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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1985

Magnetic optical activity in intense laser fields. I - Self-rotation and Verdet constant

The paper is concerned with the Faraday rotation and circular dichroism of dilute gases in longitudinal magnetic fields subject to strong radiation fields. In particular, magnetic fields are considered which produce Zeeman shifts much smaller than inverse collision times but which may be greater or smaller then the multipole relaxation times. Doppler broadening is considered, and explicit expressions are given for dipole transitions in a two-level system with arbitrary angular momentum for strong and weak magnetic fields. The same system is then studied as a function of the external magnetic-field strength with a fixed laser frequency. It is shown that this experimental arrangement, referred to as forward scattering, has certain advantages that are not present in the more usual magnetic rotation spectroscopy.

Giraud-Cotton, S.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Techniques and Tools for Estimating Ionospheric Effects in Interferometric and Polarimetric SAR Data

The InSAR Scientific Computing Environment (ISCE) is a flexible, extensible software tool designed for the end-to-end processing and analysis of synthetic aperture radar data. ISCE inherits the core of the ROI_PAC interferometric tool, but contains improvements at all levels of the radar processing chain, including a modular and extensible architecture, new focusing approach, better geocoding of the data, handling of multi-polarization data, radiometric calibration, and estimation and correction of ionospheric effects. In this paper we describe the characteristics of ISCE with emphasis on the ionospheric modules. To detect ionospheric anomalies, ISCE implements the Faraday rotation method using quadpolarimetric images, and the split-spectrum technique using interferometric single-, dual- and quad-polarimetric images. The ability to generate co-registered time series of quad-polarimetric images makes ISCE also an ideal tool to be used for polarimetric-interferometric radar applications.

Ionosphere↗
NASA NTRS2023

The Faraday Effect Tracker of Coronal and Heliospheric Structure (FETCH) Instrument

There continue to be open questions regarding the solar wind and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). For example: how do magnetic fields within CMEs and corotating/stream interaction regions (CIRs/SIRs) evolve in the inner heliosphere? What is the radially distributed magnetic profile of shock-driving CMEs? What is the internal magnetic structure of CMEs that cause magnetic storms? It is clear that these questions involve the magnetic configurations of solar wind and transient interplanetary plasma structures, for which we have limited knowledge. In order to better understand the origin of the magnetic field variability in steady-state structures and transient events, it is necessary to probe the magnetic field in Earth-directed structures/disturbances. This is the goal of the Multiview Observatory for Solar Terrestrial Science (MOST) mission (Gopalswamy et al., 2022). For MOST to answer the aforementioned questions, we propose the instrument concept of the Faraday Effect Tracker of Coronal and Heliospheric structures (FETCH), a simultaneous quad-line-of-sight polarization radio remote-sensing instrument. With FETCH, spacecraft radio beams passing through the Sun–Earth line offer the possibility of obtaining information of plasma conditions via analysis of radio propagation effects such as Faraday rotation and wave dispersion, which provide information of the magnetic field and total electron content (TEC). This is the goal of the FETCH instrument, one of ten instruments proposed to be hosted on the MOST mission. The MOST mission will provide an unprecedented opportunity to achieve NASA’s heliophysics science goal to “explore and characterize the physical processes in the space environment from the Sun” (Gopalswamy et al., 2022).

Solar corona↗
NASA NTRS1992

Rotation measures of low-latitude extragalactic sources and the magnetoionic structure of the Galaxy

Faraday rotation measurements of 56 extragalactic sources obtained predominantly in the range 45-93 deg, /b/ less than 5 deg are reported. Within the longitude range sampled in the present study, RM(l) = 1600 sin (l0 - l) rad/sq m, with a null in RM occurring at 62 deg. Under the assumption of a uniform circular geometry for the magnetic field lines, it is argued that the magnetoionic medium must exist to a Galactocentric radius of about 25 kpc to produce the observed magnitudes of the RMs, where it is assumed that ne and /B/ equal their local values of 0.03/cu cm and 2.1 micro-G out to Rm. The medium must exist to an even greater radius if ne and/or /B/ decrease with R, as is likely. Comparison of extragalactic and pulsar RMs along nearly coincident lines of sight is consistent with at least one field reversal exterior to the radius of the solar orbit about the Galactic center.

