Anelastic behavior of copper single crystals at low stresses
Pure copper single crystal elastic property determination by stress-strain measurements
SINGLE CRYSTAL↗
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Multi-Scale Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Porous 3D Woven TPS Materials
This work summarizes the process to compute and analyze the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of 3D woven TPS materials such as 3MDCP (3D Mid-Density Carbon-Phenolic). The PuMA software, developed at NASA Ames, was used to characterize different 3MDCP samples from their constituents' data, averaging their thermal conductivity and elastic properties in the three main directions to obtain their effective orthotropic thermo-mechanical properties. This was performed in multiple steps: firstly, TPS samples were digitally reconstructed using micro computed tomography (µCT) and their constituents were segmented; then, the porous matrix phase was analyzed at the micro-scale and these results were used, along with the fibers’ constituents information, to model the tows at the meso-scale; finally, results from the constituents were homogenized and used to model the thermo-mechanical behavior of the unit cell at the macro-scale. Additionally, to gain a better understanding of the tows’ morphology and distribution of the carbon-phenolic blended fibers, microscopy images of the tows’ cross-section were segmented using deep learning techniques and analyzed with PuMA. This workflow can be applied to any TPS material to computationally obtain its thermo-mechanical properties, enabling more informed TPS design and manufacturing choices.
Multi-Scale↗
Multi-Scale Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Porous 3D Woven TPS Materials
This work summarizes the process to compute and analyze the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of 3D woven TPS materials such as 3MDCP (3D Mid-Density Carbon-Phenolic). The PuMA [1,2] software, developed at NASA Ames, was used to characterize different 3MDCP samples from their constituents' data, averaging their thermal conductivity and elastic properties in the three main directions to obtain their effective orthotropic thermo-mechanical properties. This was performed in multiple steps: firstly, TPS samples were digitally reconstructed using micro computed tomography (µCT) and their constituents were segmented; then, the porous matrix phase was analyzed at the micro-scale and these results were used, along with the fibers’ constituents information, to model the tows at the meso-scale; finally, results from the constituents were homogenized and used to model the thermo-mechanical behavior of the unit cell at the macro-scale. Additionally, to gain a better understanding of the tows’ morphology and distribution of the carbon-phenolic blended fibers, microscopy images of the tows’ cross-section were segmented using deep learning techniques and analyzed with PuMA. This workflow can be applied to any TPS material to computationally obtain its thermo-mechanical properties, enabling more informed TPS design and manufacturing choices.
Multi-Scale↗
Elastic and thermal properties of Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 rocks
Apollo 11 and 12 rocks specific heat and thermal conductivity at 2-5 K, comparing elastic properties
Anderson, O. L.↗
On the determination of micromorphic material constants from properties of the constituents
Determination of micromorphic material constants from elastic properties of constituents
Maye, R. F.↗
Elasticity of some mantle crystals structures. III - Spessartite-almandine garnet
Measurements of the pressure dependence of the elastic constants of spessartite-almandine garnet are given. The basis for velocity systematics among the available natural and synthetic garnet data is then examined. As for any dense oxide, the natural anion in garnet is dominant in size. The ionic sizes of the cations in the various sites are used to determine the extent to which it might be expected that garnets of different chemical formulas are analogous in elastic properties. The results are used to predict that the elastic velocities in garnet-transformed MgSiO3 are the same as those in pyrope (Mg3Al2Si3O12).
Wang, H.↗
Buckling of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Laminated Composite Materials Subjected to Axial Compression and Shear Loadings
A multi-scale method to predict the stiffness and stability properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced laminates has been developed. This method is used in the prediction of the buckling behavior of laminated carbon nanotube-polyethylene composites formed by stacking layers of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer with the nanotube alignment axes of each layer oriented in different directions. Linking of intrinsic, nanoscale-material definitions to finite scale-structural properties is achieved via a hierarchical approach in which the elastic properties of the reinforced layers are predicted by an equivalent continuum modeling technique. Solutions for infinitely long symmetrically laminated nanotube-reinforced laminates with simply-supported or clamped edges subjected to axial compression and shear loadings are presented. The study focuses on the influence of nanotube volume fraction, length, orientation, and functionalization on finite-scale laminate response. Results indicate that for the selected laminate configurations considered in this study, angle-ply laminates composed of aligned, non-functionalized carbon nanotube-reinforced lamina exhibit the greatest buckling resistance with 1% nanotube volume fraction of 450 nm uniformly-distributed carbon nanotubes. In addition, hybrid laminates were considered by varying either the volume fraction or nanotube length through-the-thickness of a quasi-isotropic laminate. The ratio of buckling load-to-nanotube weight percent for the hybrid laminates considered indicate the potential for increasing the buckling efficiency of nanotube-reinforced laminates by optimizing nanotube size and proportion with respect to laminate configuration.
