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DOE OSTI2025

Study of the light scalar a 0 ( 980 ) through the decay D 0 → a 0 ( 980 ) − e + ν e with a 0 ( 980 ) − → η π −

Using 7.93 fb − 1 of e + e − collision data collected at a center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector, we present an analysis of the decay D 0 → η π − e + ν e . The branching fraction of the decay D 0 → a 0 ( 980 ) − e + ν e with a 0 ( 980 ) − → η π − is measured to be ( 0.86 ± 0.1 7 stat ± 0.0 5 syst ) × 10 − 4 . The decay dynamics of this process is studied with a single-pole parametrization of the hadronic form factor and the Flatté formula describing the a 0 ( 980 ) line shape in the differential decay rate. The product of the form factor f + a 0 ( 0 ) and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element | V c d | is determined for the first time with the result f + a 0 ( 0 ) | V c d | = 0.126 ± 0.01 3 stat ± 0.00 3 syst . Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Ablikim, M.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Quarkonium transport in weakly and strongly coupled plasmas

We report on progress in the nonperturbative understanding of quarkonium dynamics inside a thermal plasma. The time evolution of small-size quarkonium is governed by two-point correlation functions of chromoelectric fields dressed with an adjoint Wilson line, known in this context as generalized gluon distributions (GGDs). The GGDs have been calculated in both weakly and strongly coupled plasmas by using perturbative and holographic methods. Strikingly, the results of our calculations for a strongly coupled plasma indicate that the quarkonium dissociation and recombination rates vanish in the transport descriptions that assume quarkonium undergoes Markovian dynamics. However, this does not imply that the dynamics is trivial. As a starting point to explore the phenomenological consequences of the result at strong coupling, we show a calculation of the Y(1 S ) formation probability in time-dependent perturbation theory. This is a first step towards the development of a transport formalism that includes non-Markovian effects, which, depending on how close the as of yet undetermined nonperturbative QCD result of the GGDs is to the strongly coupled N = 4 SYM result, could very well dominate over the Markovian ones in quark-gluon plasma produced at RHIC and the LHC.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Stellarator microinstabilities and turbulence at low magnetic shear

Gyrokinetic simulations of drift waves in low-magnetic-shear stellarators reveal that simulation domains comprised of multiple turns can be required to properly resolve critical mode structures important in saturation dynamics. Marginally stable eigenmodes important in saturation of ion temperature gradient modes and trapped electron modes in the Helically Symmetric Experiment (HSX) stellarator are observed to have two scales, with the envelope scale determined by the properties of the local magnetic shear and an inner scale determined by the interplay between the local shear and magnetic field-line curvature. Properly resolving these modes removes spurious growth rates that arise for extended modes in zero-magnetic-shear approximations, enabling use of a zero-magnetic-shear technique with smaller simulation domains and attendant cost savings. Analysis of subdominant modes in trapped electron mode (TEM)-driven turbulence reveals that the extended marginally stable modes play an important role in the nonlinear dynamics, and suggests that the properties induced by low magnetic shear may be exploited to provide another route for turbulence saturation.

Faber, B. J. (ORCID:000000034934400X)↗

DOE OSTI2014

ALMA imaging of gas and dust in a galaxy protocluster at redshift 5.3: [C II] emission in 'typical' galaxies and dusty starbursts ≈1 billion years after the big bang

