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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7

Probing the Isospin Composition of Short-Range Correlated Pairs at Jefferson Lab Hall B

Nucleons in short-range correlated (SRC) pairs, due to their close proximity and high relative momentum, can provide insight into the short-range part of the strong nuclear interaction. In particular, the prevalence of np pairs is due to the dominance of a tensor term for correlated nucleons with momenta of approximately 400?600 MeV/c. This dissertation comprises two studies advancing the community?s understanding of the isospin composition of SRC pairs. First, I performed a study of proton and neutron knockout from initially low-momentum and high-momentum states in 3He. Previous work has shown that protons are disproportionately represented in high-momentum states in neutron-rich nuclei. I demonstrate that spectral functions for the proton-rich nucleus 3He predict, in agreement with data, that neutrons are disproportionately represented in high-momentum states, but that 3He does not display the same strong prevalence of np pairs that is observed in larger nuclei. Second, Generalized Contact Formalism (GCF), a well-supported theory for predicting SRC behavior, predicts the transition from an isospin-dependent, tensor-dominant interaction at intermediate distances to a scalar-dominant, isospin-independent interaction at very short distances. This dissertation uses data from the CLAS12 Nuclear Targets Experiments in Hall B at Jefferson Lab to measure the relative abundances of pp and pn pairs for increasing relative momentum and decreasing separation. I provide an independent confirmation of the previously-observed increase in pp pairs at increasing momentum of the struck nucleon. I also contribute to the application of the new CLAS12 Central Neutron Detector by precisely measuring the neutron detection efficiency and developing a machine learning model for rejecting charged particle background.

Seroka, Erin↗

Scintillation light detection in polycrystalline diamond using single photon detectors

Here, this study investigates the scintillation properties of polycrystalline diamond for particle detection applications, particularly in neutron and alpha radiation environments. Polycrystalline diamonds provide a cost-effective alternative to monocrystalline diamonds while retaining essential detection properties. Photoluminescence measurements were performed to analyze emission spectra, revealing distinct characteristics based on impurity content and crystallinity. Scintillation responses were assessed using Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), demonstrating the capability of polycrystalline diamond powders to respond to alpha irradiation, albeit with reduced resolution compared to traditional scintillators. A prototype neutron detector was developed by combining diamond powder with neutron-sensitive 6 LiF, and its performance was evaluated through experimental testing and Geant4 simulations. The findings indicate that polycrystalline diamond-based detectors can achieve significant detection efficiency while remaining insensitive to gamma radiation, offering potential for portable neutron detection applications.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Search for Neutron-Antineutron Transition in Large Neutrino Detectors

Neutron-antineutron transition is a baryon number violation process with $\Delta B=2$, providing a unique insight into the potential explanation of the baryon asymmetry in our university, especially in the context of post-sphaleron baryogenesis. Studies have been conducted in various neutron-rich environment including free neutron sources, neutron stars, and bound neutrons in large neutrino detectors, among which the large neutrino experiments obtained the most stringent constraints.

Wan, Linyan [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000155246137)↗

Exploring Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectroscopy Missions to Mars Caves [Slides]

In this work, we investigate the sensitivity of active neutron detector systems in Mars caves using MCNP6 to model neutron transport in different cave geometries, compositions, and detectors to determine if active neutron measurements can be used to identify the hydration of cave walls vs floor vs ceilings, and to perform a concept study for potential future Mars cave missions in search of hydration and habitable regions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

SPND Sensitivity Calculations Using MCNP and Experimental Data from ACRR

The use of the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) to calculate detector sensitivity for Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPNDs) in the Annular Core Research Reactor (ACRR) could be a vital tool in the effort to optimize the design of next-generation SPNDs. Next-generation SPND designs, which consider specific materials and geometry, may provide experimenters with capabilities for advanced mixed field dosimetry. These detectors will need to be optimized for configuration, materials, and geometries and the ability to model and iterate must be available in order to decide on the ideal. SPND design. SPNDs were modeled in MCNP which closely resembled the dimensions and location of actual detectors used in the ACRR. Tallies were used to calculate detector sensitivity. Using metrics from a previous report, oscilloscope data from pulses were manipulated in a Matrix Laboratory computing environment (MATLAB) script to calculate experimental detector sensitivity. This report outlines the process in which experimental data from ACRR pulses verified results from tallies in an MCNP ACRR model. The sensitivity values from experiments and MCNP calculations agreed within one standard deviation. Parametric studies were also performed with MCNP to investigate the effects of materials and dimensions of different SPNDs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

