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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Three-point energy correlators in hadronic Higgs boson decays

We present the analytic calculation of the leading-order three-point energy correlator (EEEC) in hadronic Higgs decays, including both the gluon-initiated channel H → g g + X and quark-initiated channel H → q q ¯ + X . The phase-space integration is evaluated directly using Mandelstam variables s i j = ( p i + p j ) 2 , and the appearing square roots can be rationalized by either conformal ratios or celestial coordinate variables. Throughout the calculation, we observe the same transcendental function space as in N = 4 super–Yang-Mills theory and e + e − → hadrons . Different infrared limits are also explored using the full analytic result, offering the fixed-order data for EEEC factorization and resummation. Given its nontrivial shape dependence, the EEEC presents an excellent opportunity to explore the dynamics of gluon jets originating from the H → g g decay channel at future lepton colliders. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Five PMI Isolates from Populus Deltoides and Populus Trichocarpa

Five bacterial isolates were isolated from the roots of poplar trees (Populus deltoides and P. trichocarpa), which are model organisms and a main focus of the Plant-Microbe Interfaces (PMI) project at ORNL. These strains belong to genera are not well represented and give a more complete view of the microbial community and bacterial interactions with poplar trees. These strains will support future studies and contribute to the broader PMI goal of understanding microbe-microbe and plant-microbe interactions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Paraburkholderia solitsugae sp. nov. and Paraburkholderia elongata sp. nov., phenolic acid-degrading bacteria isolated from forest soil and emended description of Paraburkholderia madseniana

Two bacterial strains, 1N T and 5N T , were isolated from hemlock forest soil using a soluble organic matter enrichment. Cells of 1N T (0.65×1.85 µm) and 5N T (0.6×1.85 µm) are Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, non-sporulating and exist as single rods, diplobacilli or in chains of varying length. During growth in dilute media (≤0.1× tryptic soy broth; TSB), cells are primarily motile with flagella. At higher concentrations (≥0.3× TSB), cells of both strains increasingly form non-motile chains, and cells of 5N T elongate (0.57×~7 µm) and form especially long filaments. Optimum growth of 1N T and 5N T occurred at 25–30 °C, pH 6.5–7.0 and <0.5% salinity. Results of comparative chemotaxonomic, genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that 1N T and 5N T were distinct from one another and their closest related type strains: Paraburkholderia madseniana RP11 T , Paraburkholderia aspalathi LMG 27731 T and Paraburkholderia caffeinilytica CF1 T . The genomes of 1N T and 5N T had an average nucleotide identity (91.6 and 91.3%) and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values (45.8%±2.6 and 45.5%±2.5) and differed in functional gene content from their closest related type strains. The composition of fatty acids and patterns of substrate use, including the catabolism of phenolic acids, also differentiated strains 1N T and 5N T from each other and their closest relatives. The only ubiquinone present in strains 1N T and 5N T was Q-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , 3OH-C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 0 cyclo, C 19 : 0 cyclo ω8 c and summed features 2 (3OH-C 14 : 0 / C 16 : 1 iso I), 3 (C 16 : 1 ω6 c /ω7 c ) and 8 (C 18 : 1 ω7 c /ω6 c ). A third bacterium, strain RL16-012-BIC-B, was isolated from soil associated with shallow roots and was determined to be a strain of P. madseniana (ANI, 98.8%; 16S rRNA gene similarity, 100%). Characterizations of strain RL16-012-BIC-B (DSM 110723=LMG 31706) led to proposed emendments to the species description of P. madseniana . Our polyphasic approach demonstrated that strains 1N T and 5N T represent novel species from the genus Paraburkholderia for which the names Paraburkholderia solitsugae sp. nov. (type strain 1N T =DSM 110721 T =LMG 31704 T ) and Paraburkholderia elongata sp. nov. (type strain 5N T =DSM 110722 T =LMG 31705 T ) are proposed.

