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At least 127 records · Page 7

Spatio-Temporal Surrogates for Interaction of a Jet with High Explosives: Part II - Clustering Extremely High-Dimensional Grid-Based Data

Building an accurate surrogate model for the spatio-temporal outputs of a computer simulation is a challenging task. A simple approach to improve the accuracy of the surrogate is to cluster the outputs based on similarity and build a separate surrogate model for each cluster. This clustering is relatively straightforward when the output at each time step is of moderate size. However, when the spatial domain is represented by a large number of grid points, numbering in the millions, the clustering of the data becomes more challenging. In this report, we consider output data from simulations of a jet interacting with high explosives. These data are available on spatial domains of different sizes, at grid points that vary in their spatial coordinates, and in a format that distributes the output across multiple files at each time step of the simulation. We first describe how we bring these data into a consistent format prior to clustering. Borrowing the idea of random projections from data mining, we reduce the dimension of our data by a factor of thousand, making it possible to use the iterative k-means method for clustering. We show how we can use the randomness of both the random projections, and the choice of initial centroids in k-means clustering, to determine the number of clusters in our data set. Our approach makes clustering of extremely high dimensional data tractable, generating meaningful cluster assignments for our problem, despite the approximation introduced in the random projections.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Heptacopper(II) and dicopper(II)-adenine complexes: synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties

The syntheses, crystal structures, and magnetic properties of two new copper(II) complexes with molecular formulas [Cu 7 (μ 2 -OH 2 ) 6 (μ 3 -O) 6 (adenine) 6 (NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O (1) and [Cu 2 (μ 2 -H 2 O) 2 (adenine) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ](NO 3 ) 4 2H 2 O (2) are reported. We composed the heptanuclear compound of a central octahedral CuO 6 core sharing edges with six adjacent copper octahedra. In 2, the copper octahedra shares one equatorial edge. In both compounds, these basic copper cluster units are further linked by water bridges and bridging adenine ligands through N3 and N9 donors. All copper(II) centers exhibit Jahn-Teller distorted octahedral coordination characteristic of a d 9 center. Our study of the magnetic properties of the heptacopper complex revealed a dominant ferromagnetic intra-cluster interaction, while the dicopper complex exhibits antiferromagnetic intra-dimer interactions with weakly ferromagnetic inter-dimer interaction.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The Extended Northern ROSAT Galaxy Cluster Survey (NORAS II). I. Survey Construction and First Results

As the largest, clearly defined building blocks of our universe, galaxy clusters are interesting astrophysical laboratories and important probes for cosmology. X-ray surveys for galaxy clusters provide one of the best ways to characterize the population of galaxy clusters. We provide a description of the construction of the NORAS II galaxy cluster survey based on X-ray data from the northern part of the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. NORAS II extends the NORAS survey down to a flux limit of 1.8 × 10{sup −12} erg s{sup −1} cm{sup −2} (0.1–2.4 keV), increasing the sample size by about a factor of two. The NORAS II cluster survey now reaches the same quality and depth as its counterpart, the southern REFLEX II survey, allowing us to combine the two complementary surveys. The paper provides information on the determination of the cluster X-ray parameters, the identification process of the X-ray sources, the statistics of the survey, and the construction of the survey selection function, which we provide in numerical format. Currently NORAS II contains 860 clusters with a median redshift of z = 0.102. We provide a number of statistical functions, including the log N –log S and the X-ray luminosity function and compare these to the results from the complementary REFLEX II survey. Using the NORAS II sample to constrain the cosmological parameters, σ {sub 8} and Ω{sub m}, yields results perfectly consistent with those of REFLEX II. Overall, the results show that the two hemisphere samples, NORAS II and REFLEX II, can be combined without problems into an all-sky sample, just excluding the zone of avoidance.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Charge transfer interactions in oligomer coated gold nanoclusters

