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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Advanced Wireless Power Transfer Vehicle and Infrastructure Analysis (Presentation)

This presentation discusses current research at NREL on advanced wireless power transfer vehicle and infrastructure analysis. The potential benefits of E-roadway include more electrified driving miles from battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, or even properly equipped hybrid electric vehicles (i.e., more electrified miles could be obtained from a given battery size, or electrified driving miles could be maintained while using smaller and less expensive batteries, thereby increasing cost competitiveness and potential market penetration). The system optimization aspect is key given the potential impact of this technology on the vehicles, the power grid and the road infrastructure.

2014 AMR↗
DOE OSTI2026

Addressing the split incentive challenge for rooftop solar PV and battery energy storage in multifamily rental buildings (CRADA 638 Final Report)

This project advances the understanding of how roof solar PV systems and battery energy storage systems (BESS) can be effectively deployed in multifamily residential buildings, a sector that has historically faced barriers due to misaligned incentives between landlords and tenants. By leveraging high-resolution building stock data and simulation tools, the research demonstrates how energy consumption patterns vary across building types, climates, and occupant characteristics, and how these variations influence the optimal sizing and operation of distributed energy resources. A key contribution is the development of a publicly accessible, web-based tool named RESIDE (Residential Energy Systems & Infrastructure Data Evaluation) that allows users to explore building energy use and evaluate solar and battery configurations without requiring specialized expertise. This significantly lowers the barrier to entry for stakeholders such as property owners, utilities, and policymakers. From a technical perspective, the project shows that integrating rooftop solar PV with battery energy storage can substantially reduce electricity costs and peak demand through strategies such as energy arbitrage and peak shaving. The modeling framework incorporates real-world constraints, including time-of-use electricity pricing and battery degradation, providing realistic and actionable insights. Economically, the results indicate that properly sized systems can deliver meaningful cost savings, improving the feasibility of energy investments in multifamily housing. More broadly, the project benefits the public by supporting the transition to affordable and reliable energy, particularly in rental multifamily housing where adoption has traditionally lagged.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Techno-economic analysis of the impact of dynamic electricity prices on solar penetration in a smart grid environment with distributed energy storage

This study investigates the technical and economic feasibility of using high levels of solar energy penetration up to 400 MW into a smart grid system of 60,000 smart houses. A novel non-cooperative Stackelberg game is introduced that incorporates the profitability of the supply-side and helps in solving problems related to overgeneration and photovoltaic curtailment. The non-cooperative game is intended to find the optimal dynamic prices that would leverage distributed storage through the demand-side to stabilize the power grid operation. Ten cases are studied with five photovoltaic plant sizes and two battery designs. Here, a novel quantitative analysis of high levels of solar penetration as a percentage of the total electricity demand is introduced to evaluate the technical feasibility of the studied cases. To evaluate the economic viability of the proposed smart grid system, four metrics were used: the levelized cost of energy, the levelized cost of storage, the payback period, and the net present value. Two out of ten studied cases were concluded to be the most promising cases, one with a solar photovoltaic plant size of 200 MW and the other with 300 MW. The case with 300 MW solar plant is preferred as it paves the way for more solar energy deployment with a solar penetration percentage up to 67.78%. This case had a payback period of 10.72 years and a net present value of $\$51.44$ M for the solar plant and a payback period of 12.06 years and a net present value of $\$40.75$ M for the demand-side.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Optimizing Discharge Capacity of Li-O 2 Batteries by Design of Air-Electrode Porous Structure: Multifidelity Modeling and Optimization

We develop a new mathematical framework to study the optimal design of air electrode microstructures for lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries. It can eectively reduce the number of expensive experiments for testing dierent air-electrodes, thereby minimizing the cost in the design of Li-O2 batteries. The design parameters to characterize an air-electrode microstructure include the porosity, surface-to-volume ratio, and parameters associated with the pore-size distribution. A surrogate model (also known as response surface) for discharge capacity is rst constructed as a function of these design parameters. The surrogate model is accurate and easy to evaluate such that an optimization can be performed based on it. In particular, a Gaussian process regression method, co-kriging, is employed due to its accuracy and eciency in predicting high-dimensional responses from a combination of multidelity data. Specically, a small amount of data from high-delity simulations are combined with a large number of data obtained from computationally ecient low-delity simulations. The high-delity simulation is based on a multiscale modeling approach that couples the microscale (pore-scale) and macroscale (device-scale) models. Whereas, the low-delity simulation is based on an empirical macroscale model. The constructed response surface provides quantitative understanding and prediction about how air electrode microstructures aect the discharge performance of Li-O2 batteries. The succeeding sensitivity analysis via Sobol indices and optimization via genetic algorithm ultimately oer a reliable guidance on the optimal design of air electrode microstructures. The proposed mathematical framework can be generalized to investigate other new energy storage techniques and materials.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optimal Portfolio Design of Distributed Energy Resources on Puerto Rico Distribution Feeders with Long Outages after Hurricane Maria

