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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7

ANTS

The ANTS code (Alternate Non-Linear Two-phase Solver) is based on a novel non-linear solution algorithm for the solution of the two-phase, subchannel fluid equations. It achieves its performance through decoupling of the two-phase momentum equations (axial and transverse) from the axial phasic mass and energy equations which allows for a nested non-linear iteration scheme. This enables a plane-by-plane solution which the inner iteration focuses on a reduced non-linear equation set for the primitives in phasic mass flow rate, enthalpy and void for each node edge. Single node edges are coupled as part of the outer iteration via surface mass fluxes which appear as source terms in the inner iteration scheme. The outer iteration readily accommodates two-phase flow phenomena closure relationships for subchannel mixing and void drift. A primary feature is the use of a non-staggered mesh computational mesh and steady-state iterative solver in contrast to all existing subchannel codes.

Kropaczek, David J↗

Experimental and Computational Validation of a Novel Particle Flow Control Valve for CSP Systems

Particle-based Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems most often utilize the state-of-the art slide gate mechanism for particle flow control. The slide-gate was found to have a sensitivity of 0.354 g/s-mm, a measure of mass flow rate over actuation position [1]. Particle-based CSP developers have noted that the slide gate is conducive to particle lodging, leaking, and difficulty actuating under particle pressure as well as differential expansion of the gate from thermal cycling. The goal of this work is to design, develop and test a novel particle flow control device that can operate without any hindrance from these shortcomings.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Topology optimization of additively manufactured fluidic components free of internal support structures

This report integrates projection-based approaches for implementing overhang constraints with fluid topology optimization to design additively manufactured fluidic components that do not require internal support structures. Internal support structures are challenging, potentially impossible to remove in complex fluid networks, yet would degrade fluidic performance if left within the part. This presents a major challenge in coupling topology optimization with additive manufacturing in the design of fluid components. The proposed approach leverages past work in overhang constraints for solid mechanics, including projection formulations and adjoint sensitivity analysis, and considers incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for laminar fluid flow. The approach is demonstrated on 2D and 3D fluid topology optimization problems to minimize pressure drop and constrain mass flow rates in pipes and manifolds. Resulting designs are crisp, logical, satisfy performance constraints, and satisfy overhang constraints, eliminating the need for internal support structures.

42 ENGINEERING↗

A method for generating quantitative vapor-phase infrared spectra of solids: results for phenol, camphor, menthol, syringol, dicyclopentadiene and naphthalene

Here, a method is presented to generate quantitative vapor-phase infrared spectra from substances that naturally occur as solids with moderate volatility. The solid is gravimetrically dissolved into a solvent that has few infrared spectral features, typically CS 2 and CCl 4 separately. The solution is flowed at a constant rate from a linearly pumped syringe into a metered stream of nitrogen carrier gas regulated by a mass flow controller. The analyte/solvent mix is flash vaporized by volatilizing the solution across a heated stainless-steel surface as it emanates from the syringe tip. The N 2 gas-solution mixture is flowed into a long-path White cell thermostatted at a desired temperature, the long optical path compensating for the modest analyte mixing ratio. A composite spectrum is generated from typically ten or more 760-Torr pressure-broadened spectra over the 600 to 6500 cm -1 spectral range at 0.1 cm -1 spectral resolution. The solid analytes reported here using this novel technique include dicyclopentadiene, menthol, syringol, phenol, camphor, and naphthalene.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Flow and Combustion Dynamics in a Full-Scale Hydrogen–Air Rotating Detonation Combustor-Stator Integrated System