We report interferometric imaging of [C II]({sup 2} P {sub 3/2}→{sup 2} P {sub 1/2}) and OH({sup 2}Π{sub 1/2} J = 3/2→1/2) emission toward the center of the galaxy protocluster associated with the z = 5.3 submillimeter galaxy (SMG) AzTEC-3, using the Atacama Large (sub)Millimeter Array (ALMA). We detect strong [C II], OH, and rest-frame 157.7 μm continuum emission toward the SMG. The [C II]({sup 2} P {sub 3/2}→{sup 2} P {sub 1/2}) emission is distributed over a scale of 3.9 kpc, implying a dynamical mass of 9.7 × 10{sup 10} M {sub ☉}, and a star formation rate (SFR) surface density of Σ{sub SFR} = 530 M {sub ☉} yr{sup –1} kpc{sup –2}. This suggests that AzTEC-3 forms stars at Σ{sub SFR} approaching the Eddington limit for radiation pressure supported disks. We find that the OH emission is slightly blueshifted relative to the [C II] line, which may indicate a molecular outflow associated with the peak phase of the starburst. We also detect and dynamically resolve [C II]({sup 2} P {sub 3/2}→{sup 2} P {sub 1/2}) emission over a scale of 7.5 kpc toward a triplet of Lyman-break galaxies with moderate UV-based SFRs in the protocluster at ∼95 kpc projected distance from the SMG. These galaxies are not detected in the continuum, suggesting far-infrared SFRs of <18-54 M {sub ☉} yr{sup –1}, consistent with a UV-based estimate of 22 M {sub ☉} yr{sup –1}. The spectral energy distribution of these galaxies is inconsistent with nearby spiral and starburst galaxies, but resembles those of dwarf galaxies. This is consistent with expectations for young starbursts without significant older stellar populations. This suggests that these galaxies are significantly metal-enriched, but not heavily dust-obscured, 'normal' star-forming galaxies at z > 5, showing that ALMA can detect the interstellar medium in 'typical' galaxies in the very early universe.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Mechanical behavior and microstructure of Ti{sub 20}Hf{sub 20}Zr{sub 20}Ta{sub 20}Nb{sub 20} high-entropy alloy loaded under quasi-static and dynamic compression conditions

The microstructure and the mechanical behavior of equimolar Ti{sub 20}Hf{sub 20}Zr{sub 20}Ta{sub 20}Nb{sub 20} high-entropy alloy in a wide range of initial strain rates between ~ 10{sup −3} s{sup −1} and ~ 3.4 × 10{sup 3} s{sup −1} were studied. A significant increment in the yield strength with increasing strain rate was observed. The yield strength at ~ 3.4 × 10{sup 3} s{sup −1} was about 40% higher than that measured at ~ 10{sup −3} s{sup −1}. Analysis by electron backscatter diffraction shows that in the low strain rate regime (up to ~ 10 s{sup −1}) the deformation occurs mainly in evenly distributed bands, while in the dynamic regime the deformation is strongly localized in macroscopic shear bands accompanied by softening even after the onset of yielding. The Kernel Average Misorientation technique reveals a high level of lattice rotation within these bands that also carries intense shear. In addition, X-ray diffraction line profile analysis indicates that the sharp increase in the flow stress is mostly related to an increase of the dislocation density. - Highlights: • Strain rate effect on the plastic behavior of Ti{sub 20}Hf{sub 20}Zr{sub 20}Ta{sub 20}Nb{sub 20} HEA was studied. • Low strain rate regime was characterized by a continuous hardening. • At high strain rates softening occurred shortly after the onset of yielding. • Intense strain localization in shear bands occurred in the high strain rate regime. • High dislocation density explained the upturn of flow stress at high strain rates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2015

Electromagnetic effects on dynamics of high-beta filamentary structures

The impacts of the electromagnetic effects on blob dynamics are considered. Electromagnetic BOUT++ simulations on seeded high-beta blobs demonstrate that inhomogeneity of magnetic curvature or plasma pressure along the filament leads to bending of the blob filaments and the magnetic field lines due to increased propagation time of plasma current (Alfvén time). The bending motion can enhance heat exchange between the plasma facing materials and the inner scrape-off layer (SOL) region. The effects of sheath boundary conditions on the part of the blob away from the boundary are also diminished by the increased Alfvén time. Using linear analysis and BOUT++ simulations, it is found that electromagnetic effects in high temperature and high density plasmas reduce the growth rate of resistive drift wave instability when resistivity drops below a certain value. The blobs temperature decreases in the course of its motion through the SOL and so the blob can switch from the electromagnetic to the electrostatic regime where resistive drift waves become important again.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

Enhanced visible and near-infrared capabilities of the JET mirror-linked divertor spectroscopy system