This work details a project to design reliable, resilient, and cost-effective networked microgrids considering grid constraints and resilience metrics focused on Puerto Rico distribution feeder locations with long outages after Hurricane Maria. The project consisted primarily of modeling and simulation tasks that accomplished the following objectives: 1. Selected 10 distribution feeder models in vulnerable areas. The sample feeders are geographically distributed across Puerto Rico and vary in length to capture the wide variety of feeders on the island. 2. Determined the optimal location and sizing of distributed energy resources (DERs) on the identified distribution feeders. The systems considered as part of the microgrid solutions were solar photovoltaic (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS) and distributed fossil fuel generation (DFFG). 3. Estimated the cost-benefit of the proposed DER portfolios. 4. Provided a set of final recommendations that inform decision making on how to do targeted planning analysis for microgrids that can supply energy to critical infrastructures.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Solid-State Lithium/Selenium–Sulfur Chemistry Enabled via a Robust Solid-Electrolyte Interphase

Lithium/selenium-sulfur batteries have recently received considerable attention due to their relatively high specific capacities and high electronic conductivity. Different from the traditional encapsulation strategy for suppressing the shuttle effect, an alternative approach to directly bypass polysulfide/polyselenide formation via rational solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) design is demonstrated here. It is found that the robust SEI layer that in situ forms during charge/discharge via interplay between rational cathode design and optimal electrolytes could enable solid-state (de)lithiation chemistry for selenium-sulfur cathodes. Hence, Se-doped S 22.2 Se/Ketjenblack cathodes can attain a high reversible capacity with minimal shuttle effects during long-term and high rate cycling. Moreover, the underlying solid-state (de)lithiation mechanism, as evidenced by in situ 7 Li NMR and in operando synchrotron X-ray probes, further extends the optimal sulfur confinement pore size to large mesopores and even macropores that have been long considered as inferior sulfur or selenium host materials, which play a crucial role in developing high volumetric energy density batteries. It is expected that the findings in this study will ignite more efforts to tailor the compositional/structure characteristics of the SEI layers and the related ionic transport across the interface by electrode structure, electrolyte solvent, and electrolyte additive screening.

(de)lithiation chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2022

A scalable planning framework of energy storage systems under frequency dynamics constraints

As the penetration of renewables increases in power systems, the declining system inertia can cause frequency stability issues. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) respond fast and therefore can relieve the low inertia difficulty but need to be appropriately sized considering the associated cost. This paper presents a novel stochastic optimization model for economically planning BESS capacity while considering the spatial–temporal correlation of wind generation and generator outages under frequency stability constraints, which include the rate-of-change of frequency (RoCoF), frequency nadir (FN), and quasi-steady-state (QSS) frequency. A set of new FN constraints that can be easily linearized is developed. To account for renewable uncertainties, a realistic uncertainty modeling approach, Random Field, is adopted to generate wind generation scenarios by considering both spatial and temporal evolutions of wind speed profiles. The ESS sizing is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and solved by using a scalable decomposition-and-coordination approach, Surrogate Absolute Value Lagrangian Relaxation (SAVLR). To further improve the scalability and reduce computational burdens, a rolling-horizon-based update is developed and incorporated into SAVLR for providing a practical solution to the long-term planning of very large-scale power systems. Finally, a modified IEEE 118-bus system and the Polish system are used to validate the effectiveness and scalability of the model and solution methodology.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2017

A High-Performance Sintered Iron Electrode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries to Enable Large-Scale Energy Storage

Iron-based alkaline rechargeable batteries such as iron-air and nickel-iron batteries are particularly attractive for large-scale energy storage because these batteries can be relatively inexpensive, environment- friendly, and also safe. Therefore, our study has focused on achieving the essential electrical performance and cycling properties needed for the widespread use of iron-based alkaline batteries in stationary and distributed energy storage applications.We have demonstrated for the first time, an advanced sintered iron electrode capable of 3500 cycles of repeated charge and discharge at the 1-hour rate and 100% depth of discharge in each cycle, and an average Coulombic efficiency of over 97%. Such a robust and efficient rechargeable iron electrode is also capable of continuous discharge at rates as high as 3C with no noticeable loss in utilization. We have shown that the porosity, pore size and thickness of the sintered electrode can be selected rationally to optimize specific capacity, rate capability and robustness. As a result, these advances in the electrical performance and durability of the iron electrode enables iron-based alkaline batteries to be a viable technology solution for meeting the dire need for large-scale electrical energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Refueling infrastructure planning in intercity networks considering route choice and travel time delay for mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles

The range anxiety has been a major factor that affects the market acceptance of electric vehicles. Even with the recent development of battery technologies, a lack of charging stations and range anxiety are still significant concerns, specifically for intercity trips. This calls for more investments in building charging stations and advancing battery technologies to increase the market share of electric vehicles and improve sustainability. This study suggests a configuration for plug-in electric vehicle charging infrastructure to support long-distance intercity trips of electric vehicles at the network level. A model is proposed to minimize the total system cost including infrastructure investment (building charging stations/spots) and travel time delays (charging time, waiting time in the queue, and detour time to access charging stations). This study fills existing gaps in the literature by capturing realistic patterns of travel demand and considering flow-dependent charging delays at charging stations. Furthermore, the proposed model, which is formulated as a mixed-integer program with nonlinear constraints, solves the optimization problem at the network level. At the network level, impacts of charging station locations on the traffic assignment problem with a mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles need to be considered. To this end, a traffic assignment module is integrated with a simulated annealing algorithm. The numerical experiments show a satisfactory application of the model for a full-scale case study (intercity network in Michigan). The solution quality and efficiency of the proposed solution algorithm are evaluated against those of an enumeration approach for a small case study. The results suggest that even for the current market share and charging stations’ setting, a significant investment is needed to support intercity trips without range anxiety issues and with acceptable delays. Additionally, through sensitivity analyses, the required infrastructure and battery investments to support intercity trips with acceptable delays are established for hypothetical increased market shares and battery size in the future.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

System Modeling and Design Optimization for a Next-Generation Unattended Sensor

We are developing a next-generation unattendedsensor that can detect and identify radiation sources while operating on battery power for several weeks. The system achieves smaller size and weight over systems that use NaI:Tl and 3He detectors by using a relatively new scintillator, Cs2LiYCl6:Ce:Ce (CLYC). This material can detect both gamma rays and thermal neutrons, has energy resolution of ~4% full width at half maximum at 662 keV, and allows for particle discrimination by pulse amplitude as well as pulse shape. The overall design features an array of sixteen CLYC detectors, each read out by a photomultiplier tube and custom pulse processing electronics. A field-programmable gate array analyzes the energy spectra using computationally efficient algorithms for anomaly detection.

McDonald, Benjamin S.↗
DOE OSTI2010

Facile synthesized nanorod structured vanadium pentoxide for high-rate lithium batteries

Nano-structured vanadium oxide (V2O5) is fabricated via facile thermal-decomposition of a vanadium precursor and vanadyl oxalate produced by reacting micro-sized V2O5 with oxalic acid. The V2O5 nanorods produced by this method exhibit much better electrochemical performance than commercial micro-sized V2O5. The optimized-nanorod electrodes with a high density of (001) planar defects give the best specific discharge capacities of 270 mAh g-1 at C/2 (147 mA g-1) coupled with good cycle stability with only 0.32% fading per cycle. Even at a high rate of 4C (1176 mA g-1), the nanorod electrode still delivers 198 mAh g-1. These results suggest that the nanostructured V2O5 is a good cathode for high-rate, lithium-ion battery applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Optimal Power Sharing Speed Compensation in On-road Wireless EV Charging Systems

Dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV) is an emerging technology with the potential to address range anxiety and reduce the size of batteries or provide charge-sustaining operation. Charging demand for dynamic wireless charging systems (DWCS) varies greatly in response to location-specific traffic behaviors including the number and speed of vehicles. This paper highlights the potential reduction of load variation with speed compensation and simulates opportunities to maximize the number of cars charged concurrently through “power sharing” or altering power output to slower cars while maintaining a maximum delivered energy. An improved sub-minute model for synthetic traffic is proposed to effectively model DWCS load on high speed roadways and a power electronics model is created based on an existing prototype developed by ORNL to investigate the potential for power sharing. Reductions in the average speed of traffic can greatly increase instantaneous DWCS load by as much as 26%, complicating capacity sizing. Parametric studies with a LCC-S power electronics model shows feasible power reduction of more than 20%, while maintaining a maximum achievable efficiency greater than 90%. Speed compensation on a roadway with large speed variation can reduce average power expected by 21% and increase the maximum number of cars charged simultaneously by 30%. The application of power sharing may significantly reduce load variability due to speed, allow for increased car hosting capability, and guarantee a maximum energy delivered.

