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NASA NTRS1979

Turnover of Biogenic Amines in the Hypothalamus of Rats during Pyrogen Fever

Many pharmacological studies have implicated the biogenic amines in the hypothalamus as playing a role in the production of fever, but few investigations of endogenous neurochemicals have been made during fever. Turnover rates of transmitters utilizing radioactive precursors may be one of the most accurate measurements of activity in brain regions. The present study was designed to measure the turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the hypothalamus of rats during pyrogen fever. Salmonella typhosa (Wyeth, 8 units) was previously found in our laboratory to produce a significant hyperthermia in most rats by 2.5 hours. This pyrogen (N = l2) or saline control (N = 8) was injected intraperitoneally and the rats killed 2.75 hours later. Rectal temperatures (Tr) were monitored continuously with thermocouples taped to the tail and recorded automatically every 3 minutes. Half of each group received an injection of radioactive precursors, (3)H-tryptophan (0.5 mCi) and (3)H-tryptophan (1.0 mCi), via an indwelling jugular catheter 60 minutes before killing, and the other half at 90 minutes. The rats were killed by near freezing in liquid nitrogen and the brains dissected in the cold. Turnover was measured by the method of Lane (Life Sci 21, 1101, 1977). At the time of killing most of the pyrogen group showed a significant (p < .02) increase (mean +/- s.e.m.) in Tr above pre injection levels (0.75 +/- 0.13 C, N = 10). The saline group showed no change (-0.025 +/- 0.16, N = 8), and the difference between groups was also significant. No significant differences were found in the levels of the amines between the pyrogen and saline groups. A significant difference was found in the specific activity of NE between the 60 minute pyrogen and saline groups (4.41 +/- 0.41 vs 2.6 +/- 0.51 dpm/pmole) but no change in turnover. This suggests an increased accumulation of (3)H-NE in the pyrogen group, but no change in utilization. An increased turnover of DA for the pyrogen group (44.5 vs 19.2 pmole/mg protein/hr) was found. However, DA is mainly a precursor in the hypothalamus and measurement was near the limit of sensitivity for the assay; these limitations Must be considered in interpreting this data. The most significant finding was an increase in the turnover of 5-HT in the pyrogen group (41.3 vs 7.3 pmole/mg protein/hr), indicating a resynthetization rate of 77% of the total pool per hour. These results suggest that at the time point measured, an increase in the utilization of 5-HT in the hypothalamus is-correlated with pyrogen fever.

Penn, P. E.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Modeling Sepsis: Establishment and Validation of a 72-Hour Swine Model of Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

Background/Objectives: Fecal peritonitis following penetrating abdominal trauma is a serious condition that often results in sepsis and organ failure. The aim of our study was to develop a novel conscious porcine model of sepsis and organ dysfunction caused by multiple penetrating injuries to the small and large intestines. Methods: Twelve female Yorkshire pigs (average weight 50.6 ± 6.5 kg) were divided into two groups: Penetrating Abdominal Trauma (PAT) (n = 8) and Control (n = 4). All surgical procedures were performed under anesthesia with adequate analgesia. In the PAT group, the small and large intestines were punctured, and feces mixed with saline were introduced into the abdominal cavity to induce peritonitis. The Control group received sham surgery with only saline solution. The animals were observed in a conscious state over a period of 72 h, vital parameters were recorded, and blood samples were taken regularly. We adapted a pig-specific SOFA score and developed pig-specific SIRS criteria and NEWS2 score to assess organ function. The model was validated by independent investigators. Results: The survival rate in the PAT group was 75%, with an average survival time of 58.5 h, while all animals in the Control group survived to euthanasia. Monitoring showed pathophysiological changes, such as tachycardia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia, indicative of sepsis and organ dysfunction. Blinded investigators independently confirmed the model’s validity. Conclusions: A new swine model of penetrating abdominal trauma and sepsis has been successfully developed that demonstrates significant physiological and immunologic changes comparable to human sepsis. This new model provides a realistic platform for future research into sepsis, its diagnostics, and the evaluation of therapeutic strategies.

