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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2011

The Potential Impact of CO2 and Air Temperature Increases on Krummholz's Transformation into Arborescent Form in the Southern Siberian Mountains

Trees in the southern Siberian Mountains forest-tundra ecotone have considerably increased their radial and apical growth increments during the last few decades. This leads to the widespread vertical transformation of mat and prostrate krummholz forms of larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb) and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). An analysis of the radial growth increments showed that these transformations began in the mid-1980s. Larch showed a greater resistance to the harsh alpine environment and attained a vertical growth form in areas where Siberian pine is still krummholz. Upper larch treeline is about 10 m higher than Siberian pine treeline. Observed apical and radial growth increment increases were correlated with CO2 concentration (r = 0.83-0.87), summer temperatures (r = 0.55-0.64), and "cold period" (i.e. September-May) air temperatures (r = 0.36-0.37). Positive correlation between growth increments and winter precipitation was attributed to snow cover protection for trees during wintertime.

Kharuk, V. I.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Dendroarchaeological Analysis of the Terminal Warehouse in New York City Reveals A History of Long-Distance Timber Transport During the Gilded Age

The Gilded Age of the late 19th century marked a period of rapid development and urbanization in New York City, U.S. To accommodate the high demand in wood products during that time, the timbers used for development of the city were increasingly sourced from locations distant from the northeastern United States. The Terminal Warehouse in the Chelsea neighborhood of New York City was one of many large buildings erected during this period of city expansion, and is an important symbol of New York City commerce during the late 1800s. To determine the history and provenance of timbers used in the construction of the Terminal Warehouse, we used tree-ring analysis on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) joists that were original to the building. The ring-width patterns on the joists cross dated well internally, suggesting a common origin of the sampled lumber. Further, our Terminal Warehouse tree-ring chronology (1512–1891 C.E.) correlated strongly with existing tree-ring chronologies from western/central Georgia and eastern Alabama, indicating that the timbers were extracted from this region of the southeastern United States. The provenancing and dating of the Terminal Warehouse timbers underscores the important role that southern pines played in the expansion and development of New York City during the Gilded Age.

Dendroprovenance↗
NASA NTRS1973

Utilization of ERTS data to detect plant diseases and nutrient deficiencies, soil types and moisture levels

The author has identified the following significant results. Findings demonstrate the feasibility of delineating major terrain features, land uses, and crop species through computerized analyses. Channel 6 appears to give the most information for making separations of this type. By enlarging satellite imagery and visually comparing this with high altitude aerial photographs, locating small terrain features and cropland areas on satellite imagery is greatly facilitated. Forest types are discernable on the 2402 imagery with a #25 filter: pine stands have dark tones, hardwood stands have light tones, and pine-hardwood have intermediate tones. No textural differences are evident on this type of imagery. However, on the 2424 imagery with #89B filter, textural differences are evident but tonal differences are absent. Areas of considerable texture are interpreted as stands of high volume while areas of suppressed texture are of low volume. The 2402 imagery with a #57 filter appears to have little information of importance in timber inventory.

Parks, W. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Fatty acids of Pinus elliottii tissues.

The total fatty constituents of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) tissue cultures, seeds, and seedlings were examined by GLC and MS. Qualitatively, the fatty acid composition of these tissues was found to be very similar to that reported for other pine species. The fatty acid contents of the tissue cultures resembled that of the seedling tissues. The branched-chain C(sub 17) acid reported for several other Pinus species was confirmed as the anteiso isomer.

Laseter, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Investigation of the detection and monitoring of forest insect infestations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

The author has identified the following significant results. In earlier reports it has been indicated that it is possible to delineate areas of lodgepole pine timber mortality into three degrees of damage from enlarged ERTS-1 color composites; light, medium, and heavy. It can also be confidently reported that it is now possible to detect all major areas of lodgepole pine defoliated by the needle miner. It has also been confirmed, through ground checking and helicopter observation that previous designation of the following features have been consistently accurate: timbered vs non-timbered areas; timber types; damaged vs undamaged areas; lakes, dome shadows which resemble lakes, mountain meadows, pasture and agricultural land, desert; riparian vegetation; and glaciers.

