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The Challenges of Interoperable Data Discovery
The Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) assists the oceanographic community in data discovery and access through its online metadata directory. The directory also offers data holders a means to post and search their oceanographic data through the GCMD portals, i.e. online customized subset metadata directories. The Gulf of Maine Ocean Data Partnership (GoMODP) has expressed interest in using the GCMD portals to increase the visibility of their data holding throughout the Gulf of Maine region and beyond. The purpose of the Gulf of Maine Ocean Data Partnership (GoMODP) is to "promote and coordinate the sharing, linking, electronic dissemination, and use of data on the Gulf of Maine region". The participants have decided that a "coordinated effort is needed to enable users throughout the Gulf of Maine region and beyond to discover and put to use the vast and growing quantities of data in their respective databases". GoMODP members have invited the GCMD to discuss further collaborations in view of this effort. This presentation. will focus on the GCMD GoMODP Portal - demonstrating its content and use for data discovery, and will discuss the challenges of interoperable data discovery. interoperability among metadata standards and vocabularies will be discussed. A short overview of the lessons learned at the Marine Metadata Interoperability (MMI) metadata workshop held in Boulder, Colorado on August 9-11, 2005 will be given.
User requirements for NASA data base management systems. Part 1: Oceanographic discipline
Generic oceanographic user requirements were collected and analyzed for use in developing a general multipurpose data base management system for future missions of the Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (OSTA) of NASA. The collection of user requirements involved; studying the state-of-the-art technology in data base management systems; analyzing the results of related studies; formulating a viable and diverse list of scientists to be interviewed; developing a presentation format and materials; and interviewing oceanographic data users. More effective data management systems are needed to handle the increasing influx of data.
The depiction of Alboran Sea Gyre during Donde Va? using remote sensing and conventional data
Experienced oceanographic investigators have come to realize that remote sensing techniques are most successful when applied as part of programs of integrated measurements aimed at solving specific oceanographic problems. A good example of such integration occurred during the multi-platform international experiment, Donde Va? in the Alboran Sea during the period June through October, 1982. The objective of Donde Va? was to derive the interrelationship of the Atlantic waters entering the Mediterranean Sea and the Alboran Sea Gyre. The experimental plan conceived solely with this objective in mind consisted of a variety of remote sensing and conventional platforms: three ships, three aircraft, five current moorings, two satellites and a specialized beach radar (CODAR). Integrated analyses of these multiple-data sets are still being conducted. However, the initial results show detailed structure of the incoming Atlantic jet and Alboran Sea Gyre that would not have been possible by conventional means.
The NASA Ocean Data System at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Global change studies require satellite oceanographic observations archived in an active data center. This paper describes the activities of an experimental active oceanographic data archive center specializing in distribution of high-level oceanographic data products produced by research oceanographers from satellite altimeter, scatterometer, and microwave and infrared radiometer measurements. Methods to encourage data sharing practices were developed. Services initiated to help oceanographers conduct research more effectively included rapid delivery of data, reprocessing data sets, subsetting of large data sets, and distribution of multiple data sets on a single medium.
