Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “GPU power”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7

Accelerating the Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Hydrologic Modeling to Continental-Scale

Unprecedented climate change and anthropogenic activities have induced increasing ecohydrological problems, which have motivated the development of large-scale modeling for solutions. Water age/quality is as important as water quantity for understanding the water cycle. However, current scientific progress in tracking water parcels at large-scale with high spatiotemporal resolutions is far behind that in water balance/quantity owing to the lack of powerful tools. EcoSLIM is a particle tracking model that works with the hydrologic model ParFlow-CLM, which couples surface-subsurface hydrology with land surface processes. Here, we demonstrate a parallel framework to accelerate EcoSLIM to continental-scale on a distributed, multi-GPU platform with CUDA-Aware MPI. In tests from catchment-, to regional-, and then to continental-scale using 25-million to 1.6-billion particles, EcoSLIM shows significant speedup and excellent parallel performance. The parallel framework is portable to atmospheric and oceanic particle tracking models, where parallelization is inadequate and a standard parallel framework is absent. Parallelized EcoSLIM is a promising tool to accelerate our understanding of the terrestrial water cycle and the upscaling of subsurface hydrology to Earth system models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Zeolite Membrane Reactor for Pre-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

Water-gas shift (WGS) reaction followed by carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) separation is a critical step in the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process for fossil-fuel-fired electrical power generation with CO 2 capture. To intensify the IGCC process hydrogen-permselective zeolite membrane reactor offers promise to replace the conventional energy-intensive fixed-bed reactors and solvent-based CO 2 capture units. The objectives of this project were to develop a bench-scale zeolite membrane reactor (total membrane area: 932 cm 2 for a 21-tube membrane bundle) for the water-gas-shift reaction of raw syngas from an oxygen-blown coal-gasifier for H 2 production with simultaneous CO 2 separation at the capability of about 2 kilograms H 2 per day (equivalent to 2 kW IGCC power plant) and to demonstrate significant progress toward achieving overall performance goal of 90% CO 2 capture rate with 95% CO 2 purity at the cost of electricity 30% less than the baseline carbon capture approaches. This report summarizes results obtained in this project on scaling up the zeolite membrane reactor by a factor of 200 in membrane area, tests of the bench-scale zeolite membrane reactor for the water-gas-shift reaction at high temperature and high-pressure, and techno-economic analysis of the integration of the zeolite membrane reactor in IGCC power plant for the electrical generation with CO 2 capture. With effective pore modification by catalytic cracking deposition of MDES (methyldiethoxysilane), fabrication of MFI-type zeolite membranes was successfully scaled-up from a lab-scale disk type to bench-scale multiple-tube bundles on low-cost alumina supports. A Co-Mo based sour shift catalyst was evaluated and used in the zeolite membrane reactors for water-gas-shift reaction. The reaction kinetic and gas-permeation equations were developed and employed in mathematic models to guide/predict experiments/performance of zeolite membrane reactors for water-gas shift reaction. Multiple-tube zeolite membrane bundles and reactors were designed, fabricated and tested for gas separation and water-gas-shift reactions with real raw syngas from a coal-fired gasifier operated at high temperature and pressure. The zeolite membrane reactors demonstrated good long-term thermal and chemical stability and constant H 2 permeance (>300 GPU) together with a Knudsen selectivity (~4.7) for H 2 over CO 2 in the field test (cumulative time >28 hours) with high-sulfur coal-derived syngas. The zeolite-membrane-reactor integrated IGCC process was designed using the performance experimentally measured by the University of Cincinnati team with a single-tube zeolite membrane reactor that offers a CO conversion >98% with more than 90% of CO 2 and H 2 captured. With the above integrative approaches, a techno-economic analysis for a cost-benefit comparison was performed to uncover features that determine the power output, capital expenditure, operating expenditure, cost of electricity and cost of CO 2 capture in a 550-MW zeolite-membrane-reactor integrated IGCC process. The integration of the zeolite membrane reactor in IGCC could provide a significant reduction of 80% and 27% in the power consumption for Selexol™ Acid Gas Removal and CO 2 compression, respectively, which lowers the total auxiliary power consumption by 12.5%. However, the low pressure required at permeate stream for maintaining the driving force of hydrogen permeation through the zeolite membrane costs a huge power in permeate compressor, compensating the power consumption reduction achieved with the membrane reactor. Thus, for coal-fired IGCC for electricity generation with 90% CO 2 captured, the integration of the membrane reactor could provide a CO conversion ~99% and a significant drop in cost-of-electricity using zeolite membrane with H 2 permeance >600 GPU and the H 2 /CO 2 selectivity over 70.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