Microbiology↗
DOE OSTI2026

How exudates production along a phosphorus gradient influences mineral dissolution across contrasting soil development stages

Harnessing rhizosphere processes offers a valuable opportunity to optimize nutrient use efficiency in agroecosystems. In nutrient-limited soils, plants discharge part of photosynthate surplus via root exudation, including carboxylates, which may enhance mineral dissolution and nutrient mobilization. We aimed to assess how plant responses to nutrient limitation translated into changes in exudate profiles, and how these exudates, in turn, drive bioweathering processes across soils of contrasting mineralogy and weathering degree. We conducted a hydroponic experiment with Lupinus albus grown under five phosphorus (P) concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 µM) over seven weeks. We measured plant biomass and root traits, performed a metabolomics analysis and quantified seven carboxylates in root exudates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. To assess bioweathering processes across contrasted soil domains, we conducted batch dissolution tests with exudates using three soil horizons—35 each with distinct physicochemical properties: enriched in organic matter, iron oxides, or primary silicates. At the intermediate level of P supply, shoot biomass was comparable to that under high P, but plants produced more root biomass and a higher total carboxylate exudation rate. Despite low carboxylate concentrations (<100 ppb), exudates promoted the dissolution of Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, P and K in all horizons. Yet, the degree of element released varied among horizons. These findings highlight the importance of root exudates in enhancing mineral dissolution, with effects dependent on soil physicochemical properties. The results suggest that managing agroecosystems under moderate nutrient limitation could be a sustainable strategy to increase root-to-shoot ratios, enhance bioweathering processes and nutrient release in soil solution.

Pollet, Sasha L.↗
DOE OSTI2024

X-ray fluorescence and XANES spectroscopy revealed diverse potassium chemistries and colocalization with phosphorus in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus ammoniavirescens

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi play a major role in forest ecosystems and managed tree plantations. Particularly, they facilitate mineral weathering and nutrient transfer towards colonized roots. Among nutrients provided by these fungi, potassium (K) has been understudied compared to phosphorus (P) or nitrogen (N). The ECM fungus Paxillus ammoniavirescens is a generalist species that interacts with the root of many trees and can directly transfer K to them, including loblolly pine. However, the forms of K that ECM fungi can store is still unknown. Here, we used synchrotron potassium X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy on P. ammoniavirescens growing in axenic conditions to investigate the K chemistries accumulating in the center and the edge of the mycelium. We observed that various K forms accumulated in different part of the mycelium, including K-nitrate (KNO 3 ), K-C-O compounds (such as K-tartrate K 2 (C 4 H 4 O 6 ) and K-oxalate (K 2 C 2 O 4 )), K-S and K-P compounds. Saprotrophic fungi have been shown to excrete carboxylic acids, which in turn play a role in soil mineral weathering. Our finding of several K counter-ions to carboxylic acids may suggest that, besides their direct transfer to colonized roots, K ions can also be involved in the production of compounds necessary for sourcing nutrients from their surrounding environment by ECM fungi. Additionally, this work reveals that XANES spectroscopy can be used to identify the various forms of K accumulating in biological systems.

Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis↗
NASA NTRS2003

The promotive effect of latrunculin B on maize root gravitropism is concentration dependent

The cytoskeleton has been proposed to be a key player in the gravitropic response of higher plants. A major approach to determine the role of the cytoskeleton in gravitropism has been to use inhibitors to disrupt the cytoskeleton and then to observe the effect that such disruption has on organ bending. Several investigators have reported that actin or microtubule inhibitors do not prevent root gravitropism, leading to the conclusion that the cytoskeleton is not involved in this process. However, there are recent reports showing that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with the actin inhibitor, latrunculin B, promotes the gravitropic response of both roots and shoots. In roots, curvature is sustained during prolonged periods of clinorotation despite short periods of gravistimulation. These results indicate that an early gravity-induced signal continues to persist despite withdrawal of the constant gravity stimulus. To investigate further the mechanisms underlying the promotive effect of actin disruption on root gravitropism, we treated maize roots with varying concentrations of latrunculin B in order to determine the lowest concentration of latrunculin B that has an effect on root bending. After a 10-minute gravistimulus, treated roots were axially rotated on a one rpm clinostat and curvature was measured after 15 hours. Our results show that 100 nM latrunculin B induced the strongest promotive effect on the curvature of maize roots grown on a clinostat. Moreover, continuously gravistimulated roots treated with 100 nM latrunculin B exhibited stronger curvature responses while decapped roots treated with this concentration of latrunculin B did not bend during continuous gravistimulation. The stronger promotive effect of low concentrations of latrunculin B on the curvature of both clinorotated and continuously gravistimulated roots suggests that disruption of the finer, more dynamic component of the actin cytoskeleton could be the cause of the enhanced tropic responses of roots to gravity. c2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Non-NASA Center↗
DOE OSTI2021