Gold nanoclusters were synthesized by a bottom-up synergistic approach of in-situ oligomerization of the monomer, N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and simultaneous weak reduction of Au-NVP complexes in the absence of any other external energy sources, thereby making these tiny gold clusters as the most elemental building blocks to construct further novel nano/microstructures with application potentials. It is well-known that metal clusters with less than 2 nm size do not show the usual surface plasmon band, because of the presence of a band-gap at the fermi level. Nevertheless, our present oligomer coated gold clusters show a discrete intense band at around 630 nm, which could very well be attributed to the charge transfer between the oligomer chain and the surface Au atoms. Such kind of sacrificial plasmon induced charge transfer interaction, observed for the very first time to the best of our knowledge, were also strongly corroborated through the enhancement / shifting of specific vibrational / rotational peaks as observed from the FTIR and Raman measurements as a function of the metal oxidation states, thus representing a new prototype for an efficient solar energy conversion probe.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Energy Innovation Hubs: A Home for Scientific Collaboration

Secretary Chu will host a live, streaming Q&A session with the directors of the Energy Innovation Hubs on Tuesday, March 6, at 2:15 p.m. EST. The directors will be available for questions regarding their teams' work and the future of American energy. Ask your questions in the comments below, or submit them on Facebook, Twitter (@energy), or send an e-mail to newmedia@hq.doe.gov, prior or during the live event. Dr. Hank Foley is the director of the Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster for Energy-Efficient Buildings, which is pioneering new data intensive techniques for designing and operating energy efficient buildings, including advanced computer modeling. Dr. Douglas Kothe is the director of the Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactors, which uses powerful supercomputers to create "virtual" reactors that will help improve the safety and performance of both existing and new nuclear reactors. Dr. Nathan Lewis is the director of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, which focuses on how to produce fuels from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. The Energy Innovation Hubs are major integrated research centers, with researchers from many different institutions and technical backgrounds. Each hub is focused on a specific high priority goal, rapidly accelerating scientific discoveries and shortening the path from laboratory innovation to technological development and commercial deployment of critical energy technologies. Ask your questions in the comments below, or submit them on Facebook, Twitter (@energy), or send an e-mail to newmedia@energy.gov, prior or during the live event. The Energy Innovation Hubs are major integrated research centers, with researchers from many different institutions and technical backgrounds. Each Hub is focused on a specific high priority goal, rapidly accelerating scientific discoveries and shortening the path from laboratory innovation to technological development and commercial deployment of critical energy technologies. Dr. Hank Holey is the director of the Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster for Energy-Efficient Buildings, which is pioneering new data intensive techniques for designing and operating energy efficient buildings, including advanced computer modeling. Dr. Douglas Kothe is the director of the Modeling and Simulation for Nuclear Reactors Hub, which uses powerful supercomputers to create "virtual" reactors that will help improve the safety and performance of both existing and new nuclear reactors. Dr. Nathan Lewis is the director of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Hub, which focuses on how to produce biofuels from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

Tuning Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Topology by Regulating Ligand and Secondary Building Unit (SBU) Geometry: Structures Built on 8-Connected M 6 (M = Zr, Y) Clusters and a Flexible Tetracarboxylate for Propane-Selective Propane/Propylene Separation

Topology evolution originating from variations of linker and SBU (Secondary Building Unit) geometries could largely enrich the chemistry of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Here we report the synthesis and characterization of three MOF structures built on the same organic linker, N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (tcppda) and similar 8-connected M 6 (M = Zr or Y) clusters. The three compounds, HIAM-402, HIAM-403, and HIAM-311, feature 4,8-connected sqc, scu, and flu topology, respectively. Detailed structural analysis revealed that different geometries of the inorganic M 6 SBUs as well as the organic linker have led to the formation of distinct MOF nets. In particular, HIAM-402 features exceptional framework stability and high porosity and acts as a propane-selective adsorbent for the discrimination of propane and propylene. Its balanced adsorption selectivity (S propane/propylene = 1.43) and capacity (Q propane = 133.3 cm 3 /g, 298 K and 1 bar) endow it with the capability of separating propane and propylene mixtures and one-step production of highly pure propylene (purity >99.9%), as validated by column breakthrough measurements, with the presence of moisture or propyne. As a result, ab initio calculations further confirm that the propane-selective behavior of HIAM-402 is a result of its higher binding energy toward propane compared to that of propylene.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of a two-fold interpenetrated diamondoid open framework