In the present work, a first-of-its-kind three-dimensional (3D) large-eddy simulation (LES) study is conducted to numerically investigate the combustion dynamics as well as aero-thermal phenomena in a full-scale nonpremixed hydrogen–air rotating detonation engine (RDE) (with a diverging-shaped lower-end wall), when integrated with nozzle guide vanes (NGV) acting as the turbine stator. The wall-modeled LES framework incorporates hydrogen–air detailed chemical kinetics and adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). A comparative analysis is carried out for two operating conditions with different fuel/air mass flow rates but global equivalence ratio of unity, and considering RDE configurations without and with stator. The LES model is validated against available experimental data for the low mass flux condition with respect to detonation wave speed/height, wave dynamics, and axial static pressure distribution. Numerical results indicate significant deflagrative combustion occurring in the fill region near the inner wall due to formation of recirculation zones in the injection near-field driven by the backward facing step. The leading detonation wave is found to be trailed by an azimuthal reflected-shock combustion (ARSC) wave, consistent with experimental observations, which consumes unburned vitiated reactants that leak through the main detonation wave. The main detonation wave characteristics, such as detonation wave speed/height and combustion efficiency, do not change appreciably with the presence of NGV. A novel combustion diagnostic technique based on chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) is employed to quantify the fraction of heat release occurring in the detonative mode versus deflagrative mode for the simulated conditions. The exit flow is found to be nearly fully subsonic and supersonic for the low and high mass flux conditions, respectively. Further analysis of the exit flow profiles shows that the presence of NGV renders the flow more axial and significantly impacts the exit Mach number and total pressure, while the total temperature shows negligible change. In addition, the low mass flux operating point, despite exhibiting more deflagrative losses within the combustor, yields overall lower pressure drop from plenum to exhaust, which is mainly attributed to lower pressure drop across the injectors. Lastly, the rotating detonation engine-nozzle guide vanes (RDE-NGV) configuration exhibits higher total pressure loss compared to rotating detonation engine (RDE) without stator across both the mass flux conditions. In conclusion, this study extends the state-of-the-art in numerical modeling of pressure gain combustion (PGC) systems by demonstrating high-fidelity 3D reacting LES of full-scale RDE-NGV systems relevant to RDE-turbine integration for stationary power generation.

Combustion↗

Extension of Clad Damage Propagation Model for Fission Gas Dispersal and Two-Phase Flow Effects in MOOSE SubChannel Module

This report presents an extension of the Clad Damage Propagation (CDAP) model implemented in the MOOSE SubChannel Module (SCM) to capture post-failure fission-gas dispersal and two-phase flow effects in sodium-cooled fast reactor assemblies. The extended model tracks discharged gas axially and radially, computes channel-averaged flow quality and void fraction using a Lockhart–Martinelli framework, evaluates two-phase frictional pressure-drop multipliers, determines inlet mass-flow degradation under fixed core pressures, and applies an intensified-void-based heat-transfer degradation to affected fuel pins. Radial plume expansion is parameterized using mineral-oil jet experiments mapped to sodium conditions via Reynolds–Weber similarity. Implementation details are documented, along with the new methods and user inputs needed to control plume mapping and two-phase behavior. Demonstration simulations for 19- and 37-pin bundles show that breach size and inlet velocity strongly influence propagation potential: small breaches (≤0.5 mm) produce limited degradation while larger breaches (~1 mm) can drive oscillatory temperature spikes and enhanced failure propagation, especially at higher velocities. These results demonstrate that the extended CDAP model provides a more complete framework for quantifying cladding damage propagation and evaluating propagation potential in transient scenarios. The approach remains computationally efficient, consistent with subchannel-level analysis, yet incorporates sufficient physics to bridge localized post-failure effects with bundle- and assembly-scale degradation.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Towards a NEAMS-based high-fidelity model of the MARVEL reactor