Microfabrication of a Chamber for High-Resolution, In Situ Imaging of the Whole Root for Plant–Microbe Interactions

Fabricated ecosystems (EcoFABs) offer an innovative approach to in situ examination of microbial establishment patterns around plant roots using nondestructive, high-resolution microscopy. Previously high-resolution imaging was challenging because the roots were not constrained to a fixed distance from the objective. Here, we describe a new ‘Imaging EcoFAB’ and the use of this device to image the entire root system of growing Brachypodium distachyon at high resolutions (20×, 40×) over a 3-week period. The device is capable of investigating root–microbe interactions of multimember communities. We examined nine strains of Pseudomonas simiae with different fluorescent constructs to B. distachyon and individual cells on root hairs were visible. Succession in the rhizosphere using two different strains of P. simiae was examined, where the second addition was shown to be able to establish in the root tissue. The device was suitable for imaging with different solid media at high magnification, allowing for the imaging of fungal establishment in the rhizosphere. Overall, the Imaging EcoFAB could improve our ability to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the rhizosphere, including studies of fluorescently-tagged, multimember, synthetic communities.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Transgenic Mixed‐Linkage‐Glucan Enhancement Affects Root Characteristics and Decomposition in Soils of Contrasting Vegetation History

ABSTRACT Development of transgenic bioenergy sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] with increased contents of mixed‐linkage (1,3;1,4)‐β‐glucan (MLG) is an important step towards enhancing quality of bioenergy feedstocks. Since MLG‐enhancement leads to greater biomass digestibility, our overarching hypothesis is that root residues of MLG‐enhanced plants may be more readily decomposed in the soil, potentially creating new opportunities for optimizing soil carbon (C) sequestration, nutrient cycling, and overall agricultural sustainability. The study examined morphological, chemical, and enzymatic characteristics of fine and coarse roots of four bioenergy sorghum genotypes. Then, we incubated the roots within soils with contrasting vegetation histories while measuring C mineralization, microbial biomass C (MBC), and activity of hydrolytic enzymes and calculating vector length and vector angle enzymatic stoichiometry parameters. The results indicated that MLG‐enhancing transformations increased root total nitrogen (N) contents, decreased C/N ratios, and were associated with higher MLG concentrations in fine than in coarse roots. Incubations with transgenic roots led to 16%–38% higher MBC and 19%–41% lower microbial metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ). While enzyme activity differed markedly among the studied genotypes, it did not directly respond to MLG levels in root tissues. The increase in MBC without concurrent increases in C mineralization or hydrolytic enzyme activities in transgenic genotypes suggests that MLG enhancement promoted microbial anabolic retention of root‐derived C rather than stimulating catabolic decomposition. Enzymatic vector results indicated that these parameters reflect a variety of drivers behind microbial enzyme production, including availability of specific substrates, such as MLG here, and/or deficiency in specific nutrients, such as phosphorus (P). The study confirms the positive impacts from the roots of engineered MLG‐enhanced bioenergy plants on soil microbial activity and highlights the interactive influences on the MLG‐enhancement effects from root size and inherent soil properties.