The mirror-linked divertor spectroscopy diagnostic on JET has been upgraded with a new visible and near-infrared grating and filtered spectroscopy system. New capabilities include extended near-infrared coverage up to 1875 nm, capturing the hydrogen Paschen series, as well as a 2 kHz frame rate filtered imaging camera system for fast measurements of impurity (Be II) and deuterium Dα, Dβ, Dγ line emission in the outer divertor. The expanded system provides unique capabilities for studying spatially resolved divertor plasma dynamics at near-ELM resolved timescales as well as a test bed for feasibility assessment of near-infrared spectroscopy.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2012

Solid-State Fault Current Limiter Development: Design and Testing Update of a 15kV SSCL Power Stack

The Solid-State Fault Current Limiter (SSCL) is a promising technology that can be applied to utility power delivery systems to address the problem of increasing fault currents associated with load growth. As demand continues to grow, more power is added to utility system either by increasing generator capacity or by adding distributed generators, resulting in higher available fault currents, often beyond the capabilities of the present infrastructure. The SSCL is power-electronics based equipment designed to work with the present utility system to address this problem. The SSCL monitors the line current and dynamically inserts additional impedance into the line in the event of a fault being detected. The SSCL is based on a modular design and can be configured for 5kV through 69kV systems at nominal current ratings of 1000A to 4000A. Results and Findings This report provides the final test results on the development of 15kV class SSCL single phase power stack. The scope of work included the design of the modular standard building block sub-assemblies, the design and manufacture of the power stack and the testing of the power stack for the key functional tests of continuous current capability and fault current limiting action. Challenges and Objectives Solid-State Current Limiter technology impacts a wide spectrum of utility engineering and operating personnel. It addresses the problems associated with load growth both at Transmission and Distribution class networks. The design concept is pioneering in terms of developing the most efficient and compact power electronics equipment for utility use. The initial test results of the standard building blocks are promising. The independent laboratory tests of the power stack are promising. However the complete 3 phase system needs rigorous testing for performance and reliability. Applications, Values, and Use The SSCL is an intelligent power-electronics device which is modular in design and can provide current limiting or current interrupting capabilities. It can be applied to variety of applications from distribution class to transmission class power delivery grids and networks. It can also be applied to single major commercial and industrial loads and distributed generator supplies. The active switching of devices can be further utilized for protection of substation transformers. The stress on the system can be reduced substantially improving the life of the power system. It minimizes the voltage sag by speedy elimination of heavy fault currents and promises to be an important element of the utility power system. DOE Perspective This development effort is now focused on a 15kV system. This project will help mitigate the challenges of increasing available fault current. DOE has made a major contribution in providing a cost effective SSCL designed to integrate seamlessly into the Transmission and Distribution networks of today and the future. Approach SSCL development program for a 69kV SSCL was initiated which included the use of the Super GTO advanced semiconductor device which won the 2007 R&D100 Award. In the beginning, steps were identified to accomplish the economically viable design of a 69kV class Solid State Current Limiter that is extremely reliable, cost effective, and compact enough to be applied in urban transmission. The prime thrust in design and development was to encompass the 1000A and the 3000A ratings and provide a modular design to cover the wide range of applications. The focus of the project was then shifted to a 15kV class SSCL. The specifications for the 15kV power stack are reviewed. The design changes integrated into the 15kV power stack are discussed. In this Technical Update the complete project is summarized followed by a detailed test report. The power stack independent high voltage laboratory test requirements and results are presented. Keywords Solid State Current Limiter, SSCL, Fault Current Limiter, Fault Current Controller, Power electronics controller, Intelligent power-electronics Device, IED

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Kinetic Monte Carlo Approach for Simulating Cascading Transmission Line Failure

In this work, cascading transmission line failures are studied through a dynamical model of the power system operating under fixed conditions. The power grid is modeled as a stochastic dynamical system where first-principles electromechanical dynamics are excited by small Gaussian disturbances in demand and generation around a specified operating point. In this context, a single line failure is interpreted in a large deviation context as a first escape event across a surface in phase space defined by line security constraints. The resulting system of stochastic differential equations admits a transverse decomposition of the drift, which leads to considerable simplification in evaluating the quasipotential (rate function) and, consequently, computation of exit rates. Tractable expressions for the rate of transmission line failure in a restricted network are derived from large deviation theory arguments and validated against numerical simulations. Extensions to realistic settings are considered, and individual line failure models are aggregated into a Markov model of cascading failure inspired by chemical kinetics. Cascades are generated by traversing a graph composed of weighted edges representing transitions to degraded network topologies. Numerical results indicate that the Markov model can produce cascades with qualitative power-law properties similar to those observed in empirical cascades.

