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At least 127 records · Page 7

Tensor network simulations of quasi-GPDs in the massive Schwinger model

Generalized parton distribution functions (GPDs) are off-diagonal light-cone matrix elements that encode the internal structure of hadrons in terms of quark and gluon degrees of freedom. In this work, we present the first nonperturbative study of quasi-GPDs in the massive Schwinger model, quantum electrodynamics in 1+1 dimensions (QED 2 ), within the Hamiltonian formulation of lattice field theory. Quasidistributions are spatial correlation functions of boosted states, which approach the relevant light-cone distributions in the luminal limit. Using tensor networks, we prepare the first excited state in the strongly coupled regime and boost it to close to the light-cone on lattices of up to 400 lattice sites. We compute both quasiparton distribution functions and, for the first time, quasi-GPDs, and study their convergence for increasingly boosted states. In addition, we perform analytic calculations of GPDs in the two-particle Fock-space approximation and in the Reggeized limit, providing qualitative benchmarks for the tensor network results. Our analysis establishes computational benchmarks for accessing partonic observables in low-dimensional gauge theories, offering a starting point for future extensions to higher dimensions, non-Abelian theories, and quantum simulations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Double deeply virtual Compton scattering with positron beams at SoLID

Double Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DDVCS) is the only experimental channel for the determination of the dependence of the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) on both the average and the transferred momentum independently. The physics observables of the electron induced di-muon production reaction $\vv{e}^{\pm}p \to e^{\pm}p\mu^+\mu^-$ off unpolarized hydrogen are discussed. Their measurement with the high luminosity and large acceptance SoLID spectrometer at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, using polarized and unpolarized positron and electron beams at 11 GeV is investigated. This experimental configuration is shown to provide unprecedented access to the GPDs with the determination of the real and imaginary parts of the Compton Form Factor H in an unexplored phase space, and to enable an exploratory investigation of higher twist effects.

Zhao, S.↗

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering Using a Positron Beam in Hall-C at Jefferson Lab

In this study we propose to use the High Momentum Spectrometer of Hall C combined with the Neutral Particle Spectrometer (NPS) to perform high precision measurements of the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) cross section using a beam of positrons. The combination of measurements with oppositely charged incident beams is the only unambiguous way to disentangle the contribution of the DVCS 2 term in the photon electroproduction cross section from its interference with the Bethe-Heitler amplitude. This provides a stronger way to constrain the Generalized Parton Distributions of the nucleon. A wide range of kinematics accessible with an 11 GeV beam off an unpolarized proton target will be covered. The $\mathcal{Q}^2$-dependence of each contribution will be measured independently.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Electro- and photoproduction of muon pairs with $$\mu $$CLAS12: double deeply virtual compton scattering, timelike compton scattering, and $$J/\psi $$ production

The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer for operation at 12 GeV (CLAS12) at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility has played a central role in advancing the understanding of nucleon and nuclear structure. As increasingly precise data become available, new physics opportunities emerge that extend beyond the current capabilities of CLAS12. In this article, a program to explore the quark and gluon structure of the nucleon through di-muon electro- and photoproduction is presented. Its primary focus is the measurement of beam-spin asymmetries in Double Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering, . By independently varying the incoming and outgoing photon virtualities and momentum transfer, the DDVCS measurement provides access to the Generalized Parton Distributions over their full three-dimensional phase space, extending beyond the kinematic constraints of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering and Timelike Compton Scattering. In addition, the large acceptance and high luminosity of the CLAS12 experiment will enable precision measurements of near-threshold production and high-statistics studies of Timelike Compton Scattering.

Alvarado, J. S.↗

Open database for GPD analyses

This article summarizes the main ideas behind creating an open database proposed for use in the exploration of generalized parton distributions (GPDs). This lightweight database is well suited for GPD phenomenology and is designed to store both experimental and lattice-QCD data. It can also aid in benchmarking GPD-related developments, such as GPD models. The database utilizes a new data format based on the YAML serialization language, enabling the storage of essential information for modern analyses, such as replica values. It includes interfaces for both Python and C++, allowing straightforward integration with analysis codes.

