Laminar boundary-layer heat transfer from a partially-ionized monatomic gas by the similarity approach
Laminar boundary layer heat transfer from ionized monatomic gas to wind tunnel wall
IONIZED GAS↗
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Effects of a magnetic field on the conduction heat transfer at the stagnation point of a partially ionized argon gas
Magnetic field effects on conduction heat transfer at stagnation point of partially ionized argon gas
HEAT TRANSFER↗
Transport equations for a weakly ionized electron gas.
Electron traceless pressure and heat flow for weakly ionized electron gas in DC magnetic field assuming electron-neutral collisions dominate
Tanenbaum, B. S.↗
Optical degradation of high-power ionized argon gas lasers.
Brewster angle window degradation of high power ionized argon gas lasers
Demars, G.↗
Properties of the +70 kilometers per second cloud toward HD 203664
I present high-resolution International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra of the ultraviolet absorption in an intermediate-velocity interstellar cloud (nu(sub LSR) approximately equal to +70 km/s) toward HD 203664. The combined, multiple IUE images result in spectra with S/N = 15-40 and resolutions of approximately 20-25 km/s. The intermediate-velocity cloud absorption is present in ultraviolet lines of C II, C II(sup *), C IV, N I, O I, Mg I, Mg II, Al II, Al III, Si II, Si III, Si IV, S II, Cr II, Mn II, Fe II, and Zn II. The relative abundances of low-ionization species suggest an electron density of 0.15-0.34/cu cm and a temperature of 5300-6100 K in the neutral and weakly ionized gas. Given the presence of high-ionization gas tracers such as Si IV and C IV, ionized portions of the cloud probably contribute to the relatively large values of n(sub e) derived from measurements of the lower ionization species. The high-ionization species in the cloud have an abundance ratio, N(C IV)/N(Si IV) approximately equal to 4.5, similar to that inferred for collisionally ionized cloud interfaces at temperatures near 10(exp 5) K along other sight lines. When referenced to sulfur, the abundances of most elements in the cloud are within a factor of 5 of their solar values, which suggests that the +70 km/s gas has a previous origin in the Galactic disk despite a recent determination by Little et al. that the cloud lies at a distance of 200-1500 pc below the Galactic plane. I have checked this result against a model of the ionization for the diffuse ionized gas layer of the Galaxy and find that this conclusion is essentially unchanged as long as the ionization parameter is low as implied by the abundances of adjoining ionization states of aluminum and silicon. The processes responsible for the production of highly ionized gas in the +70 km/s cloud appear to be able to account for the inferred dust grain destruction as well.
Sembach, Kenneth R.↗
Space Weather 101
Earth has an intrinsic magnetic field. Most people know this, because they use the magnetized needle of a compass to locate the cardinal directions north, east, south, and west. Most people don’t realize however, that Earth’s magnetic field extends well out into space where it meets, combines, and interacts with the Sun’s much stronger magnetic field. The interactions happen because the Sun sends out a steady stream of mostly protons and electrons in all directions along its magnetic field -- the solar wind. The Sun also produces continuous light emissions in infrared to ultraviolet to X-ray, in addition to eruptive emissions of X-rays and bulk ionized gas, called flares and coronal mass ejections. The ionizing radiation from the Sun striking our upper atmosphere creates a layer of ionized gas that leads to our own outflowing ionized gas, called plasma, along Earth’s magnetic field lines. The Sun’s outflowing solar wind and coronal mass ejections, together with its large magnetic field, drive strong responses inside Earth’s magnetic and plasma system. Together with cosmic radiation, these processes in the space environment are called Space Weather. That term includes the responses Earth’s magnetized plasma system has to these external drivers, which cause dangerous conditions for astronauts and satellites in space, as well as to us and our systems in the atmosphere and on the ground. This lecture is intended to make you aware of the risks and lead you to a basic awareness of the processes going on in our near-Earth space environment.