Oceanographic features in the lee of the Windward and Leeward Islands: ERTS and ship data
ERTS-1 imagery and shipboard data on oceanographic features of eastern Caribbean Sea
Design document for the MOODS Data Management System (MDMS), version 1.0
The MOODS Data Management System (MDMS) provides access to the Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set (MOODS) which is maintained by the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO). The MDMS incorporates database technology in providing seamless access to parameter (temperature, salinity, soundspeed) vs. depth observational profile data. The MDMS is an interactive software application with a graphical user interface (GUI) that supports user control of MDMS functional capabilities. The purpose of this document is to define and describe the structural framework and logical design of the software components/units which are integrated into the major computer software configuration item (CSCI) identified as MDMS, Version 1.0. The preliminary design is based on functional specifications and requirements identified in the governing Statement of Work prepared by the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) and distributed as a request for proposal by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Global ocean tides through assimilation of oceanographic and altimeter satellite data in a hydrodynamic model
Ocean tides must be considered in many scientific disciplines: astronomy, oceanography, geodesy, geophysics, meteorology, and space technologies. Progress in each of these disciplines leads to the need for greater knowledge and more precise predictions of the ocean tide contribution. This is particularly true of satellite altimetry. On one side, the present and future satellite altimetry missions provide and will supply new data that will contribute to the improvement of the present ocean tide solutions. On the other side, tidal corrections included in the Geophysical Data Records must be determined with the maximum possible accuracy. The valuable results obtained with satellite altimeter data thus far have not been penalized by the insufficiencies of the present ocean tide predictions included in the geophysical data records (GDR's) because the oceanic processes investigated have shorter wavelengths than the error field of the tidal predictions, so that the residual errors of the tidal corrections are absorbed in the empirical tilt and bias corrections of the satellite orbit. For future applications to large-scale oceanic phenomena, however, it will no longer be possible to ignore these insufficiencies.
Application of LANDSAT MSS data to the study of oceanographical environment
The author has identified the following significant results. LANDSAT MSS data of a three year time lapse indicate change of sea surface condition in Seto Inland Sea and coastal region. The red tide which formerly concentrated in the bay or inland sea now extends into an open sea. A small ocean vortex similar to mesoscale atmospheric vortex is revealed by the band 4 image of the satellite data. A manual photographic method applied to a single band image of MSS is effective in detecting sea surface pollution.
Oceanographic Interpretation of Apollo Photographs. Coastal Oceanographic and Sedimentologic Interpretation of Apollo 9 Space Photographs; Carolina's Continental Shelf, USA
Apollo 9 photographs, color band separations, and oceanographic and meteorological data are used in the study of the origin, movement, and dissipation of masses of discolored water near the shores of North and South Carolina. A model has been developed incorporating jet theory, climatology, currents, surface temperatures, color separations, and other oceanographic data to explain the processes involved in the life cycle of the discolored water masses. Special treatment is afforded the Gulf Stream boundary definition and the Cape Hatteras oceanographic barrier.
The Earth Science Remote Access Tool (ESRAT)
The Earth Science Remote Access Tool (ESRAT) is an http-based application that facilitates internet access to user-defined subsets of Earth Science data.
Oceanographic mapping of structure and dynamics of the northern Gulf of California by the use of spectral modeling and ERTS-1
Distribution and flow of water masses at four depth intervals were determined by analyzing ERTS imagery through the use of optical models of classes of vertical oceanographic profiles. Data used for these models was obtained from shipboard measurements including surface spectral radiance, and optical and more conventional oceanographic depth profiles. The spectral models obtained were applied to radiance-contoured ERTS imagery in band 4, 5, 6, and 7. Features mapped by direct photointerpretation of ERTS imagery include submerged shoals, current streamlines, and location of possible upwellings, downwellings and submarine springs.
Lidar Buoy Data Dictionary: For the 2020 – 2021 California Deployments
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) manages two AXYS WindSentinel™ buoys (Buoys #120 and #130) on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that collect a comprehensive set of meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) data to support resource characterization for wind energy offshore. The buoys have been deployed off the California coast in partnership with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) from September 2020 through October 2021. One buoy was deployed within the Morro Bay Call Area offshore central California; the other buoy was deployed within the Humboldt Call Area off the coast of northern California. The measurements from the buoys are used to characterize the metocean conditions near potential locations for offshore wind lease areas and are uploaded to DOE’s Data Archive and Portal (DAP). Plots are updated on the DAP webpage to visualize the recent metocean measurements. This document serves as a data dictionary – or reference guide – for understanding and interpreting the data available from the buoys. This document includes: (1) specifications for the buoy instrumentation (Section 2.0) (2) description of each plot and definition of measured parameters (Section 3.0) (3) description of data files and naming convention (Appendix A) (4) reference guide of measurements and variables (Appendix B).