Burkert, V. D. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelera↗

Hard exclusive $\pi^{+}n$ electro production beam spin asymmetries off the proton in the GPD and TDA regimes

Hard exclusive \pi^{+} π + n electro-production can be used to gain access to the 3D nucleon structure. The QCD factorisation mechanism in the “nearly forward region” ( t/Q^{2} t / Q 2 small) allows a description by Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs), while for the “nearly backward” kinematic region ( u/Q^{2} u / Q 2 small) a description based on nucleon to pion transitions (TDAs) is available. The paper presents a measurement of single beam spin asymmetries to extract the A^{\sin\phi}_{LU} A L U sin ϕ moments and the related cross section ratio \sigma_{LT^\prime}/\sigma_{0} σ L T ′ / σ 0 from the hard exclusive \pi^{+} π + channel off the unpolarized hydrogen target in a wide range of kinematics based on data taken with the CLAS spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. In addition, under forward angles a detailed multidimensional study will be presented based on CLAS12 data and compared to theoretical predictions.

Diehl, Stefan↗

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering on the Proton in Hall A at Jefferson Lab

The structure of nucleons as they are composed of quarks and gluons is not well understood. Non-perturbative methods (such as lattice-QCD) describing quark/gluon interactions are ongoing in development, but still cannot fully reproduce the structure of hadrons. Among the observables which describe longitudinal momentum and transverse position of partons, generalized parton distributions (GPDs) describe the correlations between the two, and are accessible through p(right-arrow e;e'y)p scattering experiments in the Bjorken limit when factorization holds. A complete understanding of these functions will help us to better understand the structure of nucleons. Experiment E12-06-114 was performed by JLab's DVCS Hall A Collaboration in 2014 and 2016. Using a polarized electron beam and a liquid hydrogen target, the collaboration measured cross sections for the exclusive reaction p(right-arrow e;e'y)p at xB=0.36, 0.48, and 0.60,3 .2 lte Q2 lte 9.00, and -1.28 lte t lte -0.69. This dissertation details the analysis and results of measuring the p(right-arrow e;e'y)p cross section at xB=0.48. The measured cross section results allow us to demonstrate the validity of factorization in our kinematic regime, and extract Compton Form Factor combinations important for understanding GPDs. Additionally, the cross section results are used to test existing GPD models, KM10a and KM15.

Johnson, Alexa N.↗

Soft and hard aspects of QCD dynamics in hadronic form factors

I give an overview of (mostly my own) work on aspects of QCD dynamics in hadronic form factors at large momentum transfer. The topics include a discussion of basics of soft and hard mechanisms, QCD sum rule applications, and connection of form factors to generalized parton distributions.

Radyushkin, Anatoly↗

Theoretical Studies in Hadronic Physics and Fundamental Symmetries

The nucleons (protons and neutrons) are at the center of every atom, the fundamental building blocks of matter in our Universe. Their structure and properties have been actively studied at DOE’s Thomas Jefferson Lab as well as the future US electron-ion collider at Brookhaven National Lab, and are believed to be described by a mathematical theory known as quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this project, the PI and collaborators invented a theoretical approach called “Generalized parton distributions through Universal Moment Parametrization” (GUMP) to construct the 3D structure of the nucleon from experimental data on Deeply virtual compton scattering and Deep-Exclusive meson production, and semi-inclusive jet or meson productions. The PI and collaborators have also explored the full power of a theory called the large- momentum effective theory (LaMET) to calculate the 3D structure of the nucleon from the first principles known as lattice QCD. In particular, the work paved the way for unprecedented precision calculations which are coming in next decade.