Performance Impact and Trade-Offs for Tuning Key Architectural Parameters on CPU+GPU Systems

In this work, we performed an initial design space exploration of an accelerated processing unit (APU)—a hybrid CPU+GPU architecture that integrates both compute units (CUs) and memory into a unified system. This integration aims to reduce data movement, enhance memory locality, and improve energy efficiency by enabling the CPU and GPU to share memory directly. This effort focused on the interplay of key design components—cache line size, the number of CUs, and main memory technology—and the trade-offs of each configuration were analyzed. This paper highlights the various configurations’ impact on memory accesses, data reuse, and power utilization. The results provide valuable insights that can be leveraged to optimize APU architectures for high-performance and energy-efficient computing and thus create a balanced architecture. This optimization can be achieved by adopting dynamic cache management, runtime CU scaling, and advanced memory integration, highlighting the potential of APUs to address critical challenges in compute, data movement, and memory power consumption.

Asifuzzaman, Kazi [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000240044791)↗

Enhancing membrane performance for CO 2 capture from flue gas with ultrahigh MW polyvinylamine

Membranes for post-combustion CO 2 capture are required to have a high CO 2 permeance due to the limited driving force. For facilitated transport membranes synthesized with polyvinylamine (PVAm), a defect-free selective layer of <200 nm is usually required to render sufficient permeance with high CO 2 /N 2 selectivity. In order to meet such a demand through the knife-coating process, the coating solution needs to have a high viscosity at a relatively low concentration to minimize its penetration into the substrate. The demand was met by synthesizing PVAm with an ultrahigh molecular weight (MW) via inverse emulsion polymerization (IEP) in this study. Compared to solution polymerization, IEP isolates the reaction in inverse micelles suspended in a continuous organic phase, which allows excellent dissipation of the heat generated by the reaction and reduces gel formation drastically. The polymerization parameters, including monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and reaction temperature, were investigated to obtain the optimal MW of PVAm for membrane performance. As compared to solution polymerization, IEP enhanced the MW of PVAm from 1.2 to 12.7 MDa, which minimized the penetration of the coating solution into the substrate and hence the extra mass transfer resistance. The effect of MW and degree of hydrolysis of PVAm on the membrane transport properties were studied. Furthermore, by employing PVAm with a MW of 12.7 MDa to strengthen the polymer matrix, the loading of piperazine glycinate in the membrane was increased up to 85 wt.%. In conclusion, the resultant membrane achieved a CO 2 permeance of 839 GPU and a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 161 at the typical flue gas temperature of 57°C.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

GrainGNN: A dynamic graph neural network for predicting 3D grain microstructure

We propose GrainGNN, a surrogate model for the evolution of polycrystalline grain structure under rapid solidification conditions in metal additive manufacturing. High fidelity simulations of solidification microstructures are typically performed using multicomponent partial differential equations (PDEs) with moving interfaces. The inherent randomness of the PDE initial conditions (grain seeds) necessitates ensemble simulations to predict microstructure statistics, e.g., grain size, aspect ratio, and crystallographic orientation. Here, currently such ensemble simulations are prohibitively expensive and surrogates are necessary.In GrainGNN, we use a dynamic graph to represent interface motion and topological changes due to grain coarsening. We use a reduced representation of the microstructure using hand-crafted features; we combine pattern finding and altering graph algorithms with two neural networks, a classifier (for topological changes) and a regressor (for interface motion). Both networks have an encoder-decoder architecture; the encoder has a multi-layer transformer long-short-term-memory architecture; the decoder is a single layer perceptron.We evaluate GrainGNN by comparing it to high-fidelity phase field simulations for in-distribution and out-of-distribution grain configurations for solidification under laser power bed fusion conditions. GrainGNN results in 80%–90% pointwise accuracy; and nearly identical distributions of scalar quantities of interest (QoI) between phase field and GrainGNN simulations compared using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. GrainGNN's inference speedup (PyTorch on single x86 CPU) over a high-fidelity phase field simulation (CUDA on a single NVIDIA A100 GPU) is 150×–2000× for 100-initial grain problem. Further, using GrainGNN, we model the formation of 11,600 grains in 220 seconds on a single CPU core.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