Riddick, J. C.↗
Dust coagulation in ISM
Coagulation is an important mechanism in the growth of interstellar and interplanetary dust particles. The microphysics of the coagulation process was theoretically analyzed as a function of the physical properties of the coagulating grains, i.e., their size, relative velocities, temperature, elastic properties, and the van der Waal interaction. Numerical calculations of collisions between linear chains provide the wave energy in individual particles and the spectrum of the mechanical vibrations set up in colliding particles. Sticking probabilities are then calculated using simple estimates for elastic deformation energies and for the attenuation of the wave energy due to absorption and scattering processes.
Chokshi, Arati↗
The longitudinal stability of elastic swept wings at supersonic speed
The longitudinal stability characteristics of elastic swept wings of high aspect ratio experiencing bending and torsional deformations are calculated for supersonic speed by the application of linearized lifting-surface theory. A parabolic wing deflection curve is assumed and the analysis is simplified by a number of structural approximations. The method is thereby limited in application to wings of high aspect ratio for which the root effects are small. Expressions for the lift, pitching-moment, and span load distribution characteristics are derived in terms of the elastic properties of the wing; namely, the design stress, the modulus of elasticity, the shearing modulus, and the maximum design load factor. The analysis applies to wings with leading edges swept behind the Mach lines. In all cases, however, the trailing edge is sonic or supersonic. Application of the method of analysis to wings with leading edges swept ahead of the Mach lines is discussed.
Frick, C W↗
Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Composite Fracture Using ReaxFF
Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber reinforced composites with specific tensile strengths and moduli approaching those of aerospace grade carbon fiber composites have recently been reported. This achievement was enabled by the emerging availability of high N/tex yarns in kilometer-scale quantities. While the production of this yarn is an impressive advance, its strength is still much lower than that of the individual CNTs comprising the yarn. Closing this gap requires understanding load transfer between CNTs at the nanometer dimensional scale. This work uses reactive molecular dynamics simulations to gain an understanding at the nanometer scale of the key factors that determine CNT nanocomposite mechanical performance, and to place more realistic upper bounds on the target properties. While molecular dynamics simulations using conventional force fields can predict elastic properties, the ReaxFF reactive forcefield can also model fracture behavior because of its ability to accurately describe bond breaking and formation during a simulation. The upper and lower bounds of CNT composite properties are investigated by comparing systems composed of CNTs continuously connected across the periodic boundary with systems composed of finite length CNTs. These lengths, effectively infinite for the continuous tubes and an aspect ratio of 13 for the finite length case, result from practical limitations on the number of atoms that can be included in a simulation. Experimentally measured aspect ratios are typically on the order of 100,000, so the calculated results should represent upper and lower limits on experimental mechanical properties. Finally, the effect of various degrees of covalent crosslinking between the CNTs and amorphous carbon matrix is considered to identify the amount of CNT-matrix covalent bonding that maximizes overall composite properties.
Jensen, Benjamin D.↗
Tensile and flexural strength of nongraphitic superhybrid composites - Predictions and comparisons
Equations are presented and described which can be used to predict bounds on the tensile and flexural strengths of nongraphitic superhybrid (NGSH) composites. These equations are derived by taking into account the measured stress-strain behavior, the lamination residual stresses and the sequence of events leading to fracture. The required input for using these equations includes constituent composites, elastic and strength properties, NGSH elastic properties, cure temperature, and ply stress influence coefficients. Results predicted by these equations are in reasonably good agreement with measured data for strength and for the apparent 'knees' in the nonlinear stress-strain curve. The lower bound values are conservative compared to measured data. These equations are relatively simple and should be suitable for use in the preliminary design and initial sizing of structural components made from NGSH composites.
Chamis, C. C.↗
Multiscale Modeling of Carbon/Phenolic Composite Thermal Protection Materials: Atomistic to Effective Properties
Next generation ablative thermal protection systems are expected to consist of 3D woven composite architectures. It is well known that composites can be tailored to achieve desired mechanical and thermal properties in various directions and thus can be made fit-for-purpose if the proper combination of constituent materials and microstructures can be realized. In the present work, the first, multiscale, atomistically-informed, computational analysis of mechanical and thermal properties of a present day - Carbon/Phenolic composite Thermal Protection System (TPS) material is conducted. Model results are compared to measured in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical and thermal properties to validate the computational approach. Results indicate that given sufficient microstructural fidelity, along with lowerscale, constituent properties derived from molecular dynamics simulations, accurate composite level (effective) thermo-elastic properties can be obtained. This suggests that next generation TPS properties can be accurately estimated via atomistically informed multiscale analysis.