3D Structure↗

N* Physics with CLAS12 at Jefferson Lab

Nucleons are the most fundamental bound three-body systems in Nature. With the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Lab, the spectrum and the structure of nucleon resonances is explored. This includes studies of exclusive piN, pi+pi-p, KLambda, and KSigma electroproduction reactions and the evolution of the electrocouplings of resonances with photon virtuality Q^2. Such type of studies with CLAS have revealed a complex interplay between a core of dressed quarks and an external meson-baryon cloud inside of the excited nucleon states. With CLAS12, also measurements of N -> N* transitions in the DIS region have been performed, addressing the three-dimensional structure of nucleon resonances through their transition GPDs (generalized parton distributions). In the future, the increase of the CEBAF energy and the upgrade of the CLAS12 spectrometer to study exclusive electroproduction channels at higher luminosities and photon virtualities will offer a unique opportunity to study the nucleon excitation mechanisms.

Achenbach, Patrick↗

μRWELL detector developments at Jefferson Lab for high luminosity experiments

One of the future plans at Jefferson Lab is running electron scattering experiments with large acceptance detectors at luminosities > 10^37 cm^−2 s^−1. These experiments allow the measurements of the Double Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DDVCS) reaction, an important physics process in the formalism of Generalized Parton Distributions, which has never been measured because of its small cross-section. The luminosity upgrade of CLAS12 or the SOLID detector makes Jefferson Lab a unique place to measure DDVCS. One of the important components of these high luminosity detectors is a tracking system that can withstand high rates of ≈ 1MHz/cm2. The recently developed Micro-Resistive Well (𝜇RWELL) detector technology is a promising option for such a tracking detector by combining good position resolutions, low material budget with simple mechanical construction, and low production costs. In this proceeding, we will discuss recent developments and studies with 𝜇RWELL detectors at Jefferson Lab for future upgrades of the CLAS12 detector to study the DDVCS reaction.

Hauenstein, Florian↗

New physical processes for extracting GPDs with a better sensitivity to partonic structure

We introduce a new type of exclusive processes for a better study of generalized parton distributions (GPDs), which we refer to as single-diffractive hard exclusive processes (SDHEPs). We advocate a two-stage framework for picturing SDHEPs based on the separation of scales, which gives a clear description both kinematically and dynamically. We examine the sensitivity of the SDHEP to the parton momentum fraction x -dependence of GPDs, and demonstrate it quantitatively with two specific processes that can be readily measured at J-PARC or AMBER using a pion beam and at JLab using a photon beam, respectively. Both processes are capable of providing enhanced sensitivity to the x -dependence, overcoming the problem of shadow GPDs, and disentangling different types of GPDs with various spin asymmetries.

Qiu, Jianwei↗

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering at Hall A, Jefferson Lab

The Standard Model of particle physics de?nes quarks and leptons as the basic building blocks of all matter. The interaction between them are mediated by force carrying gauge bosons. Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the theory that explains the strong interaction is still not complete enough to derive the physical observables of a Quark-Gluon system from the fundamental degrees of freedom of its constituents. Experimentally observable single particle densities provide important insights into our understanding of the quark-gluon system and hence help fill in the gaps of QCD. Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) provide simultaneous information of both spacial and longitudinal momentum distributions of constituents of a quark-gluon system. Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) is understood to be the simplest and cleanest process to access GPDs. Even though the exclusive DVCS is simple to understand, the experimental process however, is complex with the Bethe-Heitler and e + p ? e + ? + N? being in the mix of the electron proton scattering e+p ? e+?+X. Over the years, 3 generations of DVCS experiments have been conducted in the Experimental Hall-A of Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). This thesis presents the extraction of DVCS cross section in 9 total kinematic points from the 3rd generation experiment (DVCS3) conducted after the 12 GeV upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) of JLab during Fall 2014 - Fall 2016.

