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At least 127 records · Page 7

Strake/delta wing interactions at high angles of attack

The method of vortex discretization is used to analyze the interaction of the vorticity generated by a strake, with the flow over a delta wing. The validity of the approach is first established by making comparisons with established methods for dealing with delta wings, after which compound delta planforms are discussed. An understanding of the favorable interference effects normally associated with this type of configuration is obtained and results are presented to quantify the expected lift increments resulting from the strake interaction.

Bloor, M. I. G.↗

Low speed testing of the inlets designed for a tamden-fan V/STOL nacelle

An approximately 0.25 scale model of a tandem fan nacelle, designed for a subsonic V/STOL aircraft, was tested in a Lewis wind tunnel. Model variables included long and short aft inlet cowls and the addition of exterior strakes to the short inlet cowl. Inlet pressure recoveries and distortion were measured at pitch angles to 40 deg and at combinations of pitch and yaw to 30 deg. Airspeeds covered a range to 135 knots (69 m/sec). The short aft inlet with added strakes had the best aerodynamic performance and is considered suitable for the intended V/STOL application.

Williams, R. C.↗

Low speed testing of the inlets designed for a tandem-fan V/STOL nacelle

An approximately 0.25 scale model of a tandem fan nacelle, designed for a subsonic V/STOL aircraft, was tested in a Lewis wind tunnel. Model variables included long and short aft inlet cowls and the addition of exterior strakes to the short inlet cowl. Inlet pressure recoveries and distortion were measured at pitch angles to 40 deg and at combinations of pitch and yaw to 30 deg. Airspeeds covered a range to 135 knots (69 m/sec). The short aft inlet with added strakes had the best aerodynamic performance and is considered suitable for the intended V/STOL application.

Williams, R. C.↗

Experimental investigation of forebody and wing leading-edge vortex interactions at high angles of attack

An experimental investigation was conducted to assess the vortex flow-field interactions on an advanced, twin-jet fighter aircraft configuration at high angles of attack. Flow-field surveys were conducted on a small-scale model in the Northrop 0.41 - by 0.60-meter water tunnel and, where appropriate, the qualitative observations were correlated with low-speed wind tunnel data trends obtained on a large-scale model of the advanced fighter in the NASA Langley Research Center 30- by 60-foot (9.1- by 18.3-meter) facility. Emphasis was placed on understanding the interactions of the forebody and LEX-wing vortical flows, defining the effects on rolling moment variation with sideslip, and identifying modifications to control or regulate the vortex interactions at high angles of attack. The water tunnel flow visualization results and wind tunnel data trend analysis revealed the potential for strong interactions between the forebody and LEX vortices at high angles of attack. In particular, the forebody flow development near the nose could be controlled by means of carefully-positioned radome strakes. The resultant strake-induced flow-field changes were amplified downstream by the more powerful LEX vortical motions with subsequent large effects on wing flow separation characteristics.

Erickson, G. E.↗

Low-speed experimental study of the vortex flow effects of a fighter forebody having unconventional cross-section

A low speed wind tunnel investigation is conducted for the vortex flow characteristics of a tailless fighter configuration that features full length, fuselage-blended forebody strakes. Static pressure distributions were obtained on the forebody upper surface, and six-component forces and moments were measured on the complete, 60-deg cropped delta wing-fuselage-centerline vertical fin model at angles of attack and sideslip respectively reaching 50 deg and + or - 20 deg. The surface pressure data reveal that development of concentrated vortices from the sharp edged forebody strakes occurred at moderate and high angles of attack. The blended forebody was effective in capturing the windward vortical flow up to high incidence and sideslip angles. The direct suction effect of the windward vortex on the forebody sidewall was the primary contributor to static directional stability at high angles of attack. These improvements are potentially offset, however, by reduced or unstable roll and yaw damping.