General & Internal Medicine↗

NASA NTRS2000

Effects of Hypergravity and Adrenalectomy on Total Body Bone Mineral Content in Male Rats

Girten, Beverly↗

NASA NTRS2001

The Effects of Hypergravity and Adrenalectomy on Bone Mineral Content, Urine Calcium and Body Mass in Rats

The effects of 14 days of increased gravitational load, and the absence of adrenal stress hormones on total body bone mineral content (BMC) were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Centrifugation at 2 Gs (2G) was used to increase the gravitational load, and bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) was used to eliminate the production of adrenal stress hormones. Stationary groups at 1 G (1G) and sham operated (SHAM) animals served as controls. Thirty rats (n=6 or 8) made up the four experimental groups (1G SHAM, 1G ADX, 2G SHAM and 2G ADX). BMC was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) which was performed to determine the total body bone mineral content, and also through bone ashing of the left femur and the left humerus. Activity was determined through biotelemetry, also body mass and food intake were measured. Multi-factorial analysis of variance (MANCOVA) and Newman Keuls post hoc tests were used to analyze significant effects (p is less than 0.05) for the primary variables. Results from both DXA and the ashed femur indicated that BMC decreased significantly with increased G for both the SHAM and ADX groups. The BMC determined by DXA for the 1G ADX group was also significantly lower than the 1G SHAM group, however the 2G SHAM and 2G ADX groups were not significantly different. However, the bone ashing results showed the femur differed significantly only between the rates of centrifugation and not between the ADX and SHAM. The humerus showed no significant difference between any of the groups. There was a significant decrease in body mass with increased G and there was no ADX effect on body mass. When DXA BMC was normalized for body mass changes, there were no significant group differences. However, with bone ashing, the femur BMC/BW still showed significant difference between rates of centrifugation, with the 2G group being lower. Activity level decreased with body mass, and food intake data showed there was significant hypophagia during the first few days of centrifugation. Urine calcium was measured and was found decrease at the start of centrifugation for the 2G groups and rise to a level higher than that of the stationary groups. Finally, the correlation between BW and BMC was determined to be highly correlated (r = .71). These results suggest that the decrease in total body BMC seen with hypergravity may be based to a large extent on the differences in body mass induced by the 2G load.

Lau, A.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KY(CO)8 by Materials Project

KY(CO)8 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mcc space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two KY(CO)8 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. All K–O bond lengths are 2.92 Å. Y3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. All Y–O bond lengths are 2.39 Å. C+1.50+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.26 Å. O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Y3+, and one C+1.50+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li2Mo(PO3)8 by Materials Project

Li2Mo(PO3)8 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Li2Mo(PO3)8 sheet oriented in the (-1, 0, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.39–2.01 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.41–2.22 Å. Mo6+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.39–2.09 Å. There are eight inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.28–2.25 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.41–1.48 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.37–2.09 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.26–2.28 Å. In the fifth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.07–2.34 Å. In the sixth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.22–2.10 Å. In the seventh P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.41–1.50 Å. In the eighth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.13–2.20 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Mo6+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three P5+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mo6+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, one Mo6+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mo6+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Li1+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Li1+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two P5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Si3Ge(PbO2)8 by Materials Project

GeSi3(PbO2)8 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one GeSi3(PbO2)8 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are eight inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.38 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.38 Å. In the third Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.37 Å. In the fourth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.37 Å. In the fifth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–3.02 Å. In the sixth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.53 Å. In the seventh Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted PbO4 trigonal pyramids that share an edgeedge with one GeO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.88 Å. In the eighth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted PbO4 trigonal pyramids that share edges with two SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.80 Å. Ge4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form GeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one PbO4 trigonal pyramid. There are a spread of Ge–O bond distances ranging from 1.75–1.81 Å. There are three inequivalent Si4+ sites. In the first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one PbO4 trigonal pyramid. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.66 Å. In the second Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one GeO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PbO4 trigonal pyramid. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.66 Å. In the third Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one GeO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one PbO4 trigonal pyramid. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.68 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ and one Ge4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one Si4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ge4+ and one Si4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si4+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one Si4+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one Si4+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Pb2+ and one Ge4+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one Si4+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Pb2+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Pb2+, one Ge4+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one Si4+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one Si4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on NaHf8(NCl)8 by Materials Project