Kinetic Monte Carlo, rare events, Cascading Failur↗

DOE OSTI2020

Mean force kinetic theory applied to self-diffusion in supercritical Lennard-Jones fluids

A new kinetic-theory-based calculation of the self-diffusion coefficient for dense supercritical Lennard-Jones fluids is presented. The mean force kinetic theory, which was recently developed for transport in dense plasmas, is applied for the calculation of diffusion in dense neutral fluids. The calculation only requires the pair distribution function, a quantity that is readily calculable from equilibrium statistical mechanics for many systems, including the Lennard-Jones fluid. The self-diffusion coefficients are compared with calculations from molecular dynamics simulations, and good agreement at high density is demonstrated, even in the vicinity of the solid–fluid coexistence line. A comparison of different kinetic models with molecular dynamics simulations demonstrates that the transport coefficients have important contributions due to particle interaction via a potential of mean force and local correlations, which increase the collision rate. The new calculations compare well to those from free-volume theory and overcome a limitation of this theory that prevents its use in systems that interact via long range monotonic potentials. It is expected that this approach will also apply to other systems, including neutral-plasma and neutral-electrolyte mixtures.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Tracking Local pH Dynamics during Water Electrolysis via In-Line Continuous Flow Raman Spectroscopy

The performance of electrochemical devices, which play a critical role in decarbonization efforts, is often governed by proton-coupled electron transfer reactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface. These reactions are highly sensitive to the complex and dynamic microenvironment present at the electrode surface. However, characterizing this environment─particularly monitoring interfacial pH and its evolution under reaction conditions─remains challenging, necessitating the development of advanced analytical tools. Here, in this study, we introduce in-line continuous flow Raman spectroscopy (CFRS) as a spectroelectrochemical platform for quantifying interfacial pH swings generated during water-splitting. By monitoring phosphate ion speciation and controlling the hydrodynamics with a flow cell, we measure pH swings as a function of current density, flow rate, and distance from the electrode. Comparison with theoretical models reveals the impact of bulk pH, boundary layer thickness, and bubble dynamics at high current densities. Collectively, these findings establish CFRS as a platform for quantitatively investigating pH dynamics, offering critical insights for advancing electrochemical energy conversion technologies.

Marquez, Raul A. [Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (Unit↗

DOE OSTI2015

SU-D-213-01: Transparent Photon Detector For The Online Monitoring Of IMRT Beams

Purpose: An innovative Transparent Detector for Radiotherapy (TraDeRa) has been developed. The detector aims at real-time monitoring of modulated beam ahead of the patient during delivery sessions, with a field cover up to 40×40 cm {sup 2}. Methods: TraDeRa consists in a pixelated matrix of ionization chambers with a patented electrodes design. An in-house designed specific integrated circuit allows to extract the signal and provides a real-time map of beam intensity and shape, at the linac pulse-scale. The measurements under irradiation are made with a 6 MV clinical X-Ray beam. Dose calculations are performed with the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE, modeling the full accelerator head and the TraDeRa detector. Results: A 2 % attenuation of the beam was measured in the presence of TraDeRa and the PENELOPE dosimetric study showed no significant modification of the photon beam properties. TraDeRa detects error leaf position as small as 1 mm compared to a reference field, for both static and modulated fields. In addition, measurements are accurate over a large dynamic range from low intensity signals, as inter-leaves leaks, to very high intensities as obtained on the medical line of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The detector is fully operational for conventional and high dose rate beams as FFF modes (up to 2400 MU/min). Conclusion: The current version of TraDeRa shows promising results for IMRT quality assurance (QA), allowing pulse-scale monitoring of the beam and high sensitivity for errors detection. The attenuation is small enough not to hinder the irradiation while keeping the beam upstream of the patient under constant control. A final prototype under development will include 1600 independent electrodes, half of them with a high resolution centered on the beam axis. This compact detector provides an independent set of measurements for a better QA. Funding support : This work was supported by the LABEX PRIMES (ANR-11-LABX-0063) of Universite de Lyon, within the program “Investissements d’Avenir” (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR) and within the project “INSPIRA” operated by the OSEO institution.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