Clegg, Andrew W.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Low-loss, high-isolation, fiber-optic isolator

A low-loss, high-isolation, fiber-optic isolator for use in single-mode fiber systems utilizes a Faraday rotator and two polarizers, one at each end angularly oriented from each other at the angle of rotation for isolation, and two aspheric lens connectors to couple optical fibers to the Faraday isolator to reduce forward loss to about 2.5 dB and improve isolation to greater than 70 dB.

Lutes, George F.↗
NASA NTRS2009

The Invariant Twist of Magnetic Fields in the Relativistic Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei

The origin of cosmic magnetic (B) fields remains an open question. It is generally believed that very weak primordial B fields are amplified by dynamo processes, but it appears unlikely that the amplification proceeds fast enough to account for the fields presently observed in galaxies and galaxy clusters. In an alternative scenario, cosmic B fields are generated near the inner edges of accretion disks in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) by azimuthal electric currents due to the difference between the plasma electron and ion velocities that arises when the electrons are retarded by interactions with photons. While dynamo processes show no preference for the polarity of the (presumably random) seed field that they amplify, this alternative mechanism uniquely relates the polarity of the poloidal B field to the angular velocity of the accretion disk, resulting in a unique direction for the toroidal B field induced by disk rotation. Observations of the toroidal fields of 29 AGN jets revealed by parsec-scale Faraday rotation measurements show a clear asymmetry that is consistent with this model, with the probability that this asymmetry came about by chance being less than 1 %. This lends support to the hypothesis that the Universe is seeded by B fields that are generated in AGN via this mechanism

Contopoulos, Ioannis↗
NASA NTRS2010

Poynting Robertson Battery and the Chiral Magnetic Fields of AGN Jets

We propose that the magnetic fields in the accretion disks of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are generated by azimuthal electric currents due to the difference between the plasma electron and ion velocities that arises when the electrons are retarded by interactions with the AGN photons (the Poynting Robertson battery). This process provides a unique relation between the polarity of the poloidal B field to the angular velocity Omega of the accretion disk (B is parallel to Omega), a relation absent in the more popular dynamo B-field generation. This then leads to a unique direction for the toroidal B field induced by disk rotation. Observations of the toroidal fields of 29 AGN jets revealed by parsec-scale Faraday rotation measurements show a clear asymmetry that is consistent with this model, with the probability that this asymmetry comes about by chance being approx.0.06 %. This lends support to the hypothesis that the universe is seeded by B fields that are generated in AGNs via this mechanism and subsequently injected into intergalactic space by the jet outflows.

Kazanas, Demosthenes↗
NASA NTRS1978

Determination of travelling ionospheric disturbances

A total of 35 days of Faraday rotation data was obtained from the ATS-6 radio beacon experiment operating with the closely spaced network of Elbert, Table Mountain, and Fort Morgan. The 140-MHz Faraday bandpass data are uncorrelated in the transmission range from 8 to 45 minutes. There are distinct, well correlated, and time-displaced maxima and minima that allow the calculation of the speed and direction of horizontal motions of plane fronts of disturbances in the ionosphere. For some selected events, velocities between 88 and 278 m/sec were obtained.

Degenhardt, W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Polarization-Rotating Sensors Connected To Optical Fibers

Proposed optoelectronic sensor system includes polarization-rotating sensing elements interrogated by polarized light transmitted to and from sensing elements along optical fibers. Polarization of light altered by combinations of inherent birefringence, stress-induced birefrigence, and Faraday rotation. Advantages include: light weight, fast response, immunity to electromagnetic interference at radio and lower frequencies, and no need to supply electrical power to sensing elements.

Frazer, Robert E.↗