NaHf8(NCl)8 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one NaHf8(NCl)8 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Na is bonded to six Cl atoms to form edge-sharing NaCl6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.75 Å) and two longer (2.77 Å) Na–Cl bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Hf sites. In the first Hf site, Hf is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to four N and three Cl atoms. There are three shorter (2.13 Å) and one longer (2.19 Å) Hf–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.75 Å) and two longer (2.77 Å) Hf–Cl bond lengths. In the second Hf site, Hf is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to four N and three Cl atoms. There are three shorter (2.13 Å) and one longer (2.19 Å) Hf–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.75 Å) and two longer (2.78 Å) Hf–Cl bond lengths. In the third Hf site, Hf is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four N and three Cl atoms. There are one shorter (2.10 Å) and three longer (2.11 Å) Hf–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.85 Å) and two longer (2.92 Å) Hf–Cl bond lengths. In the fourth Hf site, Hf is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four N and three Cl atoms. There are one shorter (2.11 Å) and three longer (2.12 Å) Hf–N bond lengths. There are two shorter (2.87 Å) and one longer (2.88 Å) Hf–Cl bond lengths. There are four inequivalent N sites. In the first N site, N is bonded to four Hf atoms to form NHf4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with three equivalent ClNa2Hf3 square pyramids, corners with six NHf4 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one ClNa2Hf3 square pyramid, and edges with three NHf4 tetrahedra. In the second N site, N is bonded to four Hf atoms to form NHf4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six NHf4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent ClNa2Hf3 square pyramids, and edges with three NHf4 tetrahedra. In the third N site, N is bonded to four Hf atoms to form NHf4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent ClNa2Hf3 square pyramids, corners with six NHf4 tetrahedra, and edges with three NHf4 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth N site, N is bonded to four Hf atoms to form NHf4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one ClNa2Hf3 square pyramid, corners with six NHf4 tetrahedra, and edges with three NHf4 trigonal pyramids. There are four inequivalent Cl sites. In the first Cl site, Cl is bonded to two equivalent Na and three Hf atoms to form distorted ClNa2Hf3 square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent ClNa2Hf3 square pyramids, corners with three NHf4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent NHf4 trigonal pyramids, edges with three equivalent ClNa2Hf3 square pyramids, and edges with three NHf4 trigonal pyramids. In the second Cl site, Cl is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to one Na and three Hf atoms. In the third Cl site, Cl is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Hf atoms. In the fourth Cl site, Cl is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Hf atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1972

Effect of set size, age, and mode of stimulus presentation on information-processing speed.

First, second, and third grade pupils served as subjects in an experiment designed to show the effect of age, mode of stimulus presentation, and information value on recognition time. Stimuli were presented in picture and printed word form and in groups of 2, 4, and 8. The results of the study indicate that first graders are slower than second and third graders who are nearly equal. There is a gross shift in reaction time as a function of mode of stimulus presentation with increase in age. The first graders take much longer to identify words than pictures, while the reverse is true of the older groups. With regard to set size, a slope appears in the pictures condition in the older groups, while for first graders, a large slope occurs in the words condition and only a much smaller one for pictures.

Norton, J. C.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Behavioral consequences of low dose radiation and sex differences in MCAT mouse model