SIF-based GPP modeling for evergreen forests considering the seasonal variation in maximum photochemical efficiency

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has shown great potential in estimating gross primary production (GPP). However, their quantitative relationship is not invariant, which undermines the reliability of empirical SIF-based GPP estimation at fine spatiotemporal scales, especially under extreme conditions. In this study, we developed a parsimonious mechanistic model for SIF-based GPP estimation in evergreen needle forests (ENF) by employing the Mechanistic Light Response framework and Eco-Evolutionary theory to describe the light and dark reactions during photosynthesis, respectively. Specifically, we found that considering the seasonal variation in a key parameter of the MLR framework, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Φ PSIImax ), can avoid the GPP overestimation in winter and early spring due to the relatively low environmental sensitivity of SIF. Compared to the estimates from other benchmark models, our GPP estimates were closer to the 1: 1 line and had higher accuracy (average R 2 = 0.86, RMSE=1.99 μmol m -2 s -1 ) across sites. Furthermore, the changes in the relationship between SIF and J (refers to the electron transport rate) contribute a lot to the dynamic SIF–GPP relationship in this study, while the J–GPP relationship is less variant when the temperature drops. Further, the seasonal variation in the SIF–J relationship, especially the reduction in its slope at low temperatures, is found largely explained by the Φ PSIImax . These results indicate the importance of the uncertainty caused by the variation in the SIF–J relationship for SIF-based GPP estimation, and the consideration of changes in Φ PSIImax under extreme conditions (such as severe winter in this study) is crucial for the improvement of GPP estimation via SIF.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Hybrid data-driven and model-informed online tool wear detection in milling machines

Precision machining tool wear is responsible for low product throughput and quality. Monitoring the tool wear online is vital to prevent degradation in machining quality. However, direct real-time tool wear measurement is not practical. This paper presents residual-based anomaly detection models, combining a hybrid model comprised of a physics-based model and a data-driven model (a decision tree or a neural network) to predict signals of interest (e.g., power or forces) under nominal conditions, followed by Page’s cumulative sum test for detecting tool wear on-line using the computer numerical control machine measurements. The most informative features are ranked using dynamic programming and its approximation variants from real-time measurements and machine settings, such as the width of cut, depth of cut, feed rate and spindle speed, that serve as inputs to the predictive models. The baseline nominal model is incrementally updated with experimental data via a gradient boosted adaptation model to generate the residuals that account for discrepancies between the actual machine data under normal conditions and the baseline nominal model predictions. The hybrid model is validated against 20 Mazak milling machine experimental tests and one Haas run-to-failure experiment. The proposed anomaly detector is applied to synthetic data from simulations of the physics-based model at different operating conditions, measurement noise levels, and tool wear levels, and the methods were able to achieve an overall 92% accuracy in data with 1% noise. The anomaly detection methods based on hybrid model reduced the false alarms of either the data-driven or physical-based models alone, and are found to be capable of good online detection of tool wear.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Extending the Dynamic Range of Galaxy Outflow Scaling Relations: Massive Compact Galaxies with Extreme Outflows