Space Weather↗
Highly ionized interstellar gas located in the Galactic disk and halo
High-resolution IUE absorption line spectra have been obtained for 40 distant stars in order to study the distribution of interstellar H I, Si IV, C IV, and N V in the Galactic disk and lower halo. Respective midplane densities of 2 x 10 to the -9th, 7 x 10 to the -9th, and 3 x 10 to the -9th are found for Si IV, C IV, and Ni V. Both column density and velocity data indicate that the highly ionized gas (HIG) is considerably more extended in directions away from the Galactic plane than is H I or Si II. The absorption-line velocities for the halo HIG are consistent with the notion that halo gas in the inner Galaxy rotates more slowly than gas in the underlying disk. The derived column densities suggest an exponential scale height for the HIG of about 3 kpc; however, a simple exponential distribution is a poor representation of the distribution of the gas. It is concluded that a full explanation of the origin of the halo HIG will probably require a blending of ideas from the Galactic fountain and the photoionized halo models.
Savage, Blair D.↗
A Desorbed Gas Molecular Ionization Mechanism for Arcing Onset in Solar Arrays Immersed in a Low-Density Plasma
Previous experimental studies have hypothesized that the onset of Solar Array Arc (SAA) initiation in low-density space plasmas is caused by a desorbed gas molecular ionization mechanism. Indeed past investigations performed at the NASA Glenn Plasma Interaction Facility tend to not only support the desorbed gas molecular ionization mechanism, but have gone as far as identifying the crucial molecular species that must be present for molecular ion dominated process to occur. When electrical breakdown occurs at a triple junction site on a solar array panel, a quasi-neutral plasma cloud is ejected. Assuming the main component of the expelled plasma cloud by weight is due to water vapor, the fastest process available is due to HO molecules and OH(+) ions, or more succinctly, dissociative molecular-ion dominated recombination processes: H2O(+) + e(-) yields H* + OH*. Recently published spectroscopic observations of solar array arc spectra in ground tests have revealed the well-known molecular OH band (302 to 309nm), as well as the molecular SiH band (387nm peak), and the molecular CH band (432nm peak). Note that the OH band is observed in emission arcs where water vapor is present. Strong atomic lines were also observed for H(sub beta) at 486nm and H(sub alpha) at 656.3nm in prior ground testing. Independent supporting evidence of desorbed gas molecular ionization mechanisms also come from measurements of arc current pulse widths at different capacitances. We will revisit an earlier first order approximation demonstrating the dependence of arc current pulse widths on the square root of the capacitance. The simple arc current pulse width model will be then be used to estimate the temperature of the arc plasma (currently believed to be somewhere in the range of 3 to 5 eV). The current paper then seeks to extend the outlined work by including numerous vacuum chamber measurements obtained with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. A small solar array was mounted inside the vacuum chamber. A plasma source, also mounted inside the vacuum chamber, is used to simulate a low-density plasma environment. The solar array is then biased to a high negative potential and allowed to arc while a mass spectrometer is used to record the partial pressure of H2O and to track other significant changes in mass (1 to 150) AMU.
Galofaro, J.↗
Absolute measurement of the extreme UV solar flux
A windowless rare-gas ionization chamber has been developed to measure the absolute value of the solar extreme UV flux in the 50-575-A region. Successful results were obtained on a solar-pointing sounding rocket. The ionization chamber, operated in total absorption, is an inherently stable absolute detector of ionizing UV radiation and was designed to be independent of effects from secondary ionization and gas effusion. The net error of the measurement is + or - 7.3 percent, which is primarily due to residual outgassing in the instrument, other errors such as multiple ionization, photoelectron collection, and extrapolation to the zero atmospheric optical depth being small in comparison. For the day of the flight, Aug. 10, 1982, the solar irradiance (50-575 A), normalized to unit solar distance, was found to be 5.71 + or - 0.42 x 10 to the 10th photons per sq cm sec.