Hashir Rashad, Mohamed Nuhman↗

Deep Exclusive p 0 Electroproduction Measured in Hall A at Jefferson Lab with the Upgraded CEBAF

Our understanding of the proton's structure in terms of its fundamental degrees of freedom, quarks and gluons, is incomplete. Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) can enhance our understanding of the partonic structure of the proton as it includes the correlation between the momentum and transverse position of partons. Exclusive electroproduction of the pion (ep→e'p'π 0 ) is one of the potential channels to access the GPDs. GPDs are defined at the Bjorken limit where the total amplitude can be factorized in a hard scattering of the photon off the quark and a soft part described by the GPDs. At sufficiently high Q 2 , a factorization scheme for exclusive meson production processes exists but only for longitudinally polarized virtual photons. As long as the longitudinally polarized virtual photons dominate the cross-section, we can have factorization and extract the GPDs. But the existing data for π 0 production at low Q 2 and low x B show the dominance of transverse part of the cross-section over the longitudinal one. Some transversity GPD models have found that an effective way to factorize the contribution from transversely polarized virtual photons to explain the dominance of σ T over σ L , shown by existing data. The experiment E12-06-114 ran in experimental Hall A during 2014-2016. The primary goal of this experiment was to measure the DVCS cross-section but the experimental configuration also allows the measurement of deep exclusive π 0 production. Taking advantage of the upgraded CEBAF at Jefferson Lab, we explored the high Bjorken-x (0.60) and high Q 2 regime for the first time. The extracted cross-section terms for π 0 production helps us to test the validity of QCD factorization in our kinematic regime. Our π 0 production results can be used to test and improve the existing models of proton structure. Cross-section results will be presented at two different Q 2 values for fixed x B of 0.60.

Karki, Bishnu↗

Measurement of the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering Cross Section from the Proton at 10.6 GeV using the CLAS12 Detector

Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) is an exclusive process that produces a real photon when a lepton scatters from a quark inside a nucleon or a nucleus. Measurement of the DVCS cross section enables the study of the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPD), which plays a central role in understanding the QCD dynamics inside a hadron. Thus, the quark and gluon origin of the nucleon spin and mass can be probed and three-dimensional images of the target nucleon or nucleus can be realized. This thesis presents a cross section analysis of DVCS from the proton in the presence of its background, Bethe-Heitler (BH) process. The CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer for operation at 12 GeV beam energy (CLAS12) collaboration has taken electron-proton scattering data in fall 2018 using a liquid hydrogen target and the 10.6 GeV polarized electron beam from the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). The CLAS12 detector is a nearly hermetic fixed-target detector, located in Hall B, Jefferson Lab at Newport News, Virginia. The experimentally determined BH-DVCS cross section is in good agreement with a phenomenological-model based theoretical prediction. The kinematic dependence of the cross section is reported over a wide range. The short-term plan to utilize the results presented here for a thorough tomography study and the long-term plan for GPD studies at future facilities such as the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) are discussed.

Lee, Sangbaek↗

Exclusive QCD Factorization and Single Transverse Polarization Phenomena at High-Energy Colliders

This Ph.D. thesis is divided into two distinct parts. The first part focuses on hard exclusive scattering processes in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) at high energies, while the second part delves into spin phenomena at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Hard exclusive scattering processes play a crucial role in QCD at high energies, providing unique insights into the confined partonic dynamics within hadrons, complementing inclusive processes. Studying these processes within the QCD factorization approach yields the generalized parton distribution (GPD), a nonperturbative parton correlation function that offers a three-dimensional tomographic parton image within a hadron. However, the experimental measurement of these processes poses significant challenges. This thesis will review the factorization formalism for related processes, examine the limitations of some widely used processes, and introduce two novel processes that enhance the sensitivity to GPD, particularly its dependence on the parton momentum fraction x. The second part of the thesis centers on spin phenomena, specifically single spin production, at the LHC. Noting that a single transverse polarization can be generated even in an unpolarized collision, this research proposes two new jet substructure observables: one for boosted top quark jets and another for high-energy gluon jets. The observation of these phenomena paves the way for innovative tools in LHC phenomenology, enabling both precision measurements and the search for new physics.

