating the validity of the chosen technology and of the implemented layout. The positive performance also showed the effectiveness of the SCS and of its functionalities. To further demonstrate the system capabilities, a test in a real-life environment of the RPM is planned to happen in a near future by installing the detectors in a seaport. In this presentation I will give an overview of the RPM characteristics, of its performances as determined in the test campaign mentioned above and of future plans, to demonstrate how this technology can be an effective choice for the realization of {sup 3}He-free RPM detectors. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Current status on plastic scintillators modifications

Recent developments of plastic scintillators are reviewed, from 2000 to March 2015. All examples are distributed into the main purpose, i.e. the nature of the radionuclide provided with the scope of detection of various radiation particles. The main characteristics of these newly created scintillators and their detection properties are given. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Off-fault deformations and shallow slip deficit from dynamic rupture simulations with fault zone plasticity

Kinematic source inversions of major (M≥7) strike-slip earthquakes show that the slip at depth exceeds surface displacements measured in the field, and it has been suggested that this shallow slip deficit (SSD) is caused by distributed plastic deformation near the surface. We perform dynamic rupture simulations of M 7.2–7.4 earthquakes in elastoplastic media and analyze the sensitivity of SSD and off-fault deformation (OFD) to rock quality parameters. While linear simulations clearly underpredict observed SSD and OFDs, nonlinear simulations for a moderately fractured fault damage zone predict a SSD of 44–53% and OFDs of 39–48%, consistent with the 30–60% SSD and 46 ± 10% (1σ) OFD reported for the 1992 M 7.3 Landers earthquake. Finally, both SSD and OFDs are sensitive to the quality of the fractured rock mass inside the fault damage zone, and surface rupture is almost entirely suppressed in poor quality material.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Upcycling Polynorbornene Derivatives into Chemically Recyclable Multiblock Linear and Thermoset Plastics

Synthetic polymers have found widespread use, but their ineffective end-of-life treatment is causing a significant environmental and human health crisis. Here, we demonstrate the upcycling of polynorbornene derivatives (pNBEs) through their deconstruction into distinct oligomeric buildings blocks that can be repolymerized into chemically recyclable pNBEs-like multiblock polymers via dehydrogenative polymerization. The resulting materials exhibit diverse mechanical properties, while integrating high melting temperatures (T m as high as 133 °C). Notably, this method could also enable the selective deconstruction of permanently cross-linked polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) thermosets into telechelic-OH functionalized oligomers, overcoming the significant challenges posed by their robust network structure in recycling and degradation. The resulting pDCPD oligomers can subsequently be repolymerized with macrodiols to create multiblock thermosets with tunable mechanical properties, including Young's modulus and tensile elongation. After use, upcycled plastics could be effectively deconstructed back to the oligomers for recovery and repolymerization. Overall, this work establishes an approach that can be utilized to upcycle pNBEs into previously inaccessible multiblock thermosets and thermoplastics with full recyclability, and may be generalizable to a range of polymers to shift their end-of-life waste disposal toward sustainable recovery and reuse.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Laser machined plastic laminates. Towards portable diagnostic devices for use in low resource environments

Despite significant progress in development of bioanalytical devices cost, complexity, access to reagents and lack of infrastructure have prevented use of these technologies in resource-limited regions. To provide a sustainable tool in the global effort to combat infectious diseases the diagnostic device must be low cost, simple to operate and read, robust, and have sensitivity and specificity comparable to laboratory analysis. Thus, in this mini-review we describe recent work using laser machined plastic laminates to produce diagnostic devices that are capable of a wide variety of bioanalytical measurements and show great promise towards future use in low-resource environments.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Review of the Effects of Polymer Binder Properties on Microstructure and Irreversible Volume Growth of Plastic Bonded Explosives Formulations

The rational design of effective polymeric binders for the formulation of plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) is challenging due to their inherent compositional complexity. The composites comprise irregularly shaped energetic material (EM) powders coated with low weight fractions of polymer via non-equilibrium processes such as slurry coating. Defects can deleteriously affect PBX stability and performance: nano- to micrometer-scale voids can act as loci for hot spots, lowering deflagration and detonation temperatures in unpredictable ways. Furthermore, some nominally desirable polymer properties are at odds with each other: e. g. good flow characteristics are desirable for coating and adhesion, but mechanical stiffness is needed to prevent deformation and cracking of PBX under mechanical stress. Good binder adhesion is critical, but the best means to predict and measure adhesion in PBX is not obvious. Experimental methods of determining binder adhesion on model surfaces may not capture polymer structural configurations relevant to deposition during coating. Molecular dynamics-based computational models have predicted key observables in PBX formulation, suggesting that they may be powerful tools for binder selection. In this review, primarily recent (~2006 and later) literature on polymeric binders for insensitive HE (IHE) is surveyed. We focus on how binder properties influence observable PBX properties as resistance to irreversible volume growth and void formation in PBX formulations mainly (but not exclusively) featuring 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) as the EM (e. g. PBX 9502, LX-17 and others). Conclusions from these studies yield useful guidelines for choosing HE binder candidates, as well as for the general design of highly-filled polymer composite materials. Finally, studies describing challenges in PBX formulation with the newer and more energetically dense high explosive, LLM-105, will be discussed.