Self-assembly of an enlarged angular pyridinecarboxylate ligand and cobalt(II) acetate under mild conditions afforded a three-dimensional open-framework coordination polymer, [Co{sub 2}(μ-H{sub 2}O)(pyca-43){sub 4}]{sub n} (1, Hpyca-43=(E)−3-((pyridin-4-yl)methyleneamino)benzoic acid). The molecular structure of 1 has rationalized to be a porous two-fold interpenetrated diamondoid-like network, with dinuclear Co{sub 2}(μ-H{sub 2}O)(O{sub 2}C){sub 4}N{sub 4} clusters as tetrahedral secondary building units (SBUs), possessing highly solvent accessible volume of approximately 53.0%. Least-squares fit of the magnetic susceptibility data (20–300 K) of 1 yields Curie constant C=6.15 cm{sup 3} mol{sup –1} K and Weiss constant θ=–11.6 K. Every Co{sub 2} subunit within the network is magnetically insulated to other dimers. The magnetic exchange parameter between Co(II) centers is estimated to −0.72 cm{sup –1}, suggesting a weak antiferromagnetic interaction. The g{sub av} value of 4.65 from fitting to the Lines model indicates that the decrease of the χ{sub M}T value upon cooling is dominated by depopulation of the excited Kramer's states to the effective ground singlet. In addition, the thermal stability and adsorption properties of 1 are also reported. - Graphical abstract: This work has synthesized and structurally characterized a porous two-fold interpenetrated diamondoid-like network, which possesses highly solvent accessible volume of approximately 53.0% and shows a weak antiferromagnetic interaction between the Co(II) centers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

The Localized Active Space Method with Unitary Selective Coupled Cluster

Here, we introduce a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm, the localized active space unitary selective coupled cluster singles and doubles (LAS-USCCSD) method. Derived from the localized active space unitary coupled cluster (LAS-UCCSD) method, LAS-USCCSD first performs a classical LASSCF calculation, then selectively identifies the most important parameters (cluster amplitudes used to build the multireference UCC ansatz) for restoring interfragment interaction energy using this reduced set of parameters with the variational quantum eigensolver method. We benchmark LAS-USCCSD against LAS-UCCSD by calculating the total energies of (H 2 ) 2 , (H 2 ) 4 , and trans-butadiene, and the magnetic coupling constant for a bimetallic compound [Cr 2 (OH) 3 (NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+ . For these systems, we find that LAS-USCCSD reduces the number of required parameters and thus the circuit depth by at least 1 order of magnitude, an aspect which is important for the practical implementation of multireference hybrid quantum-classical algorithms like LAS-UCCSD on near-term quantum computers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Ordered Self-Similar Patterns in Anisotropic Stochastic Growth

Here, we propose an anisotropic stochastic growth model to rationalize the anisotropic self-assembly of supramolecules to form elongated two-dimensional ribbon structures in a recent experiment. The model exhibits distinct growth scenarios that are critically controlled by the ratio of the transverse and the longitudinal growth rate. In the regime of suppressed transverse growth, the model generates the experimentally observed elongated structures through layer-by-layer growing. We further observe the convergence of rough clusters toward smooth regular elliptic patterns by averaging over a number of independent growth processes. Remarkably, these resulting elliptic clusters are self-similar in each instantaneous moment in the growth process. Statistical analysis suggests that the realization of such ordered patterns does not rely on the delicate coordination of different parts in the cluster growth. The self-similarity phenomenon derived from this idealized model may have wider implications, notably in the designed clustering of various elementary building blocks with anisotropic interactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Utilizing Single-Crystalline Transformations for Precise Atom Placement in Multicomponent Cluster-Based Coordination Networks