Mahmoodabadi, Majid [Department of Plant, Soil, an↗
DOE OSTI2021

Convergent Hydraulic Redistribution and Groundwater Access Supported Facilitative Dependency Between Trees and Grasses in a Semi‐Arid Environment

Abstract Hydraulic redistribution is the transport of water from wet to dry soil layers, upward or downward, through plant roots. Often in savanna and woodland ecosystems, deep‐rooted trees, and shallow‐rooted grasses coexist. The degree to which these different species compete for or share soil‐water derived from precipitation or groundwater, as well as how these interactions are altered by hydraulic redistribution, is unknown. We use a multilayer canopy model and field observations to examine how the presence of deep, but tree‐root accessible, groundwater impacts seasonal patterns of hydraulic redistribution, and interaction between coexisting vegetation species in a semiarid riparian woodland (US‐CMW). Based on the simulation, trees absorb moisture at the water table (∼10 m depth) and release it in the shallow soil depth (0–3 m) during the dry pre‐monsoon season. We observed the occurrence of a new convergent hydraulic redistribution pattern during the monsoon season, where moisture is transported from both the near‐surface (0–0.5 m) and the water table to intermediate soil layers (1–5 m) through tree roots. We found that hydraulic redistribution demonstrates a growth facilitation effect at this site, supporting 49% of growing season tree transpiration and 14% of the grass transpiration. Compared to a similarly structured upland savanna without accessible groundwater, the riparian site shows an increased amount of hydraulically redistributed water and more facilitative water use between coexisting grasses and trees. These results shed light on the linkage between accessible groundwater and the role of hydraulic redistribution on the interaction between deep‐rooted and shallow‐rooted vegetation.

Lee, E.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Long‐term changes in soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in switchgrass, native grasses, and no‐till corn bioenergy production systems

Cellulosic bioenergy is a primary land-based climate mitigation strategy, with soil carbon (C) storage and nitrogen (N) conservation as important mitigation elements. Here, we present 13 years of soil C and N change under three cellulosic cropping systems: monoculture switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a five native grasses polyculture, and no-till corn (Zea mays L.). Soil C and N fractions were measured four times over 12 years. Bulk soil C in the 0–25 cm depth at the end of the study period ranged from 28.4 (± 1.4 se) Mg C ha −1 in no-till corn, to 30.8 (± 1.4) Mg C ha −1 in switchgrass, and to 34.8 (± 1.4) Mg C ha −1 in native grasses. Mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) ranged from 60% to 90% and particulate organic matter (POM) from 10% to 40% of total soil C. Over 12 years, total C as well as both C fractions persisted under no-till corn and switchgrass and increased under native grasses. In contrast, POM N stocks decreased 33% to 45% across systems, whereas MAOM N decreased only in no-till corn and by less than 13%. Declining POM N stocks likely reflect pre-establishment land use, which included alfalfa and manure in earlier rotations. Root production and large soil aggregate formation explained 69% (p < 0.001) and 36% (p = 0.024) of total soil C change, respectively, and 60% (p = 0.020) and 41% (p = 0.023) of soil N change, demonstrating the importance of belowground productivity and soil aggregates for producing and protecting soil C and conserving soil N. Differences between switchgrass and native grasses also indicate a dependence on plant diversity. Soil C and N benefits of bioenergy crops depend strongly on root productivity and pre-establishment land use.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Competing effects of soil fertility and toxicity on tropical greening