3D Tomography and Image Processing Using Fast Neutrons Final Report

This document is the final report for project OR16-ML-3DTomography-PD3Jb, “3D Tomography and Image Processing Using Fast Neutrons.” This project was motivated by the availability of three-dimensional (3D) tomographic neutron transmission and induced-reaction data following the development of associated-particle imaging (API) systems with two-dimensional (2D) or “area” neutron detectors such as the Advanced Portable Neutron Imaging System, which is capable of simultaneous measurement of transmission and induced-reaction neutrons.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Applications and Deployment of Neutron Scatter Cameras in Nuclear Safeguards Scenarios

Neutron scatter cameras (NSCs) are a type of directionally sensitive neutron detector that rely on two consecutive neutron scattering events to localize a source of neutrons. NSCs can be used to locate, image, and identify unknown neutron sources or verify the geometry and identity of known sources. Much technical progress has been made in improving NSC designs, but little literature exists exploring the full range of practical application of neutron scatter cameras. This paper seeks to identify scenarios related to nuclear security and non-proliferation where deployment of NSCs may be useful. These situations could include: limited searches for sources during cargo screening, counting nuclear warheads for treaty verification, verification of special nuclear material during inspections, imaging nuclear contamination, imaging nuclear reactor cores, searching for lost sources, and matching neutron images in shipper/receiver or inventory management scenarios. These scenarios are examined with respect to existing NSC designs and proposed designs in terms of usefulness and practicality of deployment when compared to currently used detection systems.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

Development of Temperature Compensation Tools for SPNDs Operating in High Temperature Environments

Two rhodium-based self-powered neutron detectors (Rh-SPNDs) were irradiated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor as a follow-on experiment to the heated irradiation previously conducted at the Neutron Radiography facility at Idaho National Laboratory. The experiment was conducted over the temperature ranges of 600-850°C to further examine the effects of temperature on the Rh-SPNDs. Four tests of varying temperature and power were performed. The tests identified two types of temperature effects consistent with historical evaluations. One effect is a prompt proportionality to temperature at steady-state reactor power due to the decrease in Rh-SPND insulation resistance. The other effect is a delayed effect generated from displacement currents generated by changing the space charge within the insulator as a function of temperature. The result of this experiment demonstrates a characterizable responses to temperature that is feasible for developing a temperature compensation tool for SPND operating in high temperatures. The characteristics identified in this experiment will be integrated within the delayed-response compensation techniques for FY23 evaluation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Development of a High-Energy Neutron Sniffer and Subsequent Dose Quantification for High-Energy Particle Accelerator Shielding Surveys

The objective of this research is to design a portable neutron detector that is lightweight and responds to neutrons with energies of 20 MeV and greater. The instrument will be used as a ‘sniffer’ probe for identifying shielding weaknesses at high-energy particle accelerators and be paired with a plastic scintillator to quantify the high-energy neutron dose equivalent. The sniffer probes are two different sizes and comprised of either cesium iodide or sodium iodide, all doped with thallium, making a total of four detectors. The probes were calibrated to respond only to radiations with 8 MeV electron equivalent energy or higher, vastly reducing detector response from background and lower energy radiations. The sniffer probes were tested using californium- 252 and americium-beryllium sources, followed by high-energy (up to 800 MeV) neutron exposures at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) facility. The sniffer probes were then used to identify areas around the accelerator facility where elevated levels of high-energy radiation was present and the plastic scintillators were placed in these locations to determine the high-energy neutron dose equivalent. The dose equivalent is calculated by measuring the 12 C(n,2n) 11 C reaction, which has a 20.4 MeV neutron threshold. Two locations behind the WNR facility were identified with the probes and the dose equivalent rates from neutron energies above 20 MeV were calculated to be 1.24 mrem/h behind flightpath 30-left and 1.53 behind flightpath 30-right. Of the four sniffer probes, the 2-inch x 2-inch cesium iodide is the recommended probe for performing high-energy shielding surveys. The larger crystal size yields higher sensitivity at lower count rates and the more dense material increases the likelihood of interaction within the crystal.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Simulation of SPND Beta-Current in AP1000 core