Materials Science↗
Development of in situ stiffness properties for shuttle booster filament wound case
Subscale tests were extensively used to develop a data base on elastic properties of graphite-epoxy wound pressure vessels. Scaling phenomena were observed to influence biaxial strains. Causes for scaling are proposed and lamina models with scaling factors are presented.
Verderaime, V.↗
Multidisciplinary research leading to utilization of extraterrestrial resources
Progress of the research accomplished during fiscal year 1972 is reported. The summaries presented include: (1) background analysis and coordination, (2) surface properties of rock in simulated lunar environment, (3) rock failure processes, strength and elastic properties in simulated lunar environment, (4) thermal fragmentation, and thermophysical and optical properties in simulated lunar environment, and (5) use of explosives on the moon.
Source record↗
Sensitivity of the coefficients of thermal expansion of selected graphite reinforced composite laminates to lamina thermoelastic properties
An analytical study of the sensitivity of the laminate coefficient of thermal expansion, CTE, to changes in lamina elastic properties has been made. High modulus graphite/epoxy (P75/934, P100/934, P120/934), graphite/aluminum (P100/Al), and graphite/glass (HMS/Gl) composite materials were considered in quasi-isotropic, low thermal stress, and 'near-zero' thermal expansion laminate configurations. The effects of a positive or negative 10 percent change in lamina properties on laminate CTE is strongly dependent upon both the composite material and the laminate configuration. A 10 percent change in all of the lamina properties had very little effect on the laminate CTE of the HMS/Gl composite laminates investigated. The sensitivity and direction of change in the laminate CTE of Gr/934 depended very strongly on the fiber properties. A 10 percent change in the lamina transverse CTE resulted in changes as large as 0.216 ppm/C in the laminate CTE of a quasi-isotropic Gr/934 laminate. No significant difference was observed in the sensitivity of the laminate CTE of the P100/934 and P120/934 composite materials due to changes in lamina properties. Large changes in laminate CTE can result from measured temperature and radiation effects on lamina properties.
Tompkins, S. S.↗
Rock physics properties of some lunar samples
Linear strains and acoustic velocity data for lunar samples under uniaxial and hydrostatic loading are presented. Elastic properties are presented for 60335,20; 15555,68; 15498,23; and 12063,97. Internal friction data are summarized for a number of artificial lunar glasses with compositions similar to lunar rocks 12009, 12012, 14305, 15021, and 15555. Zero porosity model-rock moduli are calculated for a number of lunar model-rocks, with mineralogies similar to Apollo 12, 14, and 16 rocks. Model-rock calculations indicate that rock types in the troctolitic composition range may provide reasonable modeling of the lunar upper mantle. Model calculations involving pore crack effects are compatible with a strong dependence of rock moduli on pore strain, and therefore of rock velocities on nonhydrostatic loading. The high velocity of rocks under uniaxial loading appears to be compatible with, and may aid in, interpretation of near-surface velocity profiles observed in the active seismic experiment.
Warren, N.↗
How Molecular Structure Affects Mechanical Properties of an Advanced Polymer
density was performed over a range of temperatures below the glass transition temperature. The physical characterization, elastic properties and notched tensile strength all as a function of molecular weight and test temperature were determined. For the uncrosslinked SI material, it was shown that notched tensile strength is a strong function of both temperature and molecular weight, whereas stiffness is only a strong function of temperature. For the crosslinked PETI-SI material, it was shown that the effect of crosslinking significantly enhances the mechanical performance of the low molecular weight material; comparable to that exhibited by the high molecular weight material.
Nicholson, Lee M.↗
Multiscale Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Boron Nitride-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites
The effect of size, shape, morphology, and arrangement of micro constituents of Boron Nitrite (BN) nanoplatelet/epoxy composites on their properties were investigated using a multi scale approach that includes Molecular Dynamics (MD) and micromechanics. The thermo-mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated using molecular theory and the analysis showed that the elastic constants of BN/epoxy composites were not severely affected by temperature. Also, the micromechanical analysis of Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) was utilized at higher length scale to evaluate elastic properties of the composites, for different geometries and arrangements of micro constituents. The predicted results of the analysis showed that the size, aspect ratios, morphology, and the arrangements of inclusions in BN/epoxy nanocomposites all have remarkable effect on the mechanical performances of the material systems.
nanocomposites↗