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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Search for a diffuse flux of photons with energies above tens of PeV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Diffuse photons of energy above 0.1 PeV, produced through the interactions between cosmic rays and either interstellar matter or background radiation fields, are powerful tracers of the distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Furthermore, the measurement of a diffuse photon flux would be an important probe to test models of super-heavy dark matter decaying into gamma-rays. In this work, we search for a diffuse photon flux in the energy range between 50 PeV and 200 PeV using data from the Pierre Auger Observatory. For the first time, we combine the air-shower measurements from a 2 km 2 surface array consisting of 19 water-Cherenkov surface detectors, spaced at 433 m, with the muon measurements from an array of buried scintillators placed in the same area. Using 15 months of data, collected while the array was still under construction, we derive upper limits to the integral photon flux ranging from 13.3 to 13.8 km -2 sr -1 yr -1 above tens of PeV. We extend the Pierre Auger Observatory photon search program towards lower energies, covering more than three decades of cosmic-ray energy. This work lays the foundation for future diffuse photon searches: with the data from the next 10 years of operation of the Observatory, this limit is expected to improve by a factor of ∼20.

cosmic rays detectors↗
DOE OSTI2024

Architecture of TOI-561 planetary system

ABSTRACT We present new observations from CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite) and TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) to clarify the architecture of the planetary system hosted by the old Galactic thick disc star TOI-561. Our global analysis, which also includes previously published photometric and radial velocity data, incontrovertibly proves that TOI-561 is hosting at least four transiting planets with periods of 0.44 d (TOI-561 b), 10.8 d (TOI-561 c), 25.7 d (TOI-561 d), and 77.1 d (TOI-561 e) and a fifth non-transiting candidate, TOI-561f with a period of 433 d. The precise characterization of TOI-561’s orbital architecture is interesting since old and metal-poor thick disc stars are less likely to host ultrashort-period super-Earths like TOI-561 b. The new period of planet -e is consistent with the value obtained using radial velocity alone and is now known to be $77.14399\pm 0.00025$ d, thanks to the new CHEOPS and TESS transits. The new data allowed us to improve its radius ($R_p = 2.517 \pm 0.045\,\mathrm{ R}_{\rm{\oplus }}$ from 5 per cent to 2 per cent precision) and mass ($M_p = 12.4 \pm 1.4\, \mathrm{ M}_{\rm{\oplus }}$) estimates, implying a density of $\rho _p = 0.778 \pm 0.097\, \rho _{\rm{\oplus }}$. Thanks to recent TESS observations and the focused CHEOPS visit of the transit of TOI-561 e, a good candidate for exomoon searches, the planet’s period is finally constrained, allowing us to predict transit times through 2030 with 20-min accuracy. We present an updated version of the internal structure of the four transiting planets. We finally performed a detailed stability analysis, which confirmed the long-term stability of the outer planet TOI-561 f.

Piotto, G. (ORCID:0000000299376387)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Critical-Element-Free Permanent-Magnet Materials Based on Ce 2 Fe 14 B

Developing a critical-element-free low-cost permanent magnet is an urgent necessity in view of rapidly developing technologies and the associated huge market demand for Nd 2 Fe 14 B-based magnets. Here, inspired by the abundant and low-cost nature of Ce and these high-performance Nd 2 Fe 14 B permanent magnets, we explore whether it is in fact possible to attain a useful performance in alloys based on the sister material Ce 2 Fe 14 B, employing both experimental and theoretical efforts. Experimentally, we study Ce 2 Fe 14 B with Co, La, and Zr substitutions. The Zr substitution is explored in view of Zr’s frequent role in enhancing magnetic anisotropy in permanent magnets, while the Co and La substitutions serve to remedy the too-low Curie point of 433 K in the base alloy. While we find no Zr-related anisotropy enhancement either experimentally or theoretically, the cosubstitution of La and Co indeed improves the Curie temperature as well as the magnetization, M s , with a potential energy product as high as 38 MG Oe. These properties together suggest optimization of the alloy LaCeFe 12.7 Co 1.3 B (with only 7 wt % cobalt) as a critical-element-free permanent magnet. While the substituted elements do not enhance magnetic anisotropy, from theory, we find a substantial increase, to a first anisotropy constant, K1, as high as 4.24 MJ/m 3 , associated with Bi substitution for Ce. In this paper, our experimental and theoretical results demonstrate the great potential of La, Co, and Bi substitutions in developing low-cost and critical-element-free Ce 2 Fe 14 B-based permanent magnets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

resbos2 and the CDF W mass measurement

The recent collider detector at fermilab (CDF) W mass measurement of 80 , 433 ± 9 MeV is the most precise direct measurement. However, this result deviates from the Standard Model predicted mass of 80 , 359.1 ± 5.2 MeV by 7 σ . The CDF experiment used an older version of the esos code that was only accurate at NNLL + NLO , while the esos2 code is able to make predictions at N 3 LL + NNLO accuracy. We determine that the data-driven techniques used by CDF capture most of the higher order corrections, and using higher order corrections would have an impact on the CDF result in total at the 10 MeV level. Additionally, we investigate the effects from handling the width of the W boson on the mass, PDF correlations, and scale uncertainties. We find that these contributions are consistent with those obtained by CDF. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Loop Antennas for Use On/Off Ground Planes