The Self-Powered Neutron Detectors (SPNDs) are widely used in Generation-III commercial PWR due to its small size and external-power free character. It can measure the in-core neutron flux density immediately to obtain the power profile in the core. To better understand the actual state of the simulated core, a SPND beta-current simulation module has been established in the NECP-Bamboo code. Firstly, neutron simulation is carried out in the lattice code Bamboo-Lattice together with nuclide depletion simulation to obtain the depleted composition of the entire lattice including the SPND, and the few-group parameters including density and cross section of emitter material. Secondly, the depleted lattice can then be piped into a Monte-Carlo code for neutron-photon-electron simulation to obtain the electron escape efficiency from the emitter of the SPND to the corresponding collector. Thirdly, the electron escape efficiency can be parameterized into the function of the lattice state parameters similarly to the common few-group constants. Finally, the beta-current was calculated by the core code Bamboo-Core simultaneously with the simulation of the core operation process. The beta-current of the Vanadium SPND in the AP1000 core was simulated and analyzed in this paper. Comparison between simulation and measurement of the beta-current distribution in the specific core state is shown in this paper to verify the effectiveness of the method and the code. The radial normalized current distribution is in good agreement with the measurement. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Radiation portal monitor data file format for comprehensive background radiation monitoring

Radiation portal monitors (RPMs) are widely used at border security checkpoints to detect the presence of radioactive materials in people, vehicles, and cargo. Typically, RPM detection systems consist of two pillars equipped with gamma and neutron detectors. To improve detection efficiency, RPMs employ techniques such as a limited energy window, dynamic alarm thresholds, and lead shielding. However, without continuous monitoring of background radiation, signal interpretation can be compromised, because environmental factors and mechanical failures can cause fluctuations. Here, we introduce a daily file format that logs gamma background and neutron background radiation levels continuously over a 24 h period; this format is different from traditional formats that record data only when the RPM is active or occupied. The approach enables RPM operators and analysts to (1) identify and diagnose malfunctioning components, (2) adjust system settings to account for dynamic environmental factors, and (3) use the recorded data to characterize outer space phenomena. Continuous background reporting is essential for identifying issues such as faulty connections, voltage divider failures, and errors in background updates. Continuous background reporting also enables the detection of external influences, including nearby X-ray scanners, temperature fluctuations, rainfall, cosmic radiation, and lunar phase changes. These data files are designed to be easily evaluated and parsed using common tools, and a quick review by an expert is often sufficient for problem diagnosis. We anticipate that continuous background radiation monitoring and these new strategies will significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of RPM systems, reducing the rate of false alarms and enhancing overall system performance.

Background radiation monitoring↗

Determination of energy-dependent neutron backgrounds using shadow bars

Understanding the neutron background is essential for determining the neutron yield from nuclear reactions. Here, the neutron backgrounds were determined for heavy-ion collision experiment using the shadow-bar method, where beams of 40,48 Ca at 56, 140 MeV/u impinged on targets of 58,64 Ni and 112,124 Sn. In the analysis presented here, brass shadow bars are placed in front of organic liquid scintillator neutron detectors to determine the energy-dependent neutron background fractions. The measurement of neutron spectra with and without shadow bars is important to determine the neutron background more accurately. The neutron background, along with its sources and systematic uncertainties, are explored with a focus on the impact of background models and their dependence on neutron energy.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

High-spin states in 60 Cu and implications for states in the mirror nucleus 60 Ga

High-spin states in 60 Cu are investigated on the basis of reaction-channel-selected 𝛾-ray spectroscopy. Data stem from three experiments that used the same fusion-evaporation reaction at similar beam energies. The Gammasphere 𝛾-ray spectrometer was combined with the Microball CsI(Tl) detector array and sets of liquid-scintillator neutron detectors which allowed us to identify and tag on evaporated light charged particles and neutrons, respectively. A level scheme is proposed which comprises more than 300 𝛾-ray transitions connecting more than 100 excited states. Predictions from cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations describe the observed high-spin collective structures in 60 Cu. Predictions of shell-model calculations are probed with a suite of low- to medium-spin states of both parities. Taking into account isospin-symmetry-breaking terms in these calculations, a case study of the yrast line of the weakly bound mirror nucleus 60 Ga is presented.

