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DOE OSTI2017

C{sub 60}{sup +} and the Diffuse Interstellar Bands: An Independent Laboratory Check

In 2015, Campbell et al. presented spectroscopic laboratory gas phase data for the fullerene cation, C{sub 60}{sup +}, that coincide with the reported astronomical spectra of two diffuse interstellar band (DIB) features at 9633 and 9578 Å. In the following year, additional laboratory spectra were linked to three other and weaker DIBs at 9428, 9366, and 9349 Å. The laboratory data were obtained using wavelength-dependent photodissociation spectroscopy of small (up to three) He-tagged C{sub 60}{sup +}--He{sub n} ion complexes, yielding rest wavelengths for the bare C{sub 60}{sup +} cation by correcting for the He-induced wavelength shifts. Here we present an alternative approach to derive the rest wavelengths of the four most prominent C{sub 60}{sup +} absorption features, using high-resolution laser dissociation spectroscopy of C{sub 60}{sup +} embedded in ultracold He droplets. Accurate wavelengths of the bare fullerene cation are derived from linear wavelength shifts recorded for He{sub n} C{sub 60}{sup +} species with n up to 32. A careful analysis of all of the available data results in precise rest wavelengths (in air) for the four most prominent C{sub 60}{sup +} bands: 9631.9(1) Å, 9576.7(1) Å, 9427.5(1) Å, and 9364.9(1) Å. The corresponding bandwidths have been derived and the relative band intensity ratios are discussed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2016

A compact cryogenic pump

A centrifugal cryogenic pump has been designed at Argonne National Laboratory to circulate liquid nitrogen (LN2) in a closed circuit allowing the recovery of excess fluid. The pump can circulate LN2 at rates of 2-10 L/min, into a head of 0.5-3 m. Over four years of laboratory use the pump has proven capable of operating continuously for 50-100 days without maintenance.

Centrifugal pump↗

DOE OSTI2014

Refueling Behavior of Flexible Fuel Vehicle Drivers in the Federal Fleet

Federal fleets are a frequent subject of legislative and executive efforts to lead a national transition to alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies. Section 701 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires that all dual-fueled alternative fuel vehicles in the federal fleet be operated on alternative fuel 100% of the time when they have access to it. However, in Fiscal Year (FY) 2012, drivers of federal flex fuel vehicles (FFV) leased through the General Services Administration refueled with E85 24% of the time when it was available--falling well short of the mandate. The U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory completed a 2-year Laboratory Directed Research and Development project to identify the factors that influence the refueling behavior of federal FFV drivers. The project began with two primary hypotheses. First, information scarcity increases the tendency to miss opportunities to purchase E85. Second, even with perfect information, there are limits to how far drivers will go out of their way to purchase E85. This paper discusses the results of the project, which included a June 2012 survey of federal fleet drivers and an empirical analysis of actual refueling behavior from FY 2009 to 2012. This research will aid in the design and implementation of intervention programs aimed at increasing alternative fuel use and reducing petroleum consumption.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2025

2024 Site Environmental Report

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is managed on behalf of the Department of Energy (DOE) by Brookhaven Science Associates (BSA), a partnership between Stony Brook University and Battelle, and six core universities: Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton, and Yale. For over 75 years, the Laboratory has played a lead role in the DOE Science and Technology mission and continues to contribute to the DOE’s missions in energy resources, environmental quality, and national security. BNL manages its world-class scientific research operations with sensitivity to environmental issues and community concerns. The Laboratory’s Environmental, Safety, Security, and Health (ESSH) Policy reflects the commitment of BNL’s management to fully integrate environmental stewardship into all facets of its mission and operations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2012

LDRD 2012 Annual Report: Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program Activities

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2015

LDRD 2014 Annual Report: Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program Activities

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2015

LDRD 2015 Annual Report: Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program Activities

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2017

LDRD 2016 Annual Report: Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program Activities

Each year, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is required to provide a program description and overview of its Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program (LDRD) to the Department of Energy (DOE) in accordance with DOE Order 413.2C dated October 22, 2015. This report provides a detailed look at the scientific and technical activities for each of the LDRD projects funded by BNL in FY 2016, as required. In FY 2016, the BNL LDRD Program funded 48 projects, 21 of which were new starts, at a total cost of $11.5M. The investments that BNL makes in its LDRD program support the Laboratory’s strategic goals. BNL has identified four Critical Outcomes that define the Laboratory’s scientific future and that will enable it to realize its overall vision. Two operational Critical Outcomes address essential operational support for that future: renewal of the BNL campus; and safe, efficient laboratory operations.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Reducing the risks of wildfires