Carlson, R. W.↗
Small-scale star formation at low metallicity
Massive star formation in a low metallicity environment is investigated by studying the morphology of small HII regions in the Small Magellanic Cloud. A classification scheme based upon the symmetry of form in the light of H-alpha is proposed to make possible an examination of the properties of blister candidates with respect to nebulas embedded in a more uniform medium. A new diagnostic of size is developed to derive quantitative information about the ionized gas and ionizing stars. The asymmetrical surface-brightness distribution of many HII regions demonstrates that massive stars often form at the edge of dense neutral clouds. However, the existence of many symmetrical nebulas with similar sizes, luminosities, and surface brightnesses shows that massive star formation often occurs within these clouds. Nevertheless, the statistics of the two different forms indicate that the rate of massive star formation declines less steeply with radius across host clouds than in the Milky Way, suggesting that external triggering may play a larger role in initiating star formation.
Mccall, Marshall L.↗
Markarian 315: A test case for the active galactic nucleus-merger hypothesis?
Using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field/Planetary Camera, (WF/PC) we have detected a diffuse continuum knot in the inner regions of the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 315. This knot may be a remnant nucleus. It is associated with a complex, ringlike structure in both the continuum and ionized gas emission. We have measured the kinematics of the ionized gas in two position angles and find velocities which are consistent with a nonaxisymmetric gravitational disturbance. The galaxy is associated with an extended ionized filament, or tidal tail, and our measurements show that the ionized gas in this feature is redshifted by up to 500 km/s in the line of sight relative to the Seyfert nucleus. This combination of morphological and kinematic features suggests that Mrk 315 has suffered a disruptive, tidal interaction which has significantly influenced regions within 1 kpc of its nucleus.
Mackenty, John W.↗
Plasma cleaning device
High vacuum cleaning of contaminated surfaces such as hydrocarbon containment films can be accomplished by a plasma cleaning device which includes a plasma discharge housing to permit generation of a plasma in an environment having a higher pressure than the surface which is to be cleaned. A ground electrode and a radio frequency electrode partially surround a quartz plasma tube, for the introduction of an ionizable gas. These electrodes ionize the gas and help generate the plasma. This plasma flows through a non-constrictive aperture, through the plasma discharge housing and then on to the contaminated surface.
Shannon, R. L.↗
The photoionization of the diffuse galactic gas
In a study of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) component of the interstellar medium, it is attempted to see if the general properties of dilute gas ionized by O stars are similar to observations and to what extent the observations of the DIG can be used to determine the nature of the ionizing radiation field at great distances above the plane of the Galaxy. It has been suggested by Reynolds (1985) that either shocks or photoionization might be responsible for the DIG. The photoionization model seems required by the observations.
Mathis, J. S.↗
Evidence for a Multiphase ISM in Early Type Galaxies and Elliptical Galaxies with Strong Radio Continuum
We have observed NGC 1316 (Fornax A) with the ROSAT HRI. In this paper, we present the results of these observations and we complement them with the spectral analysis of the archival PSPC data. The spectral properties suggest the presence of a significant component of thermal X-ray emission (greater than 60%), amounting to approx. 10(exp 9) solar mass of hot ISM. Within 3 feet from the nucleus of NGC 1316, the HRI X-ray surface brightness falls as r(exp -2) following the stellar light. In the inner approx. 30 inch., however, the X-ray surface brightness is significantly elongated, contrary to the distribution of stellar light, which is significantly rounder within 10 inch. This again argues for a non-stellar origin of the X-ray emission. This flattened X-ray feature is suggestive of either the disk-like geometry of a rotating cooling flow and/or the presence of extended, elongated dark matter. By comparing the morphology of the X-ray emission with the distribution of optical dust patches, we find that the X-ray emission is significantly reduced at the locations where the dust patches are more pronounced, indicating that at least some of the X-ray photons are absorbed by the cold ISM. We also compare the distribution of the hot and cold ISM with that of the ionized gas, using recently obtained H(sub alpha) CCD data. We find that the ionized gas is distributed roughly along the dust patches and follows the large scale X-ray distribution at r greater than 1 foot from the nucleus. However, there is no one-to-one correspondence between ionized gas and hot gas. Both morphological relations and kinematics suggest different origins for hot and cold ISM. The radio jets in projection appear to pass perpendicularly through the central X-ray ellipsoid. Comparison of thermal and radio pressures suggests that the radio jets are confined by the surrounding hot gaseous medium.