We investigate galactic winds in the HizEA galaxies, a collection of 46 late-stage galaxy mergers at z = 0.4–0.8, with stellar masses of $\mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })=10.4\mbox{--}11.5$ , star formation rates (SFRs) of 20–500 M ⊙ yr -1 , and ultra-compact (a few 100 pc) central star-forming regions. We measure their gas kinematics using the Mg II λλ 2796,2803 absorption lines in optical spectra from MMT, Magellan, and Keck. We find evidence of outflows in 90% of targets, with maximum outflow velocities of 550–3200 km s -1 . We combine these data with ten samples from the literature to construct scaling relations for outflow velocity versus SFR, star formation surface density (Σ SFR ), M * , and SFR/M * . The HizEA galaxies extend the dynamic range of the scaling relations by a factor of ~2–4 in outflow velocity and an order of magnitude in SFR and Σ SFR . The ensemble scaling relations exhibit strong correlations between outflow velocity, SFR, SFR/R, and Σ SFR , and weaker correlations with M * and SFR/M * . The HizEA galaxies are mild outliers on the SFR and M* scaling relations, but they connect smoothly with more typical star-forming galaxies on plots of outflow velocity versus SFR/R and Σ SFR . These results provide further evidence that the HizEA galaxies' exceptional outflow velocities are a consequence of their extreme star formation conditions rather than hidden black hole activity, and they strengthen previous claims that Σ SFR is one of the most important properties governing the velocities of galactic winds.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Removal of carbon contaminations by RF plasma generated reactive species and subsequent effects on optical surface

Carbon contamination on optical elements is a serious issue in synchrotron beam lines for several decades. The basic mechanism of carbon deposition on optics and cleaning strategies are not fully understood. Carbon growth mechanism and optimized cleaning procedures are worldwide under development stage. Optimized RF plasma cleaning is considered an active remedy for the same. In present study carbon contaminated optical test surfaces (carbon capped tungsten thin film) are exposed for 30 minutes to four different gases, rf plasma at constant power and constant dynamic pressure. Structural characterization (thickness, roughness and density) of virgin samples and plasma exposed samples was done by soft x-ray (λ=80 Å) reflectivity measurements at Indus-1 reflectivity beam line. Different gas plasma removes carbon with different rate (0.4 to 0.65 nm /min). A thin layer 2 to 9 nm of different roughness and density is observed at the top surface of tungsten film. Ar gas plasma is found more suitable for cleaning of tungsten surface.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

Emergence of pseudoresonance in high-intensity resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

We report resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra of neon atoms interacting with intense x-ray pulses generated using an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). We find that an unexpected peak emerges near the 𝐾⁢𝛼 line of Ne, which does not coincide with any physical resonances of neon ions. We perform theoretical calculations based on a quantum-state-resolved rate-equation approach with x-ray-induced processes including possible resonant excitations. Our dynamics simulations demonstrate that a sequence of multiple resonant photoabsorption events are involved and the interplay of those multiple resonances in combination with the relatively large spectral bandwidth of XFEL radiation leads to the emergent resonance-like structure at a position where no resonances exist. Our finding offers critical guidance for future applications of high-intensity RIXS at XFEL facilities.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Bryan Mound InSAR Analysis U.S. Strategic petroleum Reserve.

The U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is a stockpile of emergency crude oil to be tapped into if a disruption in the nation's oil supply occurs. The SPR is comprised of four salt dome sites. Subsidence surveys have been conducted either annually or biennially at all four sites over the life of the program. Monitoring of surface behavior is a first line defense to detecting possible subsurface cavern integrity issues. Over the life of the Bryan Mound site, subsidence rates over abandoned Cavern 3 have continuously been the highest at the site. In an effort to try and understand the subsurface dynamics, specifically over Bryan Mound Cavern 3, historic interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data was acquired and processed by TRE Altamira. InSAR involves the processing of multiple satellite synthetic aperture radar scenes acquired across the same location of the Earth's surface at different times to map surface deformation. The analysis of the data has the ability to detect millimeters of motion spanning days, months, year and decades, across specific sites. The intent in regards to the Bryan Mound site was (1) to confirm the higher subsidence rates recorded over abandoned Cavern 3 indicated by land survey and (2) understand the regional surface behavior. This report describes the InSAR analysis results, how those results compare to the historical collection of land survey data, and what additional information the data has provided towards understanding the response recorded at the surface.

02 PETROLEUM↗