Many applications benefit from the ability of an RFID tag to operate both on and off a conducting ground plane. This paper presents an electrically small loop antenna at 433 MHz that passively maintains its free-space tune and match when located a certain distance away from a large conducting ground plane. The design achieves this using a single radiation mechanism (that of a loop) in both environments without the use of a ground plane or EBG/AMC structure. An equivalent circuit model is developed that explains the dual-environment behavior and shows that the geometry balances inductive and capacitive parasitics introduced by the ground plane such that the free-space loop reactance, and thus resonant frequency, does not change. A design equation for balancing the inductive and capacitive parasitic effects is derived. Finally, experimental data showing the design eliminates ground plane detuning in practice is presented. The design is suitable for active, “hard” RFID tag applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transformation and gene editing in the bioenergy grass Miscanthus

Miscanthus, a C4 member of Poaceae, is a promising perennial crop for bioenergy, renewable bioproducts, and carbon sequestration. Species of interest include nothospecies M. x giganteus and its parental species M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis. Use of biotechnology-based procedures to genetically improve Miscanthus, to date, have only included plant transformation procedures for introduction of exogenous genes into the host genome at random, non-targeted sites. We developed gene editing procedures for Miscanthus using CRISPR/Cas9 that enabled the mutation of a specific (targeted) endogenous gene to knock out its function. Classified as paleo-allopolyploids (duplicated ancient Sorghum-like DNA plus chromosome fusion event), design of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for Miscanthus needed to target both homeologs and their alleles to account for functional redundancy. Prior research in Zea mays demonstrated that editing the lemon white1 (lw1) gene, involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, via CRISPR/Cas9 yielded pale green/yellow, striped or white leaf phenotypes making lw1 a promising target for visual confirmation of editing in other species. Using sequence information from both Miscanthus and sorghum, orthologs of maize lw1 were identified; a multi-step screening approach was used to select three gRNAs that could target homeologs of lw1. Embryogenic calli of M. sacchariflorus, M. sinensis and M. x giganteus were transformed via particle bombardment (biolistics) or Agrobacterium tumefaciens introducing the Cas9 gene and three gRNAs to edit lw1. Leaves on edited Miscanthus plants displayed the same phenotypes noted in maize. Sanger sequencing confirmed editing; deletions in lw1 ranged from 1 to 26 bp in length, and one deletion (433 bp) encompassed two target sites. Confocal microscopy verified lack of autofluorescence (chlorophyll) in edited leaves/sectors. We developed procedures for gene editing via CRISPR/Cas9 in Miscanthus and, to the best of our knowledge, are the first to do so. This included five genotypes representing three Miscanthus species. Designed gRNAs targeted all copies of lw1 (homeologous copies and their alleles); results also confirmed lw1 made a good editing target in species other than Z. mays. The ability to target specific loci to enable endogenous gene editing presents a new avenue for genetic improvement of this important biomass crop.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Using case-level context to classify cancer pathology reports

Individual electronic health records (EHRs) and clinical reports are often part of a larger sequence—for example, a single patient may generate multiple reports over the trajectory of a disease. In applications such as cancer pathology reports, it is necessary not only to extract information from individual reports, but also to capture aggregate information regarding the entire cancer case based off case-level context from all reports in the sequence. In this paper, we introduce a simple modular add-on for capturing case-level context that is designed to be compatible with most existing deep learning architectures for text classification on individual reports. We test our approach on a corpus of 431,433 cancer pathology reports, and we show that incorporating case-level context significantly boosts classification accuracy across six classification tasks—site, subsite, laterality, histology, behavior, and grade. We expect that with minimal modifications, our add-on can be applied towards a wide range of other clinical text-based tasks.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

2001 KIPDA Regional Household Travel Survey

The Kentuckiana Planning and Development Agency (KIPDA) conducted this four-month study from October 2000 through January 2001 to update regional travel demand models. The universe for the survey consisted of households in the five-county Louisville transportation planning study area, including Clark and Floyd counties in Indiana and Bullitt, Jefferson, and Oldham counties in Kentucky. Demographic variables and travel behavior characteristics were collected for 4,433 households in a 24-hour period. Of these, 4,113 were completed with households that were selected at random, and the remaining 320 were completed with representatives. The data from the survey only reflect travel by the selected residents of the five counties listed above and do not account for travel in the region by persons who were not residents of those five counties.