This report outlines the progress of Idaho National Laboratory in developing a high-fidelity and high-resolution model of the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation reactor. The model was developed under the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation microreactor application driver at Idaho National Laboratory. The overarching objective of this activity is the development of a high-fidelity multiphysics MARVEL model using NEAMS tools, and to verify and validate NEAMS tools against MARVEL reference simulation and experimental data, respectively. This is a unique opportunity to conduct multiphysics analysis on a soon-to-be-deployed microreactor. This multiphysics model developed under the NEAMS-funded INL microreactor application driver leverages three single-physics models coupled via the MOOSE’s MultiApp and Transfer systems. The latter systems enable in-memory data transfer between MOOSE-based and MOOSE-wrapped applications. The first single-physics model, that functions as main application, leverages Griffin to model the neutron transport in the core through the discontinuous finite element (DFEM) discrete ordinates solver (SN). Several optimization flags that were developed by the Griffin developer team were beta-tested to enhance the solver’s performance. These include the combined use of using_average_xs and update_averaged_xs_on that enable to avoid expensive on-the-fly cross sections evaluations at each linear iterations in favor of evaluations of the macroscopic cross sections at each Picard iteration. The second single-physics model uses BISON to handle solid heat transfer and asymptotic hydrogen redistribution analysis in the fuel. While the model returns consistent results for the temperature and hydrogen distribution in the fuel, a mismatch was noticed in the calculated temperature in the reflector due to the value of the gap conductance used in our model. Ongoing investigations are being performed to assess the origin of this discrepancy. Finally, the System Analysis Module (SAM) was used to model the flow of the sodium-potassium eutectic in the primary loop. A first verification was also performed showing good agreement in terms of mass flow rate and inlet temperature. All mesh files were generated using the MOOSE Reactor module, removing the need for external meshing tools. Notably, this workscope represents one of the initial applications of the MOOSE Reactor module for modeling highly irregular geometries. The use of the reactor module significantly streamlined the mesh generation process. The full multiphysics mode, that combines all the single physics models, was leveraged to conduct initial steady-state multiphysics simulations to compute power, and temperature distribution in the reactor. Initial testing was performed for transient simulations as well. In this case, the new checkpoint restart capability for eigenvalue calculations was tested showing the capability for streamlined restart of transient calculations. Future work will focus on improving the fidelity of the model by performing comprehensive code-to-code comparisons. For instance, the full-core Griffin neutronics model will be benchmarked against MCNP reference results, that were provided by the MARVEL design team. Additionally, the SAM T/H model will be verified against reference RELAP-5 results for selected accident scenarios. Besides code-to-code verification exercises, the model fidelity will be improved by replacing the single-channel SAM model with a more complex SAM-Pronghorn coupled model, in which the sub-channel capability is deployed to obtain radial temperature resolution in the coolant. This model will be developed in synergy with the NEAMS thermal hydraulics team.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Continued Investigations of Respirable Release Fractions for Stress Corrosion Crack-Like Geometries

The formation of a stress corrosion crack (SCC) in the canister wall of a dry cask storage system (DCSS) has been identified as a potential issue for the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel. The presence of an SCC in a storage system could represent a through-wall flow path from the canister interior to the environment. Modern, vertical DCSSs are of particular interest due to the commercial practice of using relatively high backfill pressures (up to approximately 800 kPa) in the canister to enhance internal natural convection. This pressure differential offers a comparatively high driving potential for blowdown of any particulates that might be present in the canister. In this study, the rates of gas flow and aerosol transmission of a spent fuel surrogate through an engineered microchannel with dimensions representative of an SCC were evaluated experimentally using coupled mass flow and aerosol analyzers. The microchannel was formed by mating two gage blocks with a linearly tapering slot orifice nominally 13 μm (0.005 in.) tall on the upstream side and 25 μm (0.0010 in.) tall on the downstream side. The orifice is 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) wide by 8.89 mm (0.350 in.) long (flow length). Surrogate aerosols of cerium oxide, CeO 2 , were seeded and mixed with either helium or air inside a pressurized tank. The aerosol characteristics were measured immediately upstream and downstream of the simulated SCC at elevated and ambient pressures, respectively. These data sets are intended to demonstrate a new capability to characterize SCCs under well-controlled boundary conditions. Modeling efforts were also initiated that evaluate the depletion of aerosols in a commercial dry storage canister. These preliminary modeling and ongoing testing efforts are focused on understanding the evolution in both size and quantity of a hypothetical release of aerosolized spent fuel particles from failed fuel to the canister interior and ultimately through an SCC.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Quantification of Aerosol Transmission through Stress Corrosion Crack-Like Geometries

The formation of a stress corrosion crack (SCC) in the canister wall of a dry cask storage system (DCSS) has been identified as a potential issue for the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel. The presence of an SCC in a storage system could represent a through-wall flow path from the canister interior to the environment. Modern, vertical DCSSs are of particular interest due to the commercial practice of using more significant backfill pressures in the canister, up to approximately 800 kPa. This pressure differential offers a relatively high driving potential for blowdown of any particulates that might be present in the canister. In this study, the rates of gas flow and aerosol transmission of a spent fuel surrogate through an engineered microchannel with dimensions representative of an SCC were evaluated experimentally using coupled mass flow and aerosol analyzers. The microchannel was formed by mating two gage blocks with a linearly tapering slot orifice nominally 13 μm (0.005 in.) tall on the upstream side and 25 μm (0.0010 in.) tall on the downstream side. The orifice is 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) wide by 8.86 mm (0.349 in.) long (flow length). Surrogate aerosols of cerium oxide, CeO 2 , were seeded and mixed with either helium or air inside a pressurized tank. The aerosol characteristics were measured immediately upstream and downstream of the simulated SCC at elevated and ambient pressures, respectively. These data sets are intended to add to previous testing that characterized SCCs under well-controlled boundary conditions through the inclusion of testing improvements that establish initial conditions in a more consistent way. These ongoing testing efforts are focused on understanding the evolution in both size and quantity of a hypothetical release of aerosolized spent fuel particles from failed fuel to the canister interior and ultimately through an SCC.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Testing of Microchannels and Lab-Grown Stress Corrosion Cracks for Quantification of Aerosol Transmission