2025 Advances in NekRS: Supporting improved performance for nuclear applications

This report presents several 2025 advancements in NekRS, a high-fidelity spectral element CFD code developed at Argonne National Laboratory to support the NEAMS thermal-hydraulics program. The forthcoming v25 release consolidates several of these advances, adding new features for portability across heterogeneous GPU architectures, real-time in situ visualization, improved turbulence modeling, and conjugate heat transfer coupling. Over the past year, NekRS has demonstrated strong scalability and performance on DOE’s leading exascale platforms, including Aurora and Frontier, confirming its readiness for some of the largest and most complex simulations attempted to date. These achievements provide a powerful new platform for high-fidelity data generation, which in turn supports the development and validation of advanced closure models critical for reactor safety and design. Significant algorithmic innovations have also been introduced. A new global runtime h-refinement capability simplifies workflows by reducing mesh preparation burdens and enabling coarse-to-fine restarts. Building on this, a novel multigrid strategy was implemented to accelerate pressure and transport solves at scale, addressing long-standing bottlenecks in exascale CFD. Together, these developments improve both the efficiency and accessibility of high-fidelity simulations for reactor-relevant problems. Collectively, these enhancements represent a major step forward in simulation technology, positioning NekRS as a cornerstone of NEAMS efforts to enable accurate, efficient, and scalable high-fidelity analysis of advanced nuclear systems.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

TRITON: A Multi-GPU open source 2D hydrodynamic flood model

A new open source multi-GPU 2D flood model called TRITON is presented in this work. The model solves the 2D shallow water equations with source terms using a time-explicit first order upwind scheme based on an Augmented Roe's solver that incorporates a careful estimation of bed strengths and a local implicit formulation of friction terms. Here, the scheme is demonstrated to be first order accurate, robust and able to solve for flows under various conditions. TRITON is implemented such that the model effectively utilizes heterogeneous architectures, from single to multiple CPUs and GPUs. Different test cases are shown to illustrate the capabilities and performance of the model, showing promising runtimes for large spatial and temporal scales when leveraging the computer power of GPUs. Under this hardware configuration, communication and input/output subroutines may impact the scalability. The code is developed under an open source license and can be freely downloaded in https://code.ornl.gov/hydro/triton.

2D flood model↗

Performance of Heterogeneous Algorithm Scheduling in CMSSW

The CMS experiment started to utilize Graphics Processing Units (GPU) to accelerate the online reconstruction and event selection running on its High Level Trigger (HLT) farm in the 2022 data taking period. The projections of the HLT farm to the High-Luminosity LHC foresee a significant use of compute accelerators in the LHC Run 4 and onwards in order to keep the cost, size, and power budget of the farm under control. This direction of leveraging compute accelerators has synergies with the increasing use of HPC resources in HEP computing, as HPC machines are employing more and more compute accelerators that are predominantly GPUs today. In this work we review the features developed for the CMS data processing framework, CMSSW, to support the effective utilization of both compute accelerators and many-core CPUs within a highly concurrent task-based framework. We measure the impact of various design choices for the scheduling of heterogeneous algorithms on the event processing throughput, using the Run-3 HLT application as a realistic use case.