The assembly of cluster or superatom building-blocks into extended solids has revolutionized materials design, enabling the synthesis of modular semiconductors with well-defined structures and tunable electronic, magnetic or optical properties. This strategy has recently advanced the synthesis of complex metal oxides with multifunctional or emergent behaviors, but precise atom placement of multiple elements with similar chemistries or preferred coordination environments remains a significant challenge. Here, in this study, we present a strategy for synthesizing polyoxometalate (POM)-based coordination networks with up to three different cations in precisely defined positions. Our approach leverages a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation in which the spatial placement of cations is governed by their availability at distinct stages of crystallization and transformation. Specifically, [ZP 5 W 30 O 110 ] (15-n)- (Z = Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Ag + , Bi 3+ , Y 3+ , any Ln 3+ , Th 4+ ) is coordinatively assembled with various bridging metal cations (Y 3+ , any Ln 3+ , Th 4+ ). By using the encapsulated cation (Z) to "label" the POM, we track the phase-transformation and confirm the retention of single crystallinity. The integrated use of POM labeling and SCSC transformation enables rational control over cation distribution and establishes a versatile strategy for constructing multicomponent materials with high compositional and spatial precision.

Chen, Linfeng [Univ. of California, San Diego, CA ↗

Origin of medium-range atomic correlation in simple liquids: Density wave theory

The atomic pair-distribution function of simple liquid and glass shows exponentially decaying oscillations beyond the first peak, representing the medium-range order (MRO). The structural coherence length that characterizes the exponential decay increases with decreasing temperature and freezes at the glass transition. Conventionally, the structure of liquid and glass is elucidated by focusing on a center atom and its neighboring atom shell characterized by the short-range order (SRO) and describing the global structure in terms of overlapping local clusters of atoms as building units. However, this local bottom-up approach fails to explain the strong drive to form the MRO, which is different in nature from the SRO. We propose to add an alternative top-down approach based upon the density wave theory. In this approach, one starts with a high-density gas state and seeks to minimize the global potential energy in reciprocal space through density waves using the pseudopotential. The local bottom-up and global top-down driving forces are not mutually compatible, and the competition and compromise between them result in a final structure with the MRO. This even-handed approach provides a more intuitive explanation of the structure of simple liquid and glass.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Logical gates embedding in artificial spin ice

The realization and study of arrays of interacting magnetic nanoislands, such as artificial spin ices, have reached mature levels of control that allow design and demonstration of exotic, collective behaviors not seen in natural materials. Advances in the direct manipulation of their local, binary moments also suggest a use as nanopatterned, interacting memory media, for computation within a magnetic memory. Recent experimental work has demonstrated the possibility of building logic gates from clusters of interacting magnetic domains, and yet the possibility of large scale integration of such gates can prove problematic even at the theoretical level. Here we introduce theoretically complete sets of logical gates, in principle realizable in an experiment, and we study the feasibility of their integration into tree-like circuits. By evaluating the fidelity control parameter between their collective behavior and their expected logic functionality we determine conditions for integration. Also, we test our numerical results against the presence of disorder in the couplings, showing that the design gate structure is robust to small coupling perturbations, and thus possibly to small imperfections in the fabrication of the islands.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Metric DBSCAN

SAND2025-11725O Metric DBSCAN is an implementation of the popular DBSCAN clustering algorithm that works in general metric spaces. DBSCAN is a clustering algorithm, a fundamental building block in machine learning. It takes a set of objects and, given some notion of distance, identifies coherent groups of objects. With Metric DBSCAN, users can provide an arbitrary function to compute distance. Nearly all existing implementations of DBSCAN restrict distance to one of a few formulations. Metric DBScan accomplishes this cleanly and efficiently. The Python source code is on Github. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Dalbey, Keith↗

Systematic Identification of Gene Families for Use as “Markers” for Phylogenetic and Phylogeny-Driven Ecological Studies of Bacteria and Archaea and Their Major Subgroups