adhesion↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ultrasound Characterization of Plastic Bonded Explosives With Varied Binder Content and Density

Advanced explosive formulations and methods of production require rapid characterization for both processes and materials. Here, we present results for ultrasound characterization of a plastic bonded explosive (PBX) formulation as a function of binder weight percent and pressing density using through-transmission sound speed measurements. The explosive in this study was composed of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) combined with the fluoropolymer binder Kynar Ultraflex B. Binder content ranged from 2.6 wt.% to 11.5 wt.% with associated explosive formulation densities from 1.69 g/cc to 1.89 g/cc. We find linear and nonlinear changes in longitudinal and shear sound speeds, peak frequencies, and measured elastic properties for the different PBX formulations. These measured changes can differentiate the tested formulations, highlighting the potential for ultrasound as a nondestructive characterization method for newly-formulated PBXs. We also demonstrate through-transmission measurements using different coupling media and present results from an ultrasound technique called resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). Both transmission and RUS approaches may allow for rapid and even automated characterization of PBX components suitable for high-throughput manufacturing operations.

Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2024

Understanding the stability of a plastic‐degrading Rieske iron oxidoreductase system

Abstract Rieske oxygenases (ROs) are a diverse metalloenzyme class with growing potential in bioconversion and synthetic applications. We postulated that ROs are nonetheless underutilized because they are unstable. Terephthalate dioxygenase (TPA DO PDB ID 7Q05 ) is a structurally characterized heterohexameric α 3 β 3 RO that, with its cognate reductase (TPA RED ), catalyzes the first intracellular step of bacterial polyethylene terephthalate plastic bioconversion. Here, we showed that the heterologously expressed TPA DO /TPA RED system exhibits only ~300 total turnovers at its optimal pH and temperature. We investigated the thermal stability of the system and the unfolding pathway of TPA DO through a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches. The system's activity is thermally limited by a melting temperature ( T m ) of 39.9°C for the monomeric TPA RED , while the independent T m of TPA DO is 50.8°C. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a two‐step thermal decomposition pathway for TPA DO with T m values of 47.6 and 58.0°C (Δ H = 210 and 509 kcal mol −1 , respectively) for each step. Temperature‐dependent small‐angle x‐ray scattering and dynamic light scattering both detected heat‐induced dissociation of TPA DO subunits at 53.8°C, followed by higher‐temperature loss of tertiary structure that coincided with protein aggregation. The computed enthalpies of dissociation for the monomer interfaces were most congruent with a decomposition pathway initiated by β‐β interface dissociation, a pattern predicted to be widespread in ROs. As a strategy for enhancing TPA DO stability, we propose prioritizing the re‐engineering of the β subunit interfaces, with subsequent targeted improvements of the subunits.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

An algorithm for continuum modeling of rocks with multiple embedded nonlinearly-compliant joints [Continuum modeling of elasto-plastic media with multiple embedded nonlinearly-compliant joints]

Here, we present a numerical method for modeling the mechanical effects of nonlinearly-compliant joints in elasto-plastic media. The method uses a series of strain-rate and stress update algorithms to determine joint closure, slip, and solid stress within computational cells containing multiple “embedded” joints. This work facilitates efficient modeling of nonlinear wave propagation in large spatial domains containing a large number of joints that affect bulk mechanical properties. We implement the method within the massively parallel Lagrangian code GEODYN-L and provide verification and examples. We highlight the ability of our algorithms to capture joint interactions and multiple weakness planes within individual computational cells, as well as its computational efficiency. We also discuss the motivation for developing the proposed technique: to simulate large-scale wave propagation during the Source Physics Experiments (SPE), a series of underground explosions conducted at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

An asynchronous parallel high-throughput model calibration framework for crystal plasticity finite element constitutive models

Crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM) is a powerful numerical simulation in the integrated computational materials engineering toolboxes that relates microstructures to homogenized materials properties and establishes the structure–property linkages in computational materials science. However, to establish the predictive capability, one needs to calibrate the underlying constitutive model, verify the solution and validate the model prediction against experimental data. Bayesian optimization (BO) has stood out as a gradient-free efficient global optimization algorithm that is capable of calibrating constitutive models for CPFEM. Here in this paper, we apply a recently developed asynchronous parallel constrained BO algorithm to calibrate phenomenological constitutive models for stainless steel 304 L, Tantalum, and Cantor high-entropy alloy.