The formation of a stress corrosion crack (SCC) in the canister wall of a dry cask storage system (DCSS) has been identified as a potential issue for the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel. The presence of an SCC in a storage system could represent a through-wall flow path from the canister interior to the environment. Modern, vertical DCSSs are of particular interest due to the commercial practice of using higher backfill pressures in the canister, up to approximately 800 kPa, compared to their horizontal counterparts. This pressure differential offers a relatively high driving potential for blowdown of any particulates that might be present in the canister. In this study, the rates of gas flow and aerosol transmission of a spent fuel surrogate through an engineered microchannel with dimensions representative of an SCC were evaluated experimentally using coupled mass flow and aerosol analyzers. The microchannel was formed by mating two gage blocks with a linearly tapering slot orifice nominally 13 μm (0.005 in.) tall on the upstream side and 25 μm (0.0010 in.) tall on the downstream side. The orifice is 12.7 mm (0.500 in.) wide by 8.86 mm (0.349 in.) long (flow length). Surrogate aerosols of cerium oxide, CeO 2 , were seeded and mixed with either helium or air inside a pressurized tank. The aerosol characteristics were measured immediately upstream and downstream of the simulated SCC at elevated and ambient pressures, respectively. These data sets are intended to add to previous testing that characterized SCCs under well-controlled boundary conditions through the inclusion of testing improvements that establish initial conditions in a more consistent way. While the engineered microchannel has dimensions similar to actual SCCs, it does not reproduce the tortuous path the aerosol laden flow would have to traverse for eventual transmission. SCCs can be rapidly grown in a laboratory setting given the right conditions, and initial characterization and clean-flow testing has begun on lab grown crack samples provided to Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Many such samples are required to produce statistically relevant transmission results, and SNL is developing a procedure to produce samples in welded steel plates. These ongoing testing efforts are focused on understanding the evolution in both size and quantity of a hypothetical release of aerosolized spent fuel particles from failed fuel to the canister interior and ultimately through an SCC.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Comparison of System Analysis Module 1D Mixing Model for Cold Shock Transients in the Gallium Thermal-Hydraulic Mixing Facility

Abstract Liquid metals are being investigated as coolants in many advanced reactor designs because of their high thermal conductivity and effectiveness at high temperatures. However, they often pose challenges to reactor operation and safety because of the complex thermal mixing and stratification in the plenum of pool-type reactor designs. The advanced system analysis code System Analysis Module (SAM) currently under development at Argonne National Laboratory aims to develop and implement thermal mixing models to accurately capture these complex thermal fluid behaviors. In this study, the SAM thermal mixing model was compared against experimental data from the Gallium Thermal-Hydraulic Experiment facility, a scaled liquid metal test facility that uses gallium as a surrogate fluid to investigate the stratification and thermal mixing of low-Prandtl-number fluids in the upper plenum of a liquid metal-cooled reactor. Two cold shock transient cases were used: one with stable stratified flow (Ri = 32) and one with stronger thermal mixing (Ri = 0.5). The resultant temperatures were then compared with the experimental temperatures over the entire plenum to assess the ability of the mixing models to capture the thermal behavior and to better correspond mixing parameters to various flow scenarios. Generally, the zero-dimensional mixing model was more capable of capturing the bulk temperature of the component modeled assuming that an accurate mass flow rate was provided, but it was inherently unable to capture thermal gradients in space. The one-dimensional mixing model was capable of capturing that the thermal gradients provided accurate selection of the mixing coefficients. Further, the temperature at the outlet junction was compared over time for each of the mixing models with the recorded experimental temperature. The implemented mixing models demonstrated the ability to effectively capture the overall thermal behavior for stronger mixing scenarios but struggled with more stably stratified flows. It was found that a system analysis code's covering of the entire range of different operating conditions still remains a challenging task, and it is suggested that further model and closure improvements are necessary to accurately capture complex thermal mixing and stratification phenomena.