1Hz data↗
DOE OSTI2024

Post-Release Survivorship in a New Population of Blanding's Turtles Established Using Headstarted and Directly Released Turtles

Blanding’s Turtles are facing a variety of anthropogenic threats that decrease population viability. We initiated a project to establish a new population of Blanding’s Turtles on a National Wildlife Refuge in Massachusetts using hatchlings obtained from a nearby robust donor population. We released 440 head-started individuals and 401 directly-released hatchlings between 2007–2013 and conducted multiple years of post-release monitoring via aquatic trapping to estimate survival. Between 2014–2021 we released an additional 824 head-started and 433 directly-released individuals and conducted one year of aquatic trapping in 2021 to estimate population size. First year post-release survival of head-started turtles was six times that of directly-released hatchlings (0.72 vs. 0.12, respectively), but annual survival of both groups was 0.78–0.90 in subsequent years. Only 19% of turtles released at <60 mm carapace length (CL) were subsequently recaptured compared to 60% of those released at ≥60 mm CL, supporting 60 mm CL as a target minimum release size. The mean population estimates using two different study designs were 164 and 202, with 91 individuals encountered. Now that turtles released early in the project are approaching reproductive maturity, we recommend resampling and expanding trapping efforts to include more wetlands to assess long-term survival, abundance, and distribution of Blanding’s Turtles in this newly established population. Furthermore, our results, combined with other evaluations of head-starting across the species’ range, add credence to the use of head-starting as a population recovery tool for Blanding’s Turtles.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

LLNL Semiannual Wastewater Point Source Monitoring Report (July 2020)

In accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 403.12(e), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) submits a semiannual monitoring report regarding federally regulated wastewater generating processes (categorical processes) that discharge wastewater to the sanitary sewer system. Attachments A-2 and A-3 of the 2019-2020 Wastewater Discharge Permit #1250 granted to LLNL by the City of Livermore Water Resources Division (WRD) also mandate submission of this report. The LLNL Livermore Site is required to monitor identified electrical and electronic components processes (40 CFR Part 469) and metal finishing processes (40 CFR Part 433) semiannually and to submit monitoring reports in January and July of each year. Under authority delegated to enforce compliance with these regulations, the WRD reviews this report. This report provides information on the significant metal-finishing operations and electrical and electronic component operations located at the Livermore Site during the period from December 1, 2019 through May 31, 2020 and includes descriptions of the LLNL regulated (categorical) processes that discharge to the sanitary sewer. Attachments A-2 and A-3 of the 2019-2020 Wastewater Discharge Permit #1250 provide the list of categorical processes and the required self-monitoring program for point-source discharges at LLNL. The monitoring data collected for this report documents compliance with all federal and local pretreatment limits. Compliance certification accompanies this report, as required by federal regulations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Building 438 Drainage Channel Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (February 2023)

This Soil Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) was prepared by the Environmental Function Area (EFA)/Technical Services Department (TSD) of the Environment, Safety & Health (ES&H) Directorate for the Project Management Office (PMO) for the proposed Building 438 Drainage Channel Project (project) located near Building 438 (B438) in the southern portion, Building 433 (B433) in the middle portion, and Building 543 (B543) in the northern portion (project area as shown on Figure 1). The purpose of the SAP was to describe the procedures for collection and analysis of environmental samples and evaluation of analytical data (chemical and radiological) to determine management options of excavated soil during project construction in accordance with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s (LLNL) Soils Screening and Management Plan (SSMP) (LLNL 2022), which is consistent with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for developing Data Quality Objectives for environmental data (EPA 2006). The SAP was developed in accordance with the SSMP and based on preliminary design information provided to EFA by PMO.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

On the H I Content of MaNGA Major Merger Pairs

The role of H I content in galaxy interactions is still under debate. To study the H I content of galaxy pairs at different merging stages, we compile a sample of 66 major-merger galaxy pairs and 433 control galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV) MaNGA IFU survey. In this study, we adopt kinematic asymmetry as a new effective indicator to describe the merging stage of galaxy pairs. With archival data from the HI-MaNGA survey and new observations from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), we investigate the differences in H I gas fraction (f H I ), star formation rate (SFR), and H I star formation efficiency (SFE H I ) between the pair and control samples. Our results suggest that the H I gas fraction of major-merger pairs on average is marginally decreased by ~15% relative to isolated galaxies, implying mild H I depletion during galaxy interactions. Compared to isolated galaxies, pre-passage paired galaxies have similar f H I , SFR, and SFE H I , while pairs during the pericentric passage have weakly decreased f H I (–0.10 ± 0.05 dex), significantly enhanced SFR (0.42 ± 0.11 dex), and SFE H I (0.48 ± 0.12 dex). When approaching the apocenter, paired galaxies show marginally decreased f H I (–0.05 ± 0.04 dex), comparable SFR (0.04 ± 0.06 dex), and SFE H I (0.08 ± 0.08 dex). We propose that the marginally detected H i depletion may originate from the gas consumption in fueling the enhanced H2 reservoir of galaxy pairs. In addition, new FAST observations also reveal a H I absorber (N H I ~ 4.7 × 10 21 cm –2 ), which may suggest gas infalling and the triggering of active galactic nuclei activity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1973