Erickson, G. E.↗

Low-speed aerodynamic characteristics of a 1/8-scale X-29A airplane model at high angles of attack and sideslip

A 1/8-scale model of the X-29A airplane was tested in the Ames 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel at a Mach number of 0.20 and Reynolds numbers of 0.13 x 10 to the 6th power to 2.00 x 10 to the 6th power based on a fuselage forebody depth of 0.4 ft, For the test series presented herein, the angle of attack ranged from 40 deg. to 90 deg. and the angle of sideslip ranged from -10 deg. to 30 deg. for the erect attitude. Tests with the model inverted covered angles of attack from -40 deg. to -90 deg. and angles of sideslip from -30 deg. to 10 deg. Data were obtained for the basic design and for several forebody strakes. An alternate forebody design was also tested. The results provided information for selection of forebody strakes for compensation of Reynolds number effect on the 1/25-scale free-spinning model tested in the Langley Spin Tunnel.

Whipple, R. D.↗

Experimental study of effects of forebody geometry on high angle of attack static and dynamic stability and control

A series of low-speed wind tunnel tests on a generic airplane model with a cylindrical fuselage were made to investigate the effects of forebody shape and fitness ratio, and fuselage/wing proximity on static and dynamic lateral/directional stability. In addition, some preliminary testing to determine the effectiveness of deflectable forebody strakes for high angle of attack yaw control was conducted. During the stability investigation, 11 forebodies were tested including three different cross-sectional shapes with fineness ratios of 2, 3, and 4. In addition, the wing was tested at two longitudinal positions to provide a substantial variation in forebody/wing proximity. Conventional force tests were conducted to determine static stability characteristics, and single-degree-of-freedom free-to-roll tests were conducted to study the wing rock characteristics of the model with the various forebodies. Flow visualization data were obtained to aid in the analysis of the complex flow phenomena involved. The results show that the forebody cross-sectional shape and fineness ratio and forebody/wing proximity can strongly affect both static and dynamic (roll) stability at high angles of attack. These characteristics result from the impact of these factors on forebody vortex development, the behavior of the vortices in sideslip, and their interaction with the wing flow field. Preliminary results from the deflectable strake investigation indicated that forebody flow control using this concept can provide very large yaw control moments at stall and post-stall angles of attack.

Brandon, J. M.↗

Vortex Suppressors Reduce Probe Vibrations

Lightweight addition to probe reduces cyclical stress aerodynamically. Life expectancy of instrumentation probe for high-speed flow increased by addition of helical strakes to cylindrical shield surrounding probe. Strakes disrupt vortex shedding normally occuring in fast flows around cylindrical body.

Hill, Arthur J.↗

Development of non-conventional control methods for high angle of attack flight using vortex manipulation

Low-speed wind tunnel experiments have been conducted to define methods for the manipulation of a generic fighter forebody's vortices in order to generate controlled yawing moments at high alpha. Attention is given to two vortex-control schemes: one involving independently controlled forebody tip strakes, and the other individually controlled blowing ports on the forebody. The most effective methods for forebody yawing-moment control were found to be the minimization of natural asymmetry with a pair of symmetrically mounted tip strakes, and the perturbation of the vortex system away from the symmetric condition with asymmetric blowing.

Malcolm, Gerald N.↗

Computational study for passive control of supersonic asymmetric vortical flows around cones

The unsteady, compressible, double and single thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations are used to numerically study for the passive control of steady and unsteady, supersonic asymmetric flows around circular and noncircular cones. The main computational scheme of the present study is the implicit upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme. Passive control of flow asymmetry is studied by using a vertical fin in the leeward plane of geometric symmetry and side strakes with and without thickness at different orientations. The study is focused on circular-section cones since they are the most potential section-shapes for strong flow asymmetry. Side-strakes passive control has been shown to be more efficient and practical than the vertical-fin passive control.

Liu, C. H.↗

Multiple vortex and shock interactions at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds

A wind tunnel experiment was conducted at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds of the vortex-vortex and vortex-shock interactions about a tailless, general research fighter model having chine-like forebody strakes faired into a 55 deg cropped delta wing. The present paper isolates the results obtained at angle of attack 20 deg and free-stream Mach = 0.6 to 1.6, which include off-surface and on-surface flow visualizations, two-component laser velocimeter measurements, and wing upper surface static pressure distributions. Increasing the Mach number decreased the direct interaction (intertwining) of the forebody strake and wing vortex cores. An early bursting of the wing vortex occurred at free-stream Mach = 0.8, where the flow field was in transition from the intertwining vortices characteristic of the lower subsonic speeds to the decoupled vortices at the transonic and supersonic speeds. The vortex interaction and breakdown were sensitive to the character of the secondary boundary layer separation on the wing, which may be shock-induced at free-stream Mach = 0.8 to 0.95.