Hall, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Inventory of forest and rangeland and detection of forest stress

The author has identified the following significant results. Controlled visual interpretation of one ERTS-1 scene taken at the peak of the growing season has indicated that classification to the ECOCLASS Series level is not entirely satisfactory. For five forest classes, aspen, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and Spruce/fir, correct identification ranged from 60 to 70 percent. With the exception of shortgrass and wet shrubby meadow classes in the nonforest categories (81 and 100 percent correct, respectively), correct identification of the nonforest classes is so far unacceptable. The low accuracies are believed due to: (1) edge effects due to ecotones between plant community classes with apparent similar image characteristics; (2) confounding effects of amount of plant crown cover and ground surface material in the scene; and (3) variable land slope degree and aspect as it affects the image signature.

Heller, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Thermal contouring of forestry data: Wallops Island

The contouring of 8-13.5 micrometer thermal data collected over a forestry site in Virginia is described. The data were collected at an altitude of 1000 ft above terrain on November 4, 1970. The site was covered on three approximately parallel lines. The purpose of the contouring was to attempt to delineate pine trees attacked by southern pine bark beetle, and to map other important terrain categories. Special processing steps were required to achieve the correct aspect ratio of the thermal data. The reference for the correction procedure was color infrared photography. Data form and quality are given, processing steps are outlined, a brief interpretation of results is given, and conclusion are presented.

Thomson, F.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Fault tectonics and earthquake hazards in the Peninsular Ranges, Southern California

The author has identified the following significant results. Thin sections of rock exposed along the San Diego River linear were prepared and determined to be fault breccia. Single band and ratio images of the western Mojave Desert were prepared from the multispectral scanner digital tapes. Subtle differences in color of soil and rock are enhanced on the ratio images. Two north-northeast trending linears (Horsethief Canyon and Pine Valley Creek) and an east-west linear (Pine Creek) were concluded to have resulted from erosion along well-developed foliation in crystalline basement rocks.

Merifield, P. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Satellite detection of vegetative damage and alteration caused by pollutants emitted by a zinc smelter

The author has identified the following significant results. Field observations and data collected by low flying aircraft were used to verify the accuracy of maps produced from the satellite data. Although areas of vegetation as small as six acres can accurately be detected, a white pine stand that was severely damaged by sulfur dioxide could not be differentiated from a healthy white pine stand because spectral differences were not large enough. When winter data were used to eliminate interference from herbaceous and deciduous vegetation, the damage was still undetectable. The analysis was able to produce a character map that accurately delineated areas of vegetative alteration due to high zinc levels accumulating in the soil. The map depicted a distinct gradient of less damage and alteration as the distance from the smelter increased. Although the satellite data will probably not be useful for detecting small acreages of damaged vegetation, it is concluded that the data may be very useful as an inventory tool to detect and delineate large vegetative areas possessing differing spectral signatures.

Mcmurtry, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Geology and forestry classification from ERTS-1 digital data

Computer classifications into seven and ten classes of two areas in central Oregon of interest to geology and forestry demonstrate the extraction of information from ERTS-1 data. The area around Newberry Caldera was classified into basalt, rhyolite obsidian, pumice flats, Newberry pumice, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and water classes. The area around Mt. Washington was classified into two basalts, three forest, two clearcut, burn, snow, and water classes. Both also include an unclassified category. Significant details that cannot be extracted from photographic reconstitutions of the data emerge from these classifications, such as moraine locations and paleowind directions. Spectral signatures for the various rocks are comparable to those published elsewhere.

Lawrence, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Application of satellite data and LARS's data processing techniques to mapping vegetation of the Dismal Swamp

The feasibility of using digital satellite imagery and automatic data processing techniques as a means of mapping swamp forest vegetation was considered, using multispectral scanner data acquired by the LANDSAT-1 satellite. The site for this investigation was the Dismal Swamp, a 210,000 acre swamp forest located south of Suffolk, Va. on the Virginia-North Carolina border. Two basic classification strategies were employed. The initial classification utilized unsupervised techniques which produced a map of the swamp indicating the distribution of thirteen forest spectral classes. These classes were later combined into three informational categories: Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and deciduous forest. The subsequent classification employed supervised techniques which mapped Atlantic white cedar, Loblolly pine, deciduous forest, water and agriculture within the study site. A classification accuracy of 82.5% was produced by unsupervised techniques compared with 89% accuracy using supervised techniques.