stratification↗

Evaluation of a Process to Separate Ensiled Corn Grain and Stover for Improved Utilization as a Biomass Feedstock

Corn grain and chopped stover were stored anaerobically at 37% to 50% (w.b.) aggregate moisture content to create a unique biomass feedstock. However, after storage, the two fractions must be separated to accommodate different conversion pathways. In this work, a modified cleaning system from a grain combine harvester was evaluated to investigate its effectiveness in separating the grain from the stover. While this system has been purposefully built for this task, there is no previous literature on separating grain at high material other than grain (MOG) to grain ratios. Using this system, material was separated into four fractions: Grain, Tailings, Heavy MOG, and Light MOG. Subsamples were collected, oven dried, and then hydrodynamically separated to quantify the grain content in the four fractions. Several different configurations of air velocities, mass flow rate, material MOG: grain ratios, and sieve types and openings were investigated. Grain capture was defined as the fraction of the total grain dry mass collected in the grain and tailings fractions. In five experiments, the grain capture effectiveness varied from 89.2% to 99.4% on a dry basis. The dry basis foreign matter (FM) in the clean grain was 0.6% to 10.8%. As a result, the use of a modified combine cleaning system has the potential to be one step in a system to fractionate corn grain from stover (i.e., MOG) in a biorefinery that uses both starch and cellulose as biomass feedstocks.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Development of a Particle Flow Control Mechanism

The next generation of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems are utilizing solid particles as the heat transfer medium. The state-of-the-art particle flow control mechanism currently utilized is the slide-gate mechanism which functions by linearly actuating a gate across a tear-drop shaped opening. The sensitivity, which is a measure of the change in mass flow rate per unit movement of the slide-gate, is 0.354 g/s-mm[1]. The slide-gate’s main shortcomings include particle lodging and particle leakage between the plates, and difficulty actuating under the pressure from the particles. The goal of a new device is to minimize or eliminate these flaws. The new proposed device functions similar to a chuck mechanism in a drill where a rotation of an outer ring produces a change in outlet area through moving “jaws” diagonally. This mechanism aims to solve the issues of the slide-gate by having the jaws on the outside of the particle flow volume to reduce the probability of particle lodging, and the jaw tips are designed to overlap as they actuate to reduce particle leakage. Additionally, the vertical orientation of the device as well as the inclined movement of the jaws allows for easier actuation of the device under pressure. Experiments involving 3D printed prototypes have been carried out, producing a max mass flowrate of about 50 g/s and a sensitivity curve with the equation 𝑦 (𝑔/𝑠) = 0.0851𝑥^2(𝑔/𝑠−𝑚𝑚2) +3.6993𝑥(𝑔/𝑠−𝑚𝑚). These experiments validated the device’s capability to address the shortcomings of the slide-gate. Currently, an aluminum model of the device is being tested at room temperature, and a stainless-steel model is being developed to be tested at 700oC, which is the expected operating temperature of the CSP system. Furthermore, simulations are on-going to predict the mass flowrate of different device configurations at room and high temperatures.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

A phenomenological rate of injection model for predicting fuel injection with application to mixture formation in light-duty diesel engines

Fuel injection rate laws are one of the most important pieces of information needed when modeling engine combustion with computational fluid dynamics. In this study, a simple phenomenological model of a common-rail injector was developed and calibrated for the Bosch CRI2.2 platform. The model requires three tunable parameter fits, making it relatively easy to calibrate and suitable for injector modeling when high-fidelity information about the internal injector’s geometry and electrical circuit details are not available. Each injection pulse is modeled as a sequence of up to four stages: an injection needle mechanical opening transient, a full-lift viscous flow inertial transient, a Bernoulli steady-state stage, and a needle descent transient. Parameters for each stage are obtained as polynomial fits from measured injection rate properties. The model enforces total injected mass, and the intermediate stages are only introduced if the injection pulse duration is long enough. Experimental rates of injection from two separate campaigns on the same injector were used to calibrate the model. The model was first validated against measured injection rate laws featuring pilot injections, short partially premixed combustion pulses, and conventional diesel combustion injection strategies. Then, it was employed as an input to engine computational fluid dynamics simulations, which were run to simulate experiments of mixture formation in an optically accessible light-duty diesel engine. It was found that, though simple, this model is capable of predicting both pilot and main injection pulse mass flow rates well: the simulations yielded accurate predictions of in-cylinder equivalence ratio distributions from injection strategies for both partially premixed combustion and pilot injections. Also, once calibrated, the model produced appropriate results for a wide range of injected mass and rail pressure values. Finally, it was observed that usage of such a relatively simple model can be a good choice when high-fidelity injection rate input and highly detailed information of the injector’s geometry and operation are not available, particularly as noticeable discrepancies can be present also among different experimental campaigns on similar hardware.