Bocci, Andrea↗

High Performance Computing Peak Shaving for Microreactor Operation

There are multiple nuclear microreactors currently under development that are designed to provide autonomous power for as many as ten or more years without refueling and are designed to power high performance computing (HPC) datacenters. But the load-follow speeds for a nuclear microreactor will be much slower than grid power and slower than the power variance typical of a HPC system. HPC datacenters experience peak power load variance driven by several factors ranging from the operation of cooling systems to remove heat from the servers to supporting a wide range of user application workflows and architectures each with different power signatures. One mechanism to support the limited load-follow of a microreactor is peak shaving where an energy storage mechanism is used to shed peak load and reduce significant power variance. This work explores peak electrical load shaving using uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems designed for HPC support in the context of peak shaving when operating using a nuclear microreactor with a load-follow limited to 10% of load per minute. Using a self contained HPC datacenter complete with stand-alone cooling system and provisioned with an x86 cluster, an ARM cluster, and a graphics processing unit (GPU) cluster, peak shaving for microreactor operation using the UPS battery backup is explored while running two classes of typical HPC user applications. HPC architecture suitability for microreactor operation under this type of peak shaving is examined.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

ZMPY3D: accelerating protein structure volume analysis through vectorized 3D Zernike moments and Python-based GPU integration

Abstract Motivation Volumetric 3D object analyses are being applied in research fields such as structural bioinformatics, biophysics, and structural biology, with potential integration of artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) techniques. One such method, 3D Zernike moments, has proven valuable in analyzing protein structures (e.g., protein fold classification, protein–protein interaction analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations). Their compactness and efficiency make them amenable to large-scale analyses. Established methods for deriving 3D Zernike moments, however, can be inefficient, particularly when higher order terms are required, hindering broader applications. As the volume of experimental and computationally-predicted protein structure information continues to increase, structural biology has become a “big data” science requiring more efficient analysis tools. Results This application note presents a Python-based software package, ZMPY3D, to accelerate computation of 3D Zernike moments by vectorizing the mathematical formulae and using graphical processing units (GPUs). The package offers popular GPU-supported libraries such as CuPy and TensorFlow together with NumPy implementations, aiming to improve computational efficiency, adaptability, and flexibility in future algorithm development. The ZMPY3D package can be installed via PyPI, and the source code is available from GitHub. Volumetric-based protein 3D structural similarity scores and transform matrix of superposition functionalities have both been implemented, creating a powerful computational tool that will allow the research community to amalgamate 3D Zernike moments with existing AI/ML tools, to advance research and education in protein structure bioinformatics. Availability and implementation ZMPY3D, implemented in Python, is available on GitHub (https://github.com/tawssie/ZMPY3D) and PyPI, released under the GPL License.

Lai, Jhih-Siang (ORCID:0000000156775890)↗

HydraGNN v4.0

The new version of HydraGNN v4.0 provides additional core capabilities, such as: Inclusion of multi-body atomistic cluster expansion MACE, polarizable atom interaction neural network PAINN, and equivariant principal neighborhood aggregation (PNAEq) among the message passing layers supported -Inclusion of graph transformers to directly model long-range interactions between nodes that are distant in the graph topology Integration of graph transformers with message passing layers by combining the graph embedding generated by the two mechanisms, which allows for an improved expressivity of the HydraGNN architecture Improved re-implementation of multi-task learning (MTL) to allow its use for stabilized training across imbalanced, multi-source, multi-fidelity data Introduction of multi-task parallelism, a newly proposed type of model parallelism specifically for MTL architectures, which allows to dispatch different output decoding heads to different GPU devices Integration of multi-task parallelism with pre-existing distributed data parallelism to enable a 2D parallelization for distributed training Improved portability of the distributed training across Intel GPUs, which has been testes on ALCF exascale supercomputer Aurora Inclusion of 2-level fine-grained energy profilers portable across NVIDIA, AMD, and Intel GPUs to monitor the power and energy consumption associated with different functions executed by the HydraGNN code during data pre-load and training Restructuring of previous examples and inclusion of new sets of examples to illustrate the download, preprocess, and training of HydraGNN models on new large-scale open-source datasets for atomistic materials modeling (e.g., Alexandria, Transition1x, OMat24, OMol25)