Messmore, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Tri-county pilot study

The author has identified the following significant results. An area inventory was performed for three southeast Texas counties (Montgomery, Walker, and San Jacinto) totaling 0.65 million hectares. The inventory was performed using a two level hierarchy. Level 1 was divided into forestland, rangeland, and other land. Forestland was separated into Level 2 categories: pine, hardwood, and mixed; rangeland was not separated further. Results consisted of area statistics for each county and for the entire study site for pine, hardwood, mixed, rangeland, and other land. Color coded county classification maps were produced for the May data set, and procedures were developed and tested.

Reeves, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Toxicity of pyrolysis gases from wood

The toxicity of the pyrolysis gases from nine wood samples was investigated. The samples of hardwoods were aspen poplar, beech, yellow birch, and red oak. The samples of softwoods were western red cedar, Douglas fir, western hemlock, eastern white pine, and southern yellow pine. There was no significant difference between the wood samples under rising temperature conditions, which are intended to simulate a developing fire, or under fixed temperature conditions, which are intended to simulate a fully developed fire. This test method is used to determine whether a material is significantly more toxic than wood under the preflashover conditions of a developing fire.

Hilado, C. J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Nationwide forestry applications program: Ten-Ecosystem Study (TES) site 5 report, Kershaw County, South Carolina, report 4

The author has identified the following significant results. The Kershaw County site, South Carolina, was selected to be representative of both the oak-pine ecosystem and the southeastern pine ecosystem. The following processing results have concluded that: (1) early spring LANDSAT data provide the best contrast between forest features; (2) level 2 forest features (softwood, hardwood, grassland, and water) can be classified with an accuracy of 70% + or - 5.7% at the 90% confidence level; (3) level 3 species classification was inconclusive; (4) temporal data did not provide a significant increase in classification accuracy of level 2 features, over single date classification to warrant the additional processing; and (5) training fields from only 10% of the site can be used to classify the entire site.

Dillman, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A demonstration of wetland vegetation mapping in Florida from computer-processed satellite and aircraft multispectral scanner data

The author has identified the following significant results. Major vegetative classes identified by the remote sensing technique were cypress swamp, pine, wetland grasses, salt grass, mixed mangrove, black mangrove, Brazilian pepper. Australian pine and melaleuca were not satisfactorily classified from LANDSAT. Aircraft scanners provided better resolution resulting in a classification of finer surface detail. An edge effect, created by the integration of diverse spectral responses within boundary elements of digital data, affected the wetlands classification. Accuracy classification for aircraft was 68% and for LANDSAT was 74%.

Butera, M. K.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Shuttle program. Onorbit navigation integrator results for typical shuttle orbits

Three types of navigation onorbit numerical integrators were evaluated: (1) power integrators with no delta-V incorporation, just coasting (using Taylor series expansion integrators); (2) coasting integrators using the Cowell method of special perturbations; and (3) coasting integrator using the Pines variation of parameter perturbation method. Results show that the super G integrator is a very simple and effective for 2 and 4 second time steps. Since IMU delta-V data can be easily incorporated in the integration scheme, its use as the standard onorbit navigation propagator for the maintenance of the current state was implemented in the onboard navigation software. The Pines formulation method with a Runge-Kutta-Gill fourth-order integrator method produces excellent results up to 300 second time steps. On orbit prediction with this method was implemented in the onboard onorbit navigation scheme. The Runge-Kutta third order, using Cowell's method, is an excellent general purpose determination integrator for time steps up to a 60 second duration.

Olszewski, O. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Relation of the activities of the IPDF/INPE project (reforestation subproject) during the year 1979

The state of Mato Grosso do Sul was selected as the study area to define the recognizable classes of Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus spp. by visual and automatic analyses. For visual analysis, a preliminary interpretation key and a legend of 6 groups were derived. Based on these six groups, three final classes were defined for analysis: (1) area prepared for reforestation; (2) area reforested with Eucalyptus spp.; and (3) area reforested with Pinus spp. For automatic interpretation the area along the highway from Ribas do Rio Pardo to Agua Clara was classified into the following classes: eucalytus, bare soil, plowed soil, pine and "cerrado". The results of visual analysis show that 67% of the reforested farms have relative differences in area estimate below 5%, 22%, between 5% and 10%; and 11% between 10% and 20%. The reforested eucalyptus area is 17 times greater than the area of reforested pine. Automatic classification of eucalyptus ranged from 73.03% to 92.30% in the training areas.

Dejesusparada, N.↗