304L stainless steel↗
DOE OSTI2017

Properties of Veneered Flat Pressed Wood Plastic Composites by One-Step Process Pressing

The aim of this study was to develop, manufacture and determine properties of veneer overlaid flat pressed wood plastic composite (WPC) panels from recycled low density polyethylene (rLDPE), wood particles and different kinds of veneer (rotary-cut birch veneer and sliced oak veneer) using various adhesives by one-step hot pressing. Food packaging polyethylene film (PE film) as recycled stretch wraps, recycled low density polyethylene (rLDPE) particles and phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin were applied as adhesive for the bonding of veneer to the surface of WPC. No modification additives were used for the manufacture of WPC. It was found that compared with non-veneered WPC, the panels sandwiched with natural veneers greatly improved their properties. The bending strength was improved in 1.9–2.6 and 7.9–10 times across and along veneer fibers respectively for both types of investigated veneer. The highest values of bending strength were observed in WPC panels veneered with rotary-cut birch veneer. However, the water resistance of veneered WPC panels was reduced in comparison with non-veneered. The WPC specimens veneered with both types of veneer using PE film had better mechanical properties and water resistance than those of the specimens made with other two types of adhesives. The veneering of WPC panels enables to significantly improve adhesion properties of these veneered surfaces for their further finishing. In addition, the veneering of WPC panels hides the surface defects and provides a uniform application of different paints, varnishes and films to the surface of such materials. Overlaying WPC panels with wood veneers improves their appearance and properties resulting in eco-friendly value-added products.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effects of Compatibilizer and Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Concentration on Morphological, Rheological, Tensile, Thermal and Moisture Sorption Properties of Plasticized Polylactic Acid/TPS Blends

The blends of polylactic acid plasticized with acetyl tributyl citrate (P-PLA) and thermoplastic wheat starch (TPS) were prepared by a co-rotating twin screw extruder and the effect of maleic anhydride grafted PLA (PLA-g-MA) content as reactive compatibilizer on blends compatibility through morphological, rheological and tensile properties of the blends was investigated. Considerable improvement in properties of P-PLA/TPS (70/30 w/w) blend with incorporating the optimum PLA-g-MA content of 4 phr was achieved as this blend exhibited better morphological and rheological properties with an increase by 158 and 276% in tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively, compared to the uncompatibilized blend. Also the thermal stability and moisture sorption properties of the blends as effected by TPS content were studied. Decreasing in thermal stability and increasing in equilibrium moisture content of the blends were observed with progressively increasing of TPS content. For prediction the moisture sorption behaviour of blends with various TPS contents at different relative humidity, the moisture sorption isotherm data were modeled by GAB (Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer) model.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Gelatin/Gelatinized Sago Starch Biomembranes as a Drug Delivery System Using Rubber Latex as Plasticizer

Preparation and properties of gelatin and gelatin/gelatinized sago starch biomembranes as a drug delivery system are presented. Deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL) was chosen to blend as a plasticizer in biomembranes due to its elasticity. The opaque biomembranes were formed, and the effect of DNRL amounts (10–50 part per hundred of gelatin; phg) on mechanical properties of biomembranes was investigated. It was discovered that increasing the amounts of DNRL could decrease the brittleness of biomembranes. However, these DNRL blended biomembranes still swelled, dissolved in water, and eroded within 2 h. The 50 phg DNRL was further chosen for biomembrane preparations. Then, the 5–30 phg gelatinized sago starch which was prepared in-house was added. These gelatin/gelatinized sago starch biomembranes were homogenous and opaque. They portrayed good water uptake properties, and the highest values occurred in 20–30 min, then these biomembranes eroded slowly. Increasing the amounts of sago starch in biomembranes raised the water uptake rates but reduced the erosion properties. Biomembranes with and without starch blends showed the same tensile strengths. Their elongations at break increased when the amounts of starch were raised but still were lower than that of gelatin/DNRL biomembranes. The morphology, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, and X-ray diffractometer confirmed the compatibility of ingredients in biomembranes. Lidocaine and its hydrochloride salt were successfully incorporated in these biomembranes with good properties. The drug release and permeation of biomembrane showed good drug controlled release and were able to permeate through the pig skin.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Concentration-Dependent Transformation Plasticity Effect During Hydrogenation of Technically Pure Titanium Irradiated with an Electron Beam