Anyone who has lived in New Mexico for at least a year realizes that the Land of Enchantment has six seasons. In addition to the four seasons everyone else has, we have a wildfire season, which typically comes during late spring and early summer. Wildfires sometimes even last through the monsoon season, when thunderstorms are lighter than usual. Wildfires, it seems, are inevitable in Los Alamos and the surrounding communities that make up part of northern New Mexico. In recent history, the 2000 Cerro Grande Fire destroyed 150,000 acres (including 7,500 acres of Laboratory property) and 235 Los Alamos homes. In 2011, the Las Conchas Fire burned more than 156,000 acres and threatened Los Alamos and the Lab. To minimize the chances of wildfires and to strengthen defenses against wildfires, the Laboratory every year carries out various fire-mitigation strategies throughout its 42 square miles.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

LDRD 2022 Annual Report: Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program Activities

Each year, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is required to provide a report of its completed Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program (LDRD) projects to the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Scientific and Technical Information in accordance with DOE Order 413.2C Chg1 (MinChg) dated August 2, 2018. This report provides a detailed look at the scientific and technical activities for each of the LDRD projects funded by BNL in FY 2022, in fulfillment of that requirement. In FY 2022, the BNL LDRD Program funded 70 projects, 30 of which were new starts, at a total cost of $17.2M. The investments that BNL makes in its LDRD program support the Laboratory’s strategic goals. BNL has identified seven scientific initiatives that define the Laboratory’s scientific future and that will enable it to realize its overall vision. This requires simultaneous excellence in all aspects of BNL’s work – from science and operations, to external partnerships with the local, state, and national communities, and beyond. This is enabled by safe, efficient, and secure operations; by an unwavering commitment to a diverse, equitable, and inclusive environment, including workforce development, both with staff and reaching out to the community; and by a strong focus on renewed infrastructure. The seven scientific initiatives are: 1) Nuclear Physics: uncover the structure of visible matter by constructing and operating the Electron-Ion Collider at BNL to maintain international leadership in nuclear physics for decades; 2) Clean Energy and Climate: support a net-zero U.S. economy through fundamental research in basic energy and climate sciences to revolutionize grid-scale storage, renewable integration, and the study of atmospheric processes with a new facility to improve climate predictability; 3) Quantum Information Science and Technology: discover new quantum materials to enhance quantum computers and develop an entanglement sharing quantum network as a prototype for the first quantum internet; 4) Discovery Science Driven by the Human-AI Facility Integration: revolutionize the operation of experiments across the sciences at user facilities and in core programs; 5) High Energy Physics: understand the origin of space and time with the ATLAS high luminosity upgrade at CERN and the future Long Baseline Neutrino Facility/Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment; 6) Isotope Production: accelerate and expand isotope production to ensure the security of the Nation’s supply; 7) Accelerator Science and Technology: harness the cross-cutting accelerator science expertise at BNL to develop new facilities, improve and expand its user facilities, and promote the use of accelerators in industry. The funded projects support BNL’s seven scientific initiatives and priority programs as well as new areas of research and competencies at the Laboratory that are consistent with the Laboratory’s vision and mission. In total, these LDRD investments supported 43 postdoctoral researchers in whole or in part and resulted in 138 publications and 7 awards. This Program Activities Report represents the future of BNL science; it is an impressive body of exploratory work that investigates many scientific and technical directions in support of the DOE and BNL missions.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2015

ESIF 2015 Mid-Year Report; NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

This report details work done in the ESIF in the first half of Fiscal Year 2015.

2015 Mid-year report↗

DOE OSTI2026

Towards a More Predictive Framework for Laser-Driven Particle Sources through Experimental Data-Informed Models

Laser-driven particle acceleration (LDPA) has emerged as a critical technology for high-energydensity physics applications since its discovery at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory twenty years ago. However, realizing the full potential of these particle sources requires understanding the fundamental acceleration mechanisms and developing enhanced target designs for improved performance. This research addressed the need for controllable, high-performance laser-driven proton sources through two complementary approaches: experimentally investigating sheath field dynamics in multi-picosecond laser regimes and developing novel three-dimensional printed microstructured targets to achieve enhanced particle acceleration.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