Our study used 1-year old C57BL/6NJ male and female mice (astronaut-relevant age) that underwent exposure to 0.5 gray of gamma radiation and were euthanized 12 weeks after. In this study, we used an MCAT mouse model for mitochondrial ROS quenching, which overexpress human catalase. MCAT mice were shown to live longer and age better. Hence, in this study we determined whether quenching ROS in the mitochondria will mitigate the adverse effects of ionizing radiation exposure on spaceflight-relevant tissues. As part of the analysis, we have completed 5 different behavioral tests which focus on memory, physical stance, stress, anxiety, and other mission relevant behaviors. In the Neuro-score battery, performed after both 1and 8 weeks post IR we saw that all female groups had significantly higher scores compared to males. When comparing the baseline vs 8 weeks of radiation, we saw that all the male groups (including the sham) had lower neuro-score, pointing out to aging effect in addition to IR. In the female groups only the female IR group had lower neuro-score and the MCAT group was protected from this effect. In the Nestlet building test we saw similarly that only females were affected by radiation, having lower scores and this effect was mitigated in the MCAT animals as well. In the Catwalk test we saw that females were faster, had higher swing speed and stride length in all four paws. Males had higher stand, step cycle and max contact area. Aging is associated with slowing of gait speed, swing speed and shortening of stride length which we see in males, this is consistent with physical appearance where males look markedly older. In the Light-Dark Box test we saw that females were more frequently present in the light side and altered zones more frequently, pointing out to a more exploratory and less anxious pattern of behavior. Similarly, to what was detected in the Nest building and Neuro-score test, in the Barnes maze test, during the acquisition phase (learning) we saw that IR affected more the females who did not do better in the maze after 4 days. On the other hand, during the probe phase of the test (spatial memory) the females visited the target hole and the box quadrant more often, but also had more errors vs males, which points out to possible serial escape vs spatial escape strategy. Overall, we see that older females look physically better are faster and perform better almost in all behavioral tests compared to their male counterparts. On the other hand, they are more sensitive to low dose radiation in many cases, in some cases this effect was mitigated in the MCAT model pointing out to the importance of ROS in these stressors. In the near future we will focus on corelating these behavioral tests with molecular findings such as for example brain IHC, plasma and hippocampal cytokines in order to find specific biomarkers for behavioral deficits.

radiation↗

NASA NTRS1985

Preparations of methoxynitrophenazines and their photoconductivities

Eight methoxynitrophenazines with a methoxy group at the 1 or 2 position and a nitro group at the 6-, 7-, 8- or 9-position of the phenazine ring 1,6, 1,7. 1,8, 1,9, 2,6, 2,7, 2,8 and 2,9 were prepared and their photocurrents were measured by illuminating the surface-type cell with white light from a W lamp under a N atmosphere at room temp. The photocurrents of 1-nitrophenazine 6 and 2-nitrophenazine 7 are compared with those of the methoxynitrophenazines. The photocurrent (i sub p) increases with increasing light intensity (I), thus satisfying log i varies as n log I. The n values are 0.5-1.0. When the nitro group is located at the beta-position of the phenazine ring, the photocurrent becomes larger owing to the electron withdrawing property of the nitro group. On the other hand, the photocurrents of phenazines with the nitro group at the Alpha-position are extremely small. The photoconductivities of methoxynitrophenazines are lower in air.

Sugimoto, A.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy2Cu(BO2)8 by Materials Project

Dy2Cu(BO2)8 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Dy3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Dy–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.49 Å. Cu2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.44 Å. There are four inequivalent B3+ sites. In the first B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.35–1.40 Å. In the second B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.35–1.41 Å. In the third B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.35–1.40 Å. In the fourth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.47–1.49 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Dy3+ and one B3+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cu2+ and two B3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Dy3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Dy3+, one Cu2+, and one B3+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Dy3+, one Cu2+, and one B3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Tb2Cu(BO2)8 by Materials Project

Tb2Cu(BO2)8 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tb3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Tb–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.51 Å. Cu2+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.44 Å. There are four inequivalent B3+ sites. In the first B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.47–1.49 Å. In the second B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.35–1.40 Å. In the third B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.35–1.41 Å. In the fourth B3+ site, B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.35–1.40 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Tb3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Tb3+, one Cu2+, and one B3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Tb3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cu2+ and two B3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Tb3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Tb3+ and two B3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Tb3+ and one B3+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Tb3+, one Cu2+, and one B3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Y(Ga5Mo)8 by Materials Project