With the astonishing rate that genomic and metagenomic sequence data sets are accumulating, there are many reasons to constrain the data analyses. One approach to such constrained analyses is to focus on select subsets of gene families that are particularly well suited for the tasks at hand. Such gene families have generally been referred to as “marker” genes. We are particularly interested in identifying and using such marker genes for phylogenetic and phylogeny-driven ecological studies of microbes and their communities (e.g., construction of species trees, phylogenetic based assignment of metagenomic sequence reads to taxonomic groups, phylogeny-based assessment of alpha- and beta-diversity of microbial communities from metagenomic data). We therefore refer to these as PhyEco (for phylogenetic and phylogenetic ecology) markers. The dual use of these PhyEco markers means that we needed to develop and apply a set of somewhat novel criteria for identification of the best candidates for such markers. The criteria we focused on included universality across the taxa of interest, ability to be used to produce robust phylogenetic trees that reflect as much as possible the evolution of the species from which the genes come, and low variation in copy number across taxa. We describe here an automated protocol for identifying potential PhyEco markers from a set of complete genome sequences. The protocol combines rapid searching, clustering and phylogenetic tree building algorithms to generate protein families that meet the criteria listed above. We report here the identification of PhyEco markers for different taxonomic levels including 40 for “all bacteria and archaea”, 114 for “all bacteria (greatly expanding on the ~30 commonly used), and 100 s to 1000 s for some of the individual phyla of bacteria. This new list of PhyEco markers should allow much more detailed automated phylogenetic and phylogenetic ecology analyses of these groups than possible previously.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Workflow Submit Nodes as a Service on Leadership Class Systems

DOE scientists, today, have access to high performance computing (HPC) facilities with very powerful systems that enable them to execute their computations faster, more efficiently, and at greater scales than ever before. To further their knowledge and produce new discoveries, scientists rely on workflows - sometimes very complex - that provide them with an easy way to automate, reproduce and verify their computations. However, historically, creating workflow submission environments in large HPC facilities has been cumbersome, requires expertise and many man-hours of effort due to the peculiarities, policies, and the restrictions that these systems present. In this paper we discuss the approach a large DOE facility (OLCF) is taking in order to provide containers as a service to its users. This capability is used to create Pegasus workflow management system submit nodes as a service (WSaaS) at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facilities (OLCF), targeting the Summit supercomputer. This deployment builds upon the Kubernetes/Openshift cluster (Slate) that exists within OLCF’s DMZ and its automation triggers. Additionally, we evaluate our approach’s overhead and effort to deploy the solution as compared to previous solutions, such as setting up a Pegasus submission environment on OLCF’s login nodes or submitting jobs remotely via the rvGAHP.

Papadimitriou, George↗

The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron InteractionExperiment: Design, Construction and Preparationfor First Physics

This thesis covers work performed for the Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) between 2015 and 2020. ANNIE is a beamline neutrino experiment located at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Chicago. Its primary physics goals are the measurement of neutrino interaction cross-sections on oxygen, and a measurement of the multiplicity of final state neutrons from these interactions, both as functions of final state kinematics. In order to achieve these goals ANNIE will be pioneering the use of Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors and the use of gadolinium doping to enhance neutron visibility in a water Cherenkov detector. Over the time period of this thesis the ANNIE detector was constructed, an initial 'Phase I' background run was completed, the detector was decommissioned and then substantially upgraded in preparation for the main 'Phase II' physics run. At the time of writing ANNIE is being re-commissioned, with Phase II data taking anticipated to begin in 2021. During this time I spent 21/2 years on-site contributing to almost all aspects of hardware work, while performing software development for the simulation and analysis frameworks. As my first software task I developed Monte Carlo simulations of the detector response, based on the WCSim framework. While thismore » framework provided a starting point for the tank simulation significant modifications were required to implement the complete ANNIE detector system. This included a rewrite of the geometry, along with modifications to the photosensor definitions, hit collections, digitization, triggering, input and output interfaces, etc. To take advantage of improved modelling of neutrons in Geant4.10 the physics lists were also reimplemented in the new version format. As part of this work I determined performance metrics based on the output files, calculating kinematic acceptance, detector efficiency and expected event rates. My contributions on reconstruction focused primarily on the MRD, for which I implemented two track reconstruction algorithms, specialised for high and low energy muons. The high energy algorithm achieves >90% efficiency for tracks with at least 8 hits, and is robust against dead paddles and unrelated hits. The low energy algorithm performs a search in combination with tank information to provide sensitivity down to a single MRD hit. Early data handling work for the Phase I background run included writing the code for handling TDC hits and performing studies on neutron detection without the requirement of multi-hit coincidence. As the collaboration moved to a new framework for the Phase II analysis I performed a substantial amount of work to develop the codebase, implementing tools to perform tasks such as file IO, data parsing, waveform processing, event building, timestamp alignment, time clustering, hit residual calculation, event visualisation etc. I helped develop the python API for integrating multi-language tools, and ported the framework into a Singularity container to provide a self-contained environment that…« less