Rudolph, Dirk [Lund University (Sweden)] (ORCID:00↗

Characterization and pulse-shape discrimination of a multi-stacked structure of ZnS: Ag/PMMA for fast-neutron detection in high-flux environments

The Micro-Layered Fast Neutron Detector (MLFD) is a proton-recoil scintillator that incorporates the basic concept of a Hornyak button detector with an improved design using a layered structure of ZnS:Ag and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate). The MLFD was predicted to have low sensitivity to gamma rays, hence pulse shape discrimination was performed to determine the gamma-ray contribution. Presented in this paper are the pulse-shape discrimination characteristics of the MLFD. Additionally, the charge integration technique was employed to discriminate between the neutrons and gamma rays using a fast digitzer. The MLFD was found to exhibit excellent neutron/gamma-ray discrimination, with the highest Figure-of-Merit (FoM) being 4.56. With PSD, the neutron signal is distinct from gamma-ray, Ĉerenkov and electronic noise signals. This clear separation was achieved due to the large differences in decay times of the neutron and gamma-ray-induced pulses in the ZnS:Ag phosphor. The MLFD can be employed in high gamma-ray exposure fields, up to at least 1287.7 mR/hr, without appreciable degradation in PSD performance.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Power distribution estimation method for SMR using ex-core detectors: experimental demonstration by plural control rod patterns at KUCA

The power distribution estimation method based on the ex-core detectors, or PHOEBE, was demonstrated at Kyoto University Critical Assembly, KUCA. Generally, core monitoring systems use in-core neutron detectors. Since inside the core is a harsh environment, the maintainability and reliability of the detectors are deteriorated. On the other hand, the environment outside the core is milder: core monitoring by the ex-core detectors improves the maintainability and reliability especially for small modular reactors and micro-reactors. However, neutron information from the inner region of the core is lost at the ex-core detectors. To recover the information, the authors proposed to utilize the power correlation between the fuel regions. PHOEBE concept was demonstrated at KUCA with distorted power distributions simulated by control rod patterns. The relative power distribution estimated by PHOEBE agreed with that calculated by Monte Carlo simulation code MVP. PHOEBE approximately reproduced the trend of the distorted power distributions calculated by MVP code. By contrast, the case of without power correlation between fuel regions produced significant different power distributions. Therefore, the advantage of considering the power correlation between fuel regions was also demonstrated. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Demonstration of the neutron tracking capability of NEXT array in time-of-flight measurements to improve energy resolution

Precise neutron-energy measurements are required to probe the nuclear structure effects of neutron-rich nuclei, where β-delayed neutron emission becomes a dominant decay mode. The Neutron dEtector with Xn Tracking (NEXT) array has been designed and constructed to measure β-delayed neutrons with better energy resolution. The new design localizes the neutron interaction position by optically segmenting the detector along the direction of the neutron flight path, reducing the associated uncertainties in the neutron time-of-flight measurements. This significantly improves the energy resolution without losing the necessary detection efficiency. The proof-of-principle and efficiency measurements showed promising results. Herein, this article details the implementation of the neutron tracking capability of NEXT array in time-of-flight measurements.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Report on Task USA A 0931 (A.252) Implementation of Fast, Front-End Electronics for Improved Low-Dead Time Neutron Counting

The International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) Department of Safeguards is working on the elaboration and implementation of advanced Non-Destructive Assay (NDA) methods, generally known as neutron noise analysis, for the verification of critical and sub-critical cores containing substantial quantities of direct use nuclear material. These verification methods rely on interpreting time properties of the neutron multiplication process, which are to be extracted from measured neutron pulse trains. The interpretations are highly dependent on the quality of the measured data, which is directly related to the capability of an employed neutron detector to resolve very close detection events originating from neutron bursts produced in a highly multiplying medium. Therefore, the application of detectors with minimum dead-time, pile-up, and other distortion effects is required. This report describes the work under Task USA A 0931 (A.252 Implementation of fast, front-end electronics for improved low-dead time neutron counting).

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Modeling light signals using data from the first pulsed neutron source program at the DUNE vertical drift ColdBox test facility at the CERN Neutrino Platform

In this paper, we present a first quantitative test of detected light signals produced in a pulsed neutron source run in a small vertical drift LArTPC at the CERN Neutrino Platform ColdBox test facility. The ColdBox cryostat, detectors, neutron sources, and particle interactions are modeled and simulated using Fluka. We demonstrate the ability to identify the contribution from neutron interactions using X-ARAPUCA photodetectors, and show first comparisons of data to simulation, which indicate reasonable agreement. A time constant is also fitted from the neutron-beam-off light signal spectrum and found consistent between data and simulation. Several important systematic effects are discussed and serve as guides for future runs at larger LArTPCs.

Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction ↗