Tropical forests are expected to green up with increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, but primary productivity may be limited by soil nutrient availability. However, rarely have canopy-scale measurements been assessed against soil measurements in the tropics. Here, we sought to assess remotely sensed canopy greenness against steep soil nutrient gradients across 50 1-ha mature forest plots in Panama. Contrary to expectations, increases in in situ extractable soil phosphorus (P) and base cations (K, Mg) corresponded to declines in remotely sensed mean annual canopy greenness (r 2 = 0.77– 0.85; p < 0.1), controlling for precipitation. The reason for this inverse relationship appears to be that litterfall also increased with increasing soil P and cation availability (r 2 = 0.88–0.98; p < 0.1), resulting in a decline in greenness with increasing annual litterfall (r 2 = 0.94; p < 0.1). As such, greater soil nutrient availability corresponded to greater leaf turnover, resulting in decreased greenness. However, these decreases in greenness with increasing soil P and cations were countered by increases in greenness with increasing soil nitrogen (N) (r 2 = 0.14; p < 0.1), which had no significant relationship with litterfall, likely reflecting a direct effect of soil N on leaf chlorophyll content, but not on litterfall rates. In addition, greenness increased with extractable soil aluminum (Al) (r 2 = 0.97; p < 0.1), but Al had no significant relationship with litterfall, suggesting a physiological adaptation of plants to high levels of toxic metals. Thus, spatial gradients in canopy greenness are not necessarily positive indicators of soil nutrient scarcity. Using a novel remote sensing index of canopy greenness limitation, we assessed how observed greenness compares with potential greenness. We found a strong relationship with soil N only (r 2 = 0.65; p < 0.1), suggesting that tropical canopy greenness in Panama is predominantly limited by soil N, even if plant productivity (e.g., litterfall) responds to rock-derived nutrients. Moreover, greenness limitation was also significantly correlated with fine root biomass and soil carbon stocks (r 2 = 0.62–0.71; p < 0.1), suggesting a feedback from soil N to canopy greenness to soil carbon storage. Altogether, these data point to the potential utility of a remote sensing product for assessing belowground properties in tropical ecosystems.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Phosphorus limitation of early growth differs between nitrogen‐fixing and nonfixing dry tropical forest tree species

Summary Tropical forests are often characterized by low soil phosphorus (P) availability, suggesting that P limits plant performance. However, how seedlings from different functional types respond to soil P availability is poorly known but important for understanding and modeling forest dynamics under changing environmental conditions. We grew four nitrogen (N)‐fixing Fabaceae and seven diverse non‐N‐fixing tropical dry forest tree species in a shade house under three P fertilization treatments and evaluated carbon (C) allocation responses, P demand, P‐use, investment in P acquisition traits, and correlations among P acquisition traits. Nitrogen fixers grew larger with increasing P addition in contrast to non‐N fixers, which showed fewer responses in C allocation and P use. Foliar P increased with P addition for both functional types, while P acquisition strategies did not vary among treatments but differed between functional types, with N fixers showing higher root phosphatase activity (RPA) than nonfixers. Growth responses suggest that N fixers are limited by P, but nonfixers may be limited by other resources. However, regardless of limitation, P acquisition traits such as mycorrhizal colonization and RPA were nonplastic across a steep P gradient. Differential limitation among plant functional types has implications for forest succession and earth system models.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Passive Neutron Instrumentation and Applications

This chapter presents a description of most of the instruments that are currently in use for the measurement of plutonium and uranium using passive methods (without an external source). This includes the acquisition electronics as well as Singles counting methods, coincidence counting methods and multiplicity counting methods. The Singles counting applications include the measurement of waste and curium bearing materials. The coincidence counting applications include bulk plutonium, bulk uranium, waste and holdup measurements and fresh fuel assemblies. The multiplicity application description includes advantages and disadvantages and multiplicity detector design. There is also a description of some non-3He systems. The chapter concludes with a description of additional concepts: neutron imagers, list-mode data analysis, distributed source term analysis, unattended monitoring and MCNP modeling for detector design.