An investigation of a sterile access technique for the repair and adjustment of sterile spacecraft

A description is presented of a unique system for the sterilization and sterile repair of spacecraft and the results of a test program designed to assess the biological integrity and engineering reliability of the system. This trailer-mounted system, designated the model assembly sterilizer for testing (MAST), is capable of the dry-heat sterilization of spacecraft and/or components less than 2.3 meters in diameter at temperatures up to 433 K and the steam sterilization of components less than 0.724 meter in diameter. Sterile access to spacecraft is provided by two tunnel suits, called the bioisolator suit systems (BISS), which are contiguous with the walls of the sterilization chambers. The test program was designed primarily to verify the biological and engineering reliability of the MAST system by processing simulated space hardware. Each test cycle simulated the initial sterilization of a spacecraft, sterile repair of a failed component, removal of the spacecraft from the MAST for mating with the bus, and a sterile recycle repair.

Farmer, F. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Titanium spallation cross sections between 30 and 584 MeV and Ar-39 activities on the moon

The production cross sections of Ar39 for Ti spallation at 45-, 319-, 433-, and 584-MeV proton energies were measured to be 0.37 + or - 0.09, 12.4 + or - 3.7, 9.1 + or - 2.7, and 17.8 + or - 6.2 mb, respectively. Normalized Ar39 production rates and activities are also derived for protons above 40 MeV and for three differential proton spectra of the type approximately E(- alpha). It is concluded that, even for samples of high-Ti content, Ti spallation by solar protons below 200-MeV energy does not contribute significantly to their Ar39 radioactivity.

Steinburnn, F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Titanium spallation cross sections between 30 and 584 MeV and Ar-39 activities on the moon

The production cross sections of Ar-39 for Ti spallation at 45-, 319-, 433-, and 584-MeV proton energies were measured to be 0.37 + or - 09, 12.4 + or - 3.7, 9.1 + or - 2.7, and 17.8 + or - 6.2 mb, respectively. Normalized Ar-39 production rates and activities are also derived for protons above 40 Mev and for three differential proton spectra. It is concluded that even for samples of high-Ti content, Ti spallation by solar protons below 200-MeV energy does not contribute significantly to their Ar-39 radioactivity.

Steinbrunn, F.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The occultation of Kappa Geminorum by Eros

The paper discusses predictions and observations of the occultation of Kappa Gem by (433) Eros on January 24, 1975. Several positive and negative observations made in western New England are described. Local circumstances for the occultation are reconstructed, and the size and shape of Eros are determined analytically as well as graphically. The calculations yield two extremes for the cross section: a circle 23 km in diameter or a somewhat irregular figure 20 km by 6 or 7 km. Arguments based on the expected albedo of the asteroid suggest that the circle should be warped into an ellipse 21 by 13 km or that the irregular figure might be one component of a dumbbell-like profile.

Oleary, B.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Radio observations of asteroids: Results and prospects

Radio observations of the asteroids can provide information on the thermal and dielectric properties of the surface materials and because the radio emission arises somewhat below the surface, the data give some indication of layering. Observational difficulty has limited the investigations to only 6 asteroids: 1 Ceres and 324 Bamberga appear to have a layer of dust covering a more compacted material; the data on 4 Vesta cannot be matched by any current models for the surface; and the results for 18 Melpomene, 31 Euphrosyne and 433 Eros are too incomplete for firm conclusions. Future possibilities include more accurate radiometry of a few selected asteroids of different taxonomic classes and actual resolution of some of the larger objects by aperture synthesis techniques.

Dickel, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Radio observations of asteroids: Results and prospects

Radio observations of the asteroids can provide information on the thermal and dielectric properties of the surface materials and because the radio emission arises somewhat below the surface, the data give some indication of layering. Observational difficulty limited the investigations to only 6 asteroids:1 Ceres and 324 Bamberga appear to have a layer of dust covering a more compacted material; the data on 4 Vesta cannot be matched by any current models for the surface; and the results for 18 Melpomene, 31 Euphrosyne and 433 Eros are too incomplete for firm conclusions. Future possibilities include more accurate radiometry of a few selected asteroids of different tuxonomic classes and actual resolution of some of the larger objects by aperture synthesis techniques.

Dickel, J. R.↗