Kim, Dong Woo↗
Fine-scale structure in the -185 kilometers per second absorption by HCO(+) in the Galactic center
We present a high-resolution study of the HCO(+) (J = 1-0) absorption by the 'high-velocity gas' at velocities between -170 and -200 km/s in Sgr A West. The absorption against the continuum radiation from the ionized gas features in Sgr A West (in particular the 'bar') is stronger than it is against Sgr A which is separated from the ionized gas by a few arcseconds. The positions of peak HCO(+) opacity coincide with the positions of Ne II emission at these velocities. These observations suggest that, even though emission is detected from gas at these high velocities over several arcminutes, some of the absorbing molecular gas may be mixed in with the ionized gas close to Sgr A. Simple calculations show that sufficient shielding can exist in the ionized features to allow molecules to survive very close to the ionizing source.
Marr, Jonathan M.↗
Highly ionized atoms in cooling gas
The ionization of low density gas cooling from a high temperature was calculated. The evolution during the cooling is assumed to be isochoric, isobaric, or a combination of these cases. The calculations are used to predict the column densities and ultraviolet line luminosities of highly ionized atoms in cooling gas. In a model for cooling of a hot galactic corona, it is shown that the observed value of N(N V) can be produced in the cooling gas, while the predicted value of N(Si IV) falls short of the observed value by a factor of about 5. The same model predicts fluxes of ultraviolet emission lines that are a factor of 10 lower than the claimed detections of Feldman, Brune, and Henry. Predictions are made for ultraviolet lines in cooling flows in early-type galaxies and clusters of galaxies. It is shown that the column densities of interest vary over a fairly narrow range, while the emission line luminosities are simply proportional to the mass inflow rate.
Edgar, R. J.↗
Highly ionized atoms in cooling gas
The ionization of low density gas cooling from a high temperature was calculated. The evolution during the cooling is assumed to be isochoric, isobaric, or a combination of these cases. The calculations are used to predict the column densities and ultraviolet line luminosities of highly ionized atoms in cooling gas. In a model for cooling of a hot galactic corona, it is shown that the observed value of N(N V) can be produced in the cooling gas, while the predicted value of N(Si IV) falls short of the observed value by a factor of about 5. The same model predicts fluxes of ultraviolet emission lines that are a factor of 10 lower than the claimed detections of Feldman, Bruna, and Henry. Predictions are made for ultraviolet lines in cooling flows in early-type galaxies and clusters of galaxies. It is shown that the column densities of interest vary over a fairly narrow range, while the emission line luminosities are simply proportional to the mass inflow rate.
Edgar, Richard J.↗
Observations of interstellar absorption lines towards hot white dwarfs
A method of detecting and determining parameters for narrow absorption lines in IUE high-resolution spectra of hot white dwarfs was developed. It provides a statistical estimate of the variance of the parameters measured. The statistical accuracy of narrow line measurements with IUE spectra is discussed. The method was employed to determine the column densities of low-ionization species (including N I, Si II, and C II) in the line of sight to seven hot white dwarfs. High-ionization species (N V, Si IV, and C IV) are detected towards four of the stars. The temperature of the low-ionization gas towards 4 of the stars is constrained to be less than 50,000 K. The temperature of the high-ionization gas to two of the stars is constrained to be under 100,000 K, which is well below the equilibrium ionization temperature of a collisionally ionized gas. This suggests that this gas is either in a photoionized region (most likely near the star) or is produced in the photosphere of the star.
Jelinsky, Patrick↗