Image masking using polygon fills and morphological transformations
Polygon-fill operations and morphological transformations are effective computational tools for the land-masking and coastline-correction preprocessing operations often applied to AVHRR data prior to oceanographic applications. These masking operations, in conjunction with cloud-screening techniques, can be used on such other oceanographically significant remote-sensing data as those of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner, GOES, and Landsat. The sensitivity of the methods to regional variations in atmospheric conditions and land-ocean temperature gradients is assessed for tropical, midlatitude, and high latitude regions.
NASA satellite to study earth's oceans from space
The feasibility of using microwave instruments to scan the world's oceans from space in order to obtain scientific data for oceanographers, meteorologists, and commercial users of the seas will be demonstrated during the mission of the Seasat A satellite which will be launched into an 800 kilometer high near circular orbit by an Agena Atlas-Agena launch vehicle. The satellite configuration, its payload, and data collection and processing capabilities are described as well as the launch vehicle system.
Assessment of a Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Correction of Above-Water and Satellite Water-Leaving Radiance in Coastal Waters
Water-leaving radiances, retrieved from in situ or satellite measurements, need to be corrected for the bidirectional properties of the measured light in order to standardize the data and make them comparable with each other. The current operational algorithm for the correction of bidirectional effects from the satellite ocean color data is optimized for typical oceanic waters. However, versions of bidirectional reflectance correction algorithms specifically tuned for typical coastal waters and other case 2 conditions are particularly needed to improve the overall quality of those data. In order to analyze the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of case 2 waters, a dataset of typical remote sensing reflectances was generated through radiative transfer simulations for a large range of viewing and illumination geometries. Based on this simulated dataset, a case 2 water focused remote sensing reflectance model is proposed to correct above-water and satellite water-leaving radiance data for bidirectional effects. The proposed model is first validated with a one year time series of in situ above-water measurements acquired by collocated multispectral and hyperspectral radiometers, which have different viewing geometries installed at the Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory (LISCO). Match-ups and intercomparisons performed on these concurrent measurements show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the algorithm currently in use at all wavelengths, with average improvement of 2.4% over the spectral range. LISCO's time series data have also been used to evaluate improvements in match-up comparisons of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data when the proposed BRDF correction is used in lieu of the current algorithm. It is shown that the discrepancies between coincident in-situ sea-based and satellite data decreased by 3.15% with the use of the proposed algorithm.
Circulation of Prince William Sound
The author has identified the following significant results. Visual examination of the available ERTS-1 and NASA NP-3 aircraft imagery has suggested that sediment-laden plumes from rivers may be useful in tracking surface circulation over the regions where these plumes retain their visible identities. Plumes of ice derived from tidewater glaciers are highly visible on the ERTS-1 imagery, but are generally of too small an areal extent to be useful in tracing surface circulation. Shore-fast ice is also highly visible on the ERTS-1 data. Practical scientific results include a corroboration of the westward flow just offshore in the Gulf of Alaska with inflow through Hinchinbrook Entrance into Prince William Sound. The tracer in this case was the Copper River Plume, which originates at the mouth of the Copper River east of Prince William Sound. A single partial image of Port Valdez, in northeastern Prince William Sound, suggests by the visible suspended sediment distribution that surface circulation there was cyclonic, as deduced previously from oceanographic baseline data. Surf along the shoreline of the Gulf of Alaska is highly visible on ERTS-1 imagery.
The analysis of ocean optical data
A new oceanographic instrument to measure underwater optical, biological and physical properties simultaneously has been built and used extensively at sea. The Bio-Optical Profiling System (BOPS) was designed for the rapid acquisition of data to accommodate shipboard 'synoptic' sampling strategies, often in conjunction with concurrent aircraft and satellite sensors. The data rates and associated quantity of data from the BOPS are some orders of magnitude larger than those traditionally encountered in optical oceanography. The rapid acquisition of optical data in a wide range of environmental conditions requires new methodologies in ocean optical data analysis.