Coincidence shift register↗
DOE OSTI2021

A new generation of uranium coincidence fast neutron collars for assay of LWR fresh fuel assemblies

The active uranium neutron coincidence collar provides a means of non-destructively assaying the fissile linear density of Light Water Reactor fresh fuel assemblies containing low enriched uranium. These neutron collars can operate in two modes: a thermal and a fast mode. In fast mode, a neutron collar has an added cadmium (Cd) liner in the sample cavity of the detector to reduce the impact of the burnable poison (thermal neutron absorber) on the detector signal (doubles). The main advantage for operating in fast mode is a detected signal that is less dependent of the burnable neutron poison content and thus less dependent on facility operator declarations. The drawback is that operating in fast mode requires a longer measurement time (~hour vs tens of minutes for thermal mode) to achieve the statistically needed precision in the measurements. The trend in the modern reactor fuel assemblies is moving to higher burnup by using higher initial enrichment and, consequently, a higher number of burnable poison rods to compensate the initial neutron reactivity. The increase of the burnable poison loading has motivated the development of a new generation of high efficiency fast neutron collars to allow practical measurements in-field by nuclear inspectors. This paper describes the development and performance evaluation of a new generation of neutron collars, for both boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuels, jointly developed between the US Department of Energy, through Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Euratom Safeguards Directorate of the European Commission. In this work, we present here calibrations with reference fuel assemblies at Los Alamos National Laboratory as well as the results of in-field measurement campaigns in fuel fabrication plants with modern commercial fuel assemblies. The experimental results show that a typical PWR verification can be made in a total time of 30 min with an uncertainty in the measured mass of 2% at one standard deviation (1σ). A BWR verification can be made in 47 min with an uncertainty in the measured mass of 1.9% at 1σ, or a total time of 20 min with 1σ uncertainty in the measured mass of 2.5%.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Soil minerals affect taxon-specific bacterial growth

Abstract Secondary minerals (clays and metal oxides) are important components of the soil matrix. Clay minerals affect soil carbon persistence and cycling, and they also select for distinct microbial communities. Here we show that soil mineral assemblages—particularly short-range order minerals—affect both bacterial community composition and taxon-specific growth. Three soils with different parent material and presence of short-range order minerals were collected from ecosystems with similar vegetation and climate. These three soils were provided with 18O-labeled water and incubated with or without artificial root exudates or pine needle litter. Quantitative stable isotope probing was used to determine taxon-specific growth. We found that the growth of bacteria varied among soils of different mineral assemblages but found the trend of growth suppression in the presence of short-range order minerals. Relative growth of bacteria declined with increasing concentration of short-range order minerals between 25–36% of taxa present in all soils. Carbon addition in the form of plant litter or root exudates weakly affected relative growth of taxa (p = 0.09) compared to the soil type (p < 0.01). However, both exudate and litter carbon stimulated growth for at least 34% of families in the soils with the most and least short-range order minerals. In the intermediate short-range order soil, fresh carbon reduced growth for more bacterial families than were stimulated. These results highlight how bacterial-mineral-substrate interactions are critical to soil organic carbon processing, and how growth variation in bacterial taxa in these interactions may contribute to soil carbon persistence and loss.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bridging Time-series Image Phenotyping and Functional–Structural Plant Modeling to Predict Adventitious Root System Architecture

Root system architecture (RSA) is an important measure of how plants navigate and interact with the soil environment. However, current methods in studying RSA must make tradeoffs between precision of data and proximity to natural conditions, with root growth in germination papers providing accessibility and high data resolution. Functional–structural plant models (FSPMs) can overcome this tradeoff, though parameterization and evaluation of FSPMs are traditionally based in manual measurements and visual comparison. Here, we applied a germination paper system to study the adventitious RSA and root phenology of Populus trichocarpa stem cuttings using time-series image-based phenotyping augmented by FSPM. We found a significant correlation between timing of root initiation and thermal time at cutting collection (P value = 0.0061, R 2 = 0.875), but little correlation with RSA. We also present a use of RhizoVision [1] for automatically extracting FSPM parameters from time series images and evaluating FSPM simulations. A high accuracy of the parameterization was achieved in predicting 2D growth with a sensitivity rate of 83.5%. This accuracy was lost when predicting 3D growth with sensitivity rates of 38.5% to 48.7%, while overall accuracy varied with phenotyping methods. Despite this loss in accuracy, the new method is amenable to high throughput FSPM parameterization and bridges the gap between advances in time-series phenotyping and FSPMs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