Y(MoGa5)8 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mo and six equivalent Ga atoms. Both Y–Mo bond lengths are 3.15 Å. All Y–Ga bond lengths are 2.97 Å. There are two inequivalent Mo sites. In the first Mo site, Mo is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Y and nine Ga atoms. There are a spread of Mo–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.62–2.66 Å. In the second Mo site, Mo is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Ga atoms. There are a spread of Mo–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.70 Å. There are eight inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve Ga atoms. There are six shorter (2.92 Å) and six longer (3.04 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Mo atoms. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mo and two equivalent Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.74 Å) and one longer (2.91 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Mo and one Ga atom. In the fifth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Mo and one Ga atom. In the sixth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mo and one Ga atom. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.73 Å. In the seventh Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Mo and two equivalent Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.76 Å) and one longer (3.00 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the eighth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Y, two Mo, and five Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sc(Ga5Mo)8 by Materials Project

Sc(MoGa5)8 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sc is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mo and six equivalent Ga atoms. Both Sc–Mo bond lengths are 3.07 Å. All Sc–Ga bond lengths are 2.88 Å. There are two inequivalent Mo sites. In the first Mo site, Mo is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Sc and nine Ga atoms. There are a spread of Mo–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.62–2.68 Å. In the second Mo site, Mo is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten Ga atoms. There are a spread of Mo–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.54–2.70 Å. There are eight inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a cuboctahedral geometry to twelve Ga atoms. There are six shorter (2.92 Å) and six longer (3.04 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Mo atoms. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mo and seven Ga atoms. There are a spread of Ga–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.70–3.03 Å. In the fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Mo and two Ga atoms. In the fifth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Mo and two Ga atoms. In the sixth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mo and three Ga atoms. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.79 Å. In the seventh Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Mo and three Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.79 Å) and one longer (3.05 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the eighth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Sc, two Mo, and five Ga atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ZrCd(CO2)8 by Materials Project

ZrCd(CO2)8 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_422 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Zr4+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.19 Å) and four longer (2.24 Å) Zr–O bond lengths. Cd2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.33 Å) and four longer (2.58 Å) Cd–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent C+3.25+ sites. In the first C+3.25+ site, C+3.25+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.23 Å) and one longer (1.27 Å) C–O bond length. In the second C+3.25+ site, C+3.25+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.23 Å) and one longer (1.27 Å) C–O bond length. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cd2+ and one C+3.25+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cd2+ and one C+3.25+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zr4+ and one C+3.25+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zr4+ and one C+3.25+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KCa2(SiO3)8 by Materials Project

KCa2(SiO3)8 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.85–2.89 Å. There are two inequivalent Ca sites. In the first Ca site, Ca is bonded to six O atoms to form distorted CaO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent CaO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.27 Å) and two longer (2.93 Å) Ca–O bond lengths. In the second Ca site, Ca is bonded to six O atoms to form CaO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent CaO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.38 Å) and two longer (2.40 Å) Ca–O bond lengths. There are four inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.64 Å. In the second Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two CaO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–55°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.67 Å. In the third Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two CaO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–55°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.67 Å. In the fourth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CaO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 49°. There is two shorter (1.63 Å) and two longer (1.64 Å) Si–O bond length. There are thirteen inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a water-like geometry to one K and one O atom. The O–O bond length is 1.29 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent O atoms. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Si atoms. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ca and one O atom. The O–O bond length is 1.23 Å. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca and one Si atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ca and one Si atom. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one K and two Si atoms. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K and two Si atoms. In the ninth O site, O is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K and two Si atoms. In the tenth O site, O is bonded in a linear geometry to two Si atoms. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ca and one Si atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1978

The world of tomorrow: Aerospace activities for 8- to 10-year olds. A guide for leaders of children's groups and teachers of the lower grades

During January 1977, NASA helped the Cub Scout Division of the Boy Scouts of America in the conduct of its The World of Tomorrow monthly theme. In this period, 249 Cub Scout packs participated in a nationwide aerospace activities project, a pilot project in which den leaders and Cubmasters conducted local programs for their Cub Scouts and Webelos Scouts. The products of these local programs are presented with the written accounts submitted by adult leaders and written compositions, pictures, and photographs of models submitted by the youngsters.

Source record↗