Using the methods of X-ray diffraction analysis, the concentration-dependent transformation plasticity effect +TPE) is investigated during hydrogenation of the technically pure titanium (VT1-0) irradiated on one side with a low-energy high-current electron beam in a SOLO facility using three 50 μs pulses at the pulse repetition frequency 0.3 s{sup –1} and the beam energy density W = 18 J/cm{sup 2}. Its irradiation is performed in an argon atmosphere at the residual pressure 0.02 Pa. It is found out that the concentration-dependent TPE in the course of hydrogenation is due to the low stability state of the α-Ti crystal lattice formed in the specimen surface layer upon its e-beam irradiation. Relaxation of the elastic plane macrostresses occurs as a result of the development of concentration inhomogeneity of hydrogen or formation of α″-Ti and ω-Ti martensitic phases.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Crystal Plasticity Model Validation Using Combined High-Energy Diffraction Microscopy Data for a Ti-7Al Specimen

High-Energy Diffraction Microscopy (HEDM) is a 3-d x-ray characterization method that is uniquely suited to measuring the evolving micromechanical state and microstructure of polycrystalline materials during in situ processing. The near-field and far-field configurations provide complementary information; orientation maps computed from the near-field measurements provide grain morphologies, while the high angular resolution of the far-field measurements provide intergranular strain tensors. The ability to measure these data during deformation in situ makes HEDM an ideal tool for validating micro-mechanical deformation models that make their predictions at the scale of individual grains. Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Models (CPFEM) are one such class of micro-mechanical models. While there have been extensive studies validating homogenized CPFEM response at a macroscopic level, a lack of detailed data measured at the level of the microstructure has hindered more stringent model validation efforts. Here, we utilize an HEDM dataset from an alphatitanium alloy (Ti-7Al), collected at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, under in situ tensile deformation. The initial microstructure of the central slab of the gage section, measured via near-field HEDM, is used to inform a CPFEM model. The predicted intergranular stresses for 39 internal grains are then directly compared to data from 4 far-field measurements taken between ~4% and ~80% of the macroscopic yield strength. In conclusion, the intergranular stresses from the CPFEM model and far-field HEDM measurements up to incipient yield are shown to be in good agreement, and implications for application of such an integrated computational/experimental approach to phenomena such as fatigue and crack propagation is discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effect of Aluminum and Grain Size on the Fracture Behavior of Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels

The present study investigates the effect of Al and grain size on the notch sensitivity and fracture toughness of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. It is evident that the notch sensitivity and fracture toughness of TWIP steels can be improved by the addition of Al and grain refinement. Furthermore, the relatively low fracture toughness and high-notched sensitivity of coarse-grained TWIP steels can be explained by a quasi-cleavage fracture mechanism.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

A Novel Shim-Assisted Resistance Spot Welding Process to Improve Weldability of Medium-Mn Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steel

Medium-Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels have great potential to significantly reduce vehicle weight and improve fuel economy due to their outstanding combination of high strength and excellent ductility. One bottleneck to the application is their poor weldability resulting from their high Mn contents. In this paper, three resistance spot welding set-ups, including no shim, an interstitial-free steel shim at the faying interface (shim-in) and shims against the electrodes (shim-out), were incorporated to investigate the weldability of Fe-7Mn-0.14C medium-Mn steel. Tensile-shear, cross-tension, and microhardness tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the welds. Experimental results demonstrated that the failure mode of the welds transitioned from the interfacial fracture in the case of no shim to the desired nugget pull-out fracture in the shim-out set-up, resulting in dramatical improvements in both peak loads and their corresponding extensions during the tensile-shear and cross-tension tests. In contrast, the shim-in set-up made no improvement. What can contribute to such improvement was then discussed on the basis of observed morphologies and microstructures of welds.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

An EBSD Evaluation of the Microstructure of Crept Nimonic 101 for the Validation of a Polycrystal–Plasticity Model

Nimonic 101 is one of the early nickel-based superalloys developed for the use in gas turbines. In such environments, the material is exposed to a combination of both high temperatures and mechanical loads for a long duration. Hence, thermal creep is of the utmost concern as it often limits service life. This study focuses on creep tests, carried out on Nimonic 101 at different temperatures under a constant tensile load of 735 MPa. To characterize the microstructural evolution, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were employed before and after loading. At higher temperatures, a significant change of the microstructure was observed. The grains elongated and aligned their orientation along the load axis. In parallel, a crystal plasticity material model has been set up in the classical large deformation framework. Modeling results are compared to the acquired EBSD data.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