A 15-Year Retrospective on Immersive Visualization Lessons from the Applied Visualization Laboratory

This article shares the experiences of operating an immersive visualization laboratory over a 15-year period. The paper discusses valuable insights into the lessons learned from various projects, including the challenges they faced, such as technical difficulties, user adoption, and opportunities, and practical solutions for overcoming them. One crucial element for successful immersive visualization projects is interdisciplinary collaboration. The paper presents the advantages of immersive visualization technology, such as improved data comprehension, enhanced communication, and increased engagement in complex scenarios. We present the dynamic realm of virtual and augmented truth (VR/AR) technology in the context of a immersive laboratory system. We spotlight rising trends inside the integration of VR/AR tools for visualization. We also present our experience in dealing with the hardware and software additives in an immersive VR/AR labs, dropping light on the demanding situations and successes encountered throughout everyday operations. Furthermore, it offers practical knowledge and guidance based on years of experience in the field, which can help you overcome challenges and achieve success in your project.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Morgan Bradley_MGMT497_Final Portfolio_v2.

I work as a Year-Round Business Intern at Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia was founded during WWII under the name of Z Division as the manufacturers and assembly hands of nuclear weapons for Los Alamos National Laboratories. In the year 1948, the name Z Division was changed to Sandia National Laboratories. Sandia is a government-owned, contractoroperated facility. This means that while Sandia's work is largely government-funded Sandia is operated by a 3rd party contractor. Over the years, Sandia has been managed by different organizations, but as of May l', 2017, the current management company became the National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia (NTESS) LLC.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

NASA NTRS1993

LDEF materials overview

The flight and retrieval of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) provided an opportunity for the study of the low-Earth orbit (LEO) environment and long-duration space environmental effects (SEE) on materials that is unparalleled in the history of the U.S. Space Program. The 5-year, 9-month flight of LDEF greatly enhanced the potential value of all materials on LDEF to the international SEE community, compared to that of the original 1-year flight plan. The remarkable flight attitude stability of LDEF enables specific analyses of individual and combined effects of LEO environmental parameters on identical materials on the same space vehicle. NASA recognized this potential by forming the LDEF Space Environmental Effects on Materials Special Investigation Group (MSIG) to address the greatly expanded materials and LEO space environment analysis opportunities available in the LDEF structure, experiment trays, and corollary measurements so that the combined value of all LDEF materials data to current and future space missions will be addressed and documented. An overview of the interim LDEF materials findings of the principal investigators and the Materials Special Investigation Group is provided. These revelations are based on observations of LEO environmental effects on materials made in space during LDEF retrieval and during LDEF tray deintegration at the Kennedy Space Center, and on findings of approximately 1.5 years of laboratory analyses of LDEF materials by the LDEF materials scientists. These findings were extensively reviewed and discussed at the MSIG-sponsored LDEF Materials Workshop '91. The results are presented in a format that categorizes the revelations as 'clear findings' or 'obscure preliminary findings' (and progress toward their resolution), plus resultant needs for new space materials developments and ground simulation testing/analytical modeling, in seven categories: materials/environmental parameters and data bases; LDEF contamination; thermal control coatings and protective treatments; polymers and films; polymer-matrix composites; metals, ceramics, and optical materials; and systems-related materials. The utilization of LDEF materials data for future low-Earth orbit missions is also discussed, concentrating on Space Station Freedom. In general, the LDEF data is remarkably consistent; LDEF will provide a 'benchmark' for materials design data bases for satellites in low-Earth orbit. Some materials were identified to be encouragingly resistant to LEO SEE for 5.8-years; other 'space qualified' materials displayed significant environmental degradation. General contamination levels on LDEF were low, but molecular contamination was widespread; LDEF offers an unprecedented opportunity to provide a unified perspective of unmanned LEO spacecraft contamination mechanisms. New material development requirements for long-term LEO missions were identified and current ground simulation testing methods/data for new, durable materials concepts can be validated with LDEF results. LDEF findings are already being integrated into the design of Space Station Freedom.