Lewis, Donovin D.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Photoluminescence-Imaging-Based Evaluation of Non-Uniform CdTe Degradation

A control algorithm is designed to smooth the variability of PV power output using distributed batteries. The tradeoff between smoothing and battery size is shown. It is also demonstrated that large numbers of highly distributed current, voltage, and irradiance sensors can be utilized to control the distributed storage in a more optimal manner. It is also demonstrated that centralized energy storage control for PV ramp rate smoothing requires very fast communication, typically less than a 15-second update rate. Finally, advanced inverter dynamic reactive current is shown to provide voltage variability smoothing, hence reducing the number of voltage regulator tap changes without energy storage.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Modeling Single-Crystal Battery Materials: From Fundamental Understanding to Performance Evaluation

The performance of rechargeable batteries is fundamentally influenced by the physicochemical properties and microstructural features of their key material components. Recent experimental advancements have highlighted the potential of single-crystal (SC) morphologies to address inherent limitations of polycrystalline (PC) electrodes and solid-state electrolytes, offering tunable charge transport kinetics and improved cell cycling performance. Here, this review examines how state-of-the-art computational modeling, from atomistic and mesoscale to continuum-level approaches, including machine learning methodologies, has been utilized to investigate the critical factors governing the electrochemical behavior of SC battery materials. We explore how predictive modeling can elucidate the processing–structure–property–performance relationships of SC cathodes, anodes, and solid-state electrolytes, with a focus on unique SC characteristics such as crystallographic anisotropy, size effects, and facet-dependent properties. Additionally, we identify limitations in commonly used modeling techniques and discuss strategies to address these challenges. By integrating high-fidelity simulations with experimental insights, this review aims to outline a clear path for the rational design and optimization of SC battery components, paving the way for accelerated advancements in energy storage technologies.

Materials science↗
DOE OSTI2018

REopt Lite Web Tool Evaluates Photovoltaics and Battery Storage

Building on the success of the REopt renewable energy integration and optimization platform, NREL has developed a free, publicly available web version of REopt called REopt Lite. REopt Lite evaluates the economics of grid-connected photovoltaics (PV) and battery storage at a site. It allows building owners to identify the system sizes and battery dispatch strategy that minimize their life cycle cost of energy. This web tool also estimates the amount of time a PV and storage system can sustain the site's critical load during a grid outage.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Distributed ADMM Using Private Blockchain for Power Flow Optimization in Distribution Network With Coupled and Mixed-Integer Constraints

The optimization problem for scheduling distributed energy resources (DERs) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) integrated with the power grid is important to minimize energy consumption from conventional sources in response to demand. Conventionally this optimization problem is solved in a centralized manner, limiting the size of the problem that can be solved and creating a high communication overhead because all the data is transferred to the central controller. These limitations are addressed by the proposed distributed consensus-based alternating direction method of multiplier (DC-ADMM) optimization algorithm, which decomposes the optimization problem into subproblems with private cost function and constraints. The distribution feeder is partitioned into low coupling subnetworks/regions, which solves the private subproblem locally and exchanges information with the neighboring regions to reach consensus. The relaxation strategy is employed for mixed-integer and coupled constraints introduced in the optimal power flow (OPF) problem by stationary and transportable BESS because DC-ADMM convergence is only guaranteed for strict convex problems. The information exchange and synchronization between subnetworks/regions are vital for distributed optimization. In this work, both of these aspects are addressed by the blockchain. The smart contract deployed on the blockchain network acts as a mediator for secure data exchange and synchronization in distributed computation. The blockchain-based distributed optimization problem’s effectiveness is tested for a 0.5-MW laboratory microgrid for one hour ahead and day-ahead for the IEEE 123-bus and EPRI J1 test feeders, and results are compared with a centralized solution.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

REopt Lite Overview & Training Exercise

This training exercise provides users with an introduction to and hands-on, interactive exploration of REopt Lite's capabilities. REopt Lite is a free, publicly available techno-economic optimization web tool for distributed energy systems, developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). REopt Lite helps organizations evaluate the economic viability of grid-connected solar photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines, and battery storage; identify system sizes and battery dispatch strategies to minimize energy costs; and estimate how long a system can sustain critical load during a grid outage. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program based in an underlying application programming interface (API) that is also free and publicly available. This training activity is structured as a group exercise. Participants split into eight groups and each group is assigned a different hypothetical site to model and assess the opportunity for solar PV + battery storage. Groups work together to develop results for their site and then re-convene to compare and discuss results, inputs/drivers of the analysis, and other factors impacting the decision-making process for behind-the-meter solar PV and battery storage.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