Lupo Pasini, Massimiliano [Oak Ridge National Labo↗

Enabling Low-Overhead HT-HPC Workflows at Extreme Scale using GNU Parallel

GNU Parallel is a versatile and powerful tool for process parallelization widely used in scientific computing. This paper demonstrates its effective application in high-performance computing (HPC) environments, particularly focusing on its scalability and efficiency in executing large-scale high-throughput high-performance computing (HT-HPC) workflows. Through real-world examples, we highlight GNU Parallel’s performance across various HPC workloads, including GPU computing, container-based workloads, and node-local NVMe storage. Our results on two leading supercomputers, OLCF’s Frontier and NERSC’s Perlmutter, showcase GNU Parallel’s rapid process dispatching ability and its capacity to maintain low overhead even at extreme scales. We explore GNU Parallel’s application in massive parallel file transfers using a scheduled Data Transfer Node (DTN) cluster, emphasizing its broad utility in diverse scientific workflows. Beyond its direct application as a viable workflow manager, GNU Parallel can be employed in conjunction with other workflow systems as a "last-mile" parallelizing driver and as a quick prototyping tool to design and extract parallel profiles from application executions. We then argue that the potential for GNU Parallel to transform workflow management at extreme scales is substantial, paving the way for more efficient and effective scientific discoveries.

Maheshwari, Ketan↗

HyKKT: a hybrid direct-iterative method for solving KKT linear systems

Here, we propose a solution strategy for the large indefinite linear systems arising in interior methods for nonlinear optimization. The method is suitable for implementation on hardware accelerators such as graphical processing units (GPUs). The current gold standard for sparse indefinite systems is the LBLT factorization where L is a lower triangular matrix and B is 1×1 or 2×2 block diagonal. However, this requires pivoting, which substantially increases communication cost and degrades performance on GPUs. Our approach solves a large indefinite system by solving multiple smaller positive definite systems, using an iterative solver on the Schur complement and an inner direct solve (via Cholesky factorization) within each iteration. Cholesky is stable without pivoting, thereby reducing communication and allowing reuse of the symbolic factorization. We demonstrate the practicality of our approach on large optimal power flow problems and show that it can efficiently utilize GPUs and outperform LBL T factorization of the full system.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Deep learning simulations of the microwave sky

Here we present 500 high-resolution, full-sky millimeter-wave deep learning (DL) simulations that include lensed CMB maps and correlated foreground components. We find that these MillimeterDL simulations can reproduce a wide range of non-Gaussian summary statistics matching the input training simulations, while only being optimized to match the power spectra. The procedure we develop in this work enables the capability to mass produce independent full-sky realizations from a single expensive full-sky simulation, when ordinarily the latter would not provide enough training data. We also circumvent a common limitation of high-resolution DL simulations that they be confined to small sky areas, often due to memory or GPU issues; we do this by developing a “stitching” procedure that can recover the large-scale, high-order statistics and avoid discontinuities or repeated features in the maps. In addition, since our network takes as input a full-sky lensing convergence map, it can in principle take a full-sky lensing convergence map from any large-scale structure (LSS) simulation and generate the corresponding lensed CMB and correlated foreground components at millimeter wavelengths; this is especially useful in the current era of combining results from both CMB and LSS surveys, which require a common set of simulations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

MEPHESTO: Modeling Energy-Performance in Heterogeneous SoCs and Their Trade-Offs

Integrated shared memory heterogeneous architectures are pervasive because they satisfy the diverse needs of mobile, autonomous, and edge computing platforms. Although specialized processing units (PUs) that share a unified system memory improve performance and energy efficiency by reducing data movement, they also increase contention for this memory since the PUs interact with each other. Prior work has investigated performance degradation due to memory contention, but few have studied the relationship of power and energy to memory contention. Moreover, a comprehensive solution that models memory contention for kernel placement on contemporary heterogeneous systems on chip (SoCs) in response to energy and performance has been largely unaddressed.This paper presents MEPHESTO, a novel and holistic approach for managing this balance. The authors characterize applications and PUs in terms of two memory contention factors - time factors and power factors - to achieve the desired trade-off between energy and performance for collocated kernel execution on heterogeneous systems. The authors believe that this investigation is the first to combine all of these factors and present a simple knob-based approach that expresses the target trade-off. The approach is evaluated on a diverse integrated shared memory heterogeneous system with a CPU, GPU, and programmable vision accelerator. By using an empirical model for memory contention that provides up to 92% accuracy, the kernel collocation approach can provide a near-optimal ordering and placement based on the user-defined, energy-performance trade-off parameter. Moreover, the dynamic programming-based heuristics provide up to 30% better energy or 20% performance benefits when compared with the greedy approaches commonly employed by previous studies.