Stein, Bland A.↗

NASA NTRS1992

LDEF materials: An overview of the interim findings

The flight and retrieval of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) provided an opportunity for the study of the low-Earth orbit (LEO) environment and long-duration space environmental effect (SEE) on materials that are unparalleled in the history of the U.S. space program. The 5.8-year flight of LDEF greatly enhanced the potential value of materials data from LDEF to the international SEE community, compared to that of the original 1-year flight plan. The remarkable flight attitude stability of LDEF enables specific analyses of various individual and combined effects of LEO environmental parameters on identical materials of the same space vehicle. NASA recognized the potential by forming the LDEF Space Environmental Effects on Materials Special Investigation Group (MSIG) to address the greatly expanded materials and LEO space environment parameter analysis opportunities available in the LDEF structure, experiment trays, and corollary measurements, so that the combined value of all LDEF materials data to current and future space missions will be assessed and documented. This paper provides an overview of the interim LDEF materials findings of the Principal Investigators and the Materials Special Investigation Group. These revelations are based on observations of LEO environmental effects on materials made in-space during LDEF retrieval and during LDEF tray deintegration at the Kennedy Space Center, and on findings of approximately 1.5 years of laboratory analyses of LDEF materials by the LDEF materials scientists. These findings were extensively reviewed and discussed at the MSIG-sponsored LDEF Materials Workshop '91. The results are presented in a format which categorizes the revelations as 'clear findings' or 'confusing/unexplained findings' and resultant needs for new space materials developments and ground simulation testing/analytical modeling in seven categories: environmental parameters and data bases; LDEF contamination; thermal control coatings and protective treatments; polymers and films; polymer-matrix composites; metals, ceramics, and optical materials; and systems-related materials. General outlines of findings of the other LDEF Special Investigation Groups (Ionizing Radiation, Meteoroid and Debris, and Systems) are also included. The utilization of LDEF materials data for future low-earth orbit missions is also discussed, concentrating on Space Station Freedom. Some directions for continuing studies of LDEF materials are outlined. In general, the LDEF data is remarkable consistent; LDEF will provide a 'benchmark' for materials design data bases for satellites in low-Earth orbit. Some materials were identified to be encouragingly resistant to LEO SEE for 5.8-years; other 'space qualified' materials displayed significant environmental degradation. Molecular contamination was widespread; LDEF offers an unprecedented opportunity to provide a unified perspective of unmanned LEO spacecraft contamination mechanisms. New material development requirements for long-term LEO missions have been identified and current ground simulation testing methods/data for new, durable materials concepts can be validated with LDEF results. LDEF findings are already being integrated into the design of Space Station Freedom.

Stein, Bland A.↗

DOE OSTI2017

The Tragic Bazooka Accident at Los Alamos on July 14, 1962

In recent years the Laboratory has made information (documents, photographs, and perspectives) regarding the occupational explosives accidents that killed seven men in the late 1950s more accessible to the public. While pursuing this effort, we were reminded of similar tragedies that occurred to children of the community. The purpose of this paper is to make information that has come into our hands more available to the public regarding these accidents. Following this introduction, a brief synopsis is provided for each accident. The appendices contain source documents for the 1962 accident that are not generally available. The community of Los Alamos, New Mexico was born out of a military post created to support the secret Manhattan Project during World War II. Security was provided by military police and some training exercises were conducted using live ordnance. In two instances unexploded ordnance (UXO) from this era was found “in the field” by residents hiking in the local area and brought into town. Tragically, handling these “bazooka” rounds as “dud” munitions resulted in death for one child and injury to several others. The first accident occurred on Saturday, September 6, 1947, which resulted in injuries to two boys, ages 5 and 12. The second accident occurred on Saturday, July 14, 1962 and resulted in the death of one five-year-old boy, and injuries to four other children, ages 6 to 10 years-old. The latter accident is the primary focus of the paper.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2017

Field Validation of Supercritical CO 2 Reactivity with Basalts

Continued global use of fossil fuels places a premium on developing technology solutions to minimize increases in atmospheric CO 2 levels. CO 2 storage in reactive basalts might be one of these solutions by permanently converting injected gaseous CO 2 into solid carbonates. Herein we report results from a field demonstration where ~1000 MT of CO 2 was injected into a natural basalt formation in Eastern Washington State. Following two years of post-injection monitoring, cores were obtained from within the injection zone and subjected to detailed physical and chemical analysis. Nodules found in vesicles throughout the cores were identified as the carbonate mineral, ankerite Ca[Fe, Mg, Mn](CO 3 ) 2 . Carbon isotope analysis showed the nodules are chemically distinct as compared with natural carbonates present in the basalt and clear correlation with the isotopic signature of the injected CO 2 . These findings provide field validation of rapid mineralization rates observed from years of laboratory testing with basalts.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