42 ENGINEERING↗

CFD Analysis of RLUOB Zone 1 HEPA Filter Plenum and Testing Manifolds

The purpose of this computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is to ensure that Camfil Farr’s upstream and downstream injection and sampling manifolds can meet or exceed the requirements outlined in the ASME AG-1 1997 a(2000) Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment for the testing of HEPA and adsorbent filters. This paper will present a numerical simulation of airflow in the Radiological Laboratory Utility Office Building (RLUOB) zone 1 HEPA filter plenum and testing manifolds using the commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT 2020R1. The CFD analysis focuses on the investigation of the air flow distribution and air-aerosol mixing uniformity. The evaluation was done for all steps of the modeling process: grid generation, physics setup, simulation, and post-processing. The mass flow rate in each section of the zone 1 injection and sampling manifolds is also reported.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Simulation of Molecular Hydrogen Jets and Visualization of Associated Hydrodynamic Features [Slides]

A numerical method is presented for solving the Navier-Stokes equations to represent a steady-state hydrogen jet expanding into a vacuum chamber. This numerical method has been evaluated using three test problems with promising results. Simulations of the hydrogen jet indicate the presence of a low temperature region (less than 15 K) within the jet for the high flow rate case. The high flow rate case also gives rise to a large recirculation region within the jet. The conditions at the minimum temperature point within the jet approach the hydrogen sublimation line when the mass flow rate exceeds 2 g/s, which may allow for the formation of hydrogen ice crystals.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Fuel Flow Modeling under Thermal Fluidics Considerations within Operational Domains of Molten Salt Reactors

Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) offer significant versatility supported by their design flexibility and safety advantages due to high temperatures, design customization capabilities, strong negative reactivity feedback effects, and salt chemistry characteristics. Different control schedules and different mass flow rates in the MSR primary systems impact neutronics and thermal hydraulics coupling. The result is two-fold. First, it leads to adaptability in various applications when the customization of a MSR unit is desired. Second, it calls for the quantification of dynamics and safety characteristics to assess the operational domain and make sure reactor stability and inherent safety characteristics are maintained. This paper provides an in-depth transient analysis of the operational implications of MSRs having heat-generating fuel and heat-transporting salt mixed forming liquid fuel salts contained within primary systems. A coupling model was developed to simulate fuel flow in molten salt reactors. A zero-dimensional reactor kinetics model was used with a one-dimensional heat transfer model in the reactor core. The temperature reactivity feedbacks of the fuel salt resulting from the thermal-hydraulics model were used in the reactor kinetics model to complete the coupled code. The model was applied to simulate the Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (MSBR) response at steady state and transients. The developed model was shown to be a suitable tool for the dynamic analysis of molten salt reactors.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Optimized Test Section for Helium Flow Loop Experiment

Phase 3 of this project uses the knowledge and techniques gained from Phase 1 and Phase 2. The first outcome of Phase 3 is a new test section which can be manufactured and tested in the Helium Flow Loop Experiment to verify the results of the optimization study. The second outcome of Phase 3 is analyzing the features of this design and determining its performance under simulated TBM conditions: heat flux, pressure, mass flow rate, one-sided and volumetric heating. This will be accomplished by first using the results from the Phase 1 analyses and then applying the optimization strategy from Phase This phase uses the STAR-CCM+ Design Manager tool to apply the optimization strategy to the Helium Flow Loop Experiment (HFLE). The optimization algorithm used by the Design Manager tool is Simultaneous Hybrid Exploration that is Robust, Progressive, and Adaptive (SHERPA search algorithm). In addition to demonstrating the optimization features, a simple parameter sweep is also included in this phase. This report details the applied single objective optimization.

42 ENGINEERING↗