Yu, Zhite↗

The Future Electron-Ion Collider

Generalized Parton Distributions include rich information and became a powerful tool for studying hadron structure. Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering is the golden channel to access GPDs. The development of high luminosity and high-acceptance detectors (Electron-Ion Collider) allows physicists to overcome the difficulty of DVCS measurements. The outstanding performance of the accelerator performs the eA collisions at the center of mass energy from 20 to 140 GeV, while the luminosity at the scale of 1034 cm?2s?1. The new type of high-density crystal, PWO-II, produced by CRYTUR in 2×2×20 cm3 will be utilized in the calorimeter. The transparency of PWO-II crystals is > 70% at 620 nm, > 60% at 420 nm, and >35% at 360 nm. The crystals also show good radiation hardness under 30 Gy radiation exposure. Ten PWO-II crystals have a uniform light yield at 30 p.e./MeV, providing sufficient light yield to reduce the fluctuation of the energy measurements. Near 3000 crystals were constructed inside the 12-sided polygon supporting structure in the simulation. The island clustering algorithm was used for reconstructed the energy. The energy resolution study by the particle gun shows the stochastic term and constant term are 1.8% and 1.2%, respectively. The spatial resolution of NEEMC varies from 5% to 15% of the crystal?s width depending on the particle?s incident angle. The pion rejection of NEEMC can reach 103 with electron efficiency > 85% when the particle?s energy is larger than 1GeV. The Pi0- identified efficiency study can be interpreted as finding the local maxima in the single cluster caused by two high energy close photons. The study results show that efficiency is nearly 100% for pi0 energy is smaller than 10 GeV, and efficiency drops to 30% with 20 GeV pi0. The new type of 3x3 pixelated AC-LGAD were wire bonded to ALTIROC for performance test. The cross-talk between the adjacent channels is about 20% for VPA and 10% for TZ. A series of the TDC characteristic measurements show that the jitter for both preamplifiers is about 20 ps, and the time-walk effect is mild for inject charge > 12 pF. Furthermore, the beta source radiation results quantify the sharing scale of the 3x3 pixels AC-LGAD (? 20%). The electronics simulation study results show no significant changes in the spatial resolution, whether ADC resolution is 8, 10, or 12 bits. The 8-bit ADC is decided to use in the EICROC as it has a smaller size and power consumption than the 10-bit and 12-bit ADC. The ECCE is one of the full detector proposals for EIC. The new type of DVCS generator, called TOPEG, is used to generate the high acceptance beam configurations of 18×110 GeV2 electron and 4He. The acceptance study shows a -1.8 < ? < -1.4 gap between the BEMC and EEMC. The 10?x,y geometry cut is applied on the Roman Pots, so the acceptance of Roman Pots quickly drops to 0% when the polar angle of the recoiled 4He < 2 mrad. This primary ECCE simulation study suggests extending the acceptance of BEMC longitudinally as the structure limits the radial size of EEMC. The acceptance of the Roman Pots is still challenging. In 2023, The overall design of ePIC was finalized by merging two full detector proposals (ECCE and ATHENA) after a series of intensive simulation studies.

Wang, Pu-Kai↗

Tagged DVCS on neutron with the CLAS12 Experiment and the detector BONuS12 at Jefferson Lab (USA)

Hadronic physics studies the properties of the proton and neutron. The theory of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) governs the structure of hadrons. Non-perturbative structure functions are used to describe the hadrons? structure. Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) are a set of structure functions providing access to a 3D view of the nucleon. GPDs contain information about the longitudinal momentum and transverse position of quarks and their correlation. They are related to the spin structure and play a role in solving the proton spin puzzle. They provide access to the quarks? orbital angular momentum, a crucial puzzle piece. For this, measurements on the proton, already present, and neutron are necessary. This thesis aims to explore Compton scattering on the neutron with a deuterium target by measuring the spectator proton with the CLAS12 detector and the BONuS12 RTPC at Jefferson Lab. This work first describes the implementation, which I carried out, of a Kalman filter to reconstruct spectator protons in the BONuS12 detector. The second part of the manuscript is dedicated to the work on the analysis of DVCS on the neutron with the subtraction of background noises. Two different methods for the subtraction of ?0 will be detailed. Finally, the obtained results are presented and discussed

Ouillon, Mathieu↗