Alaul haque monil, Mohammad↗

Cross-Linked Polyphosphazene Blends as Robust CO2 Separation Membranes

An effective cross-linking technique allows a viscous, highly gas permeable hydrophilic polyphosphazene to be cast as solid membrane films. By judicious blending with other polyphosphazenes to improve mechanical properties, a membrane exhibiting the highest CO2 permeability (610 barrer) combined with good CO2/N2 selectivity (35) among polyphosphazenes is described here. The material demonstrates performance stability after 500 hours of exposure to a coal-fired power plant flue gas, making it attractive for use in carbon capture applications. Its CO2/N2 selectivity under conditions up to full humidity is also stable, and although the gas permeability does decline, the performance is fully recovered upon drying. The high molecular weight of these heteropolymers also allows them to be cast as a thin selective layer on an asymmetric porous membrane, yielding CO2 permeance of 1200 GPU, CO2/N2 pure gas selectivity of 31, which does not decline over 2000 hours due to physical aging. In addition to gas separation membranes, this cross-linked polyphosphazene can potentially be extended to other applications such as drug delivery or proton exchange membranes which take advantage of the polyphosphazene’s versatile chemistry.

Kusuma, Victor↗

Global adjoint tomography—model GLAD-M25

SUMMARY Building on global adjoint tomography model GLAD-M15, we present transversely isotropic global model GLAD-M25, which is the result of 10 quasi-Newton tomographic iterations with an earthquake database consisting of 1480 events in the magnitude range 5.5 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.2, an almost sixfold increase over the first-generation model. We calculated fully 3-D synthetic seismograms with a shortest period of 17 s based on a GPU-accelerated spectral-element wave propagation solver which accommodates effects due to 3-D anelastic crust and mantle structure, topography and bathymetry, the ocean load, ellipticity, rotation and self-gravitation. We used an adjoint-state method to calculate Fréchet derivatives in 3-D anelastic Earth models facilitated by a parsimonious storage algorithm. The simulations were performed on the Cray XK7 ‘Titan’ and the IBM Power 9 ‘Summit’ at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility. We quantitatively evaluated GLAD-M25 by assessing misfit reductions and traveltime anomaly histograms in 12 measurement categories. We performed similar assessments for a held-out data set consisting of 360 earthquakes, with results comparable to the actual inversion. We highlight the new model for a variety of plumes and subduction zones.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Implementation and Validation of a Generalized Actuator Disk Parameterization for Wind Turbine Simulations Within the FastEddy Model

ABSTRACT Fast and accurate large‐eddy simulation (LES) of the atmospheric boundary layer plays a crucial role in advancing wind energy research. Long‐duration wind farm studies at turbine‐resolving scales have become increasingly important to understand the intricate interactions between large wind farms and the atmospheric boundary layer. However, the prohibitive computational cost of these turbulence‐ and turbine‐resolving simulations has precluded such modeling to be exercised on a regular basis. To that end, we implement and validate the generalized actuator disk (GAD) model in the computationally efficient, graphics processing unit (GPU)–resident, LES model FastEddy. We perform single‐turbine simulations under three atmospheric stabilities (neutral, unstable, and stable) and compare them against observations from the Scaled Wind Farm Technology (SWiFT) facility and other LES codes from the recent Wakebench turbine wake model benchmark. Our idealized LES results agree well with observed wake velocity deficit and downstream recovery across stability regimes. Turbine response in terms of rotational speed, generated power, torque, and thrust coefficient are well predicted across stability regimes and are consistent with the LES results from the benchmark. The FastEddy simulations are found to be at least two orders of magnitude more efficient than the traditional CPU‐based LES models, opening the door for realistic LES simulations of full wind plants as a viable standard practice.

17 WIND ENERGY↗