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Carbon Abundance Inhomogeneities and Deep Mixing Rates in Galactic Globular Clusters

Among stars in Galactic globular clusters the carbon abundance tends to decrease with increasing luminosity on the upper red giant branch, particularly within the lowest metallicity clusters. While such a phenomena is not predicted by canonical models of stellar interiors and evolution, it is widely held to be the result of some extra mixing operating during red giant branch ascent which transports material exposed to the CN(O)-cycle across the radiative zone in the stellar interior and into the base of the convective envelope, whereupon it is brought rapidly to the stellar surface. Here we present measurements of [C/Fe] abundances among 67 red giants in 19 globular clusters within the Milky Way. Building on the work of Martell et al., we have concentrated on giants with absolute magnitudes of M {sub V} ∼ −1.5 within clusters encompassing a range of metallicity (−2.4 < [Fe/H] < −0.3). The Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) 4 m and Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) 4.1 m telescopes were used to obtain spectra covering the λ4300 CH and λ3883 CN bands. The CH absorption features in these spectra have been analyzed via synthetic spectra in order to obtain [C/Fe] abundances. These abundances and the luminosities of the observed stars were used to infer the rate at which C abundances change with time during upper red giant branch evolution (i.e., the mixing efficiency). By establishing rates over a range of metallicity, the dependence of deep mixing on metallicity is explored. We find that the inferred carbon depletion rate decreases as a function of metallicity, although our results are dependent on the initial [C/Fe] composition assumed for each star.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

EngenuitySC Commercialization and Entrepreneurial Training Project

A team led by EngenuitySC has performed education and outreach on development of advanced energy markets that will enable wider use of clean energy technologies. This report details the efforts that have made significant advances to improve the market place through education, outreach, and increased communications between industry members. The project resulted in two self-funded industry clusters known as the Fuel Cell Collaborative and NuHub. This project has focused on building and strengthening the leading clean energy clusters in South Carolina: nuclear energy and fuel cell technologies. For the nuclear industry, a new cluster was developed that is now known as NuHub. This cluster has already engaged over 25 nuclear industry leaders or suppliers, four public sector partners, six community economic development foundations, and nearly ten academic partners in a 175 mile radius between Augusta, Georgia and Charlotte, North Carolina. Our outreach has touched over 2,000 stakeholders through the website alone, not including the public audiences and members of the business community reached through news stories and releases that were distributed to over 620 print and online publications. NuHub has established a formal leadership structure, developed subcommittees to focus on industry issues, instituted educational programs for the workforce, and created an industry funding structure that will sustain the industry cluster and mission. NuHub has participated in a wide-variety of community building and outreach activities since its formation under this grant. In the two years since its creation in 2010, we have initiated efforts focused in four main areas that correlate with the four NuHub subcommittees including: innovation, workforce development, industry engagement, and marketing and communications. NuHub successfully raised over $\$$160,000 in both public and private funding, which has supported work to grow the cluster and engage partners including NuScale, Fluor, and Holtec International for research about deployment of advanced small modular reactor (SMR) technologies. The workforce training efforts from NuHub have focused on assisting existing industry to fill positions needed to construct and operate new nuclear plants being built at the VC Summer plant in Jenkinsville, SC and at Plant Votgle in Augusta, Georgia both of whom are constructing the first nuclear reactors (Westinghouse AP 1000 units), to be built in over 30 years. This includes a partnership with Midlands Technical College to train reactor operators and the development of training facilities to support workforce development activities. It is anticipated that approximately 70 students a year will be trained through these programs in the next five years, and it will be expanded to meet new industry needs.

08 HYDROGEN↗