Erickson, Gary E.↗

Forebody vortex control as a complement to thrust vectoring

The desire to enhance the controllability of fighter aircraft at high angles of attack, particularly yaw control, has fostered an interest in both vectored thrust and active control of forebody vortices. This paper reviews several methods of forebody vortex control that have been investigated with water and wind tunnel tests of both generic and actual fighter configurations. The methods investigated include pneumatic or blowing techniques using surface-mounted jets and slots, surface suction, variable-height deployable strakes, and rotatable tip strakes. Flow visualization, and force and moment measurements have shown that all of the methods are effective in manipulating the forebody vortices over a wide range of angles of attack and sideslip, primarily through control over flow separation on the surface of the forebody. All are most effective when applied near the forebody tip. The advantages and limitations of the various methods are reviewed.

Malcolm, G. N.↗

Correlation of forebody pressures and aircraft yawing moments on the X-29A aircraft at high angles of attack

In-flight pressure distributions at four fuselage stations on the forebody of the X-29A aircraft have been reported at angles of attack from 15 to 66 deg and at Mach numbers from 0.22 to 0.60. At angles of attack of 20 deg and higher, vortices shed from the nose strake caused suction peaks in the pressure distributions that generally increased in magnitude with angle of attack. Above 30 deg-angle of attack, the forebody pressure distributions became asymmetrical at the most forward station, while they remained nearly symmetrical until 50 to 55 deg-angle of attack for the aft stations. Between 59 to 66 deg-angle of attack, the asymmetry of the pressure distributions changed direction. Yawing moments for the forebody alone were obtained by integrating the forebody pressure distributions. At 45 deg-angle of attack, the aircraft yaws to the right and at 50 deg and higher, the aircraft yaws to the left. The forebody yawing moments correlated well with the aircraft left yawing moment at an angle of attack of 50 deg or higher. At a 45 deg-angle of attack, the forebody yawing moments did not correlate well with the aircraft yawing moment, but it is suggested that this was due to asymmetric pressures on the cockpit region of the fuselage which was not instrumented. The forebody was also shown to provide a positive component of directional stability of the aircraft at angles of attack of 25 deg or higher. A Mach number effect was noted at angles of attack of 30 deg or higher at the station where the nose strake was present. At this station, the suction peaks in the pressure distributions at the highest Mach number were reduced and much more symmetrical as compared to the lower Mach number pressure distributions.

Fisher, David F.↗

Low-speed longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics of the X-31 configuration

An experimental investigation of a 19 pct. scale model of the X-31 configuration was completed in the Langley 14 x 22 Foot Subsonic Tunnel. This study was performed to determine the static low speed aerodynamic characteristics of the basic configuration over a large range of angle of attack and sideslip and to study the effects of strakes, leading-edge extensions (wing-body strakes), nose booms, speed-brake deployment, and inlet configurations. The ultimate purpose was to optimize the configuration for high angle of attack and maneuvering-flight conditions. The model was tested at angles of attack from -5 to 67 deg and at sideslip angles from -16 to 16 deg for speeds up to 190 knots (dynamic pressure of 120 psf).

Banks, Daniel W.↗

Passive control of supersonic asymmetric vortical flows around cones

The unsteady, compressible, thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations are used to numerically study the passive control of steady and unsteady supersonic asymmetric flows around circular and noncircular cones. The main computational scheme of the present study is an implicit upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme. Passive control of flow asymmetry is studied by using a vertical fin in the leeward plane of geometric symmetry and side strakes with and without thickness at different orientations. The study focuses on circular-section cones since they are the most likely section-shapes for strong flow asymmetry. Side-strake passive control is shown to be more efficient and practical than vertical-fin passive control.

Liu, C. H.↗

Correlation of Forebody Pressures and Aircraft Yawing Moments on the X-29A Aircraft at High Angles of Attack

In-flight pressure distributions at four fuselage stations on the forebody of the X-29A aircraft have been reported at angles of attack from 15 to 66° and at Mach numbers from 0.22 to 0.60. At angles of attack of 20° and higher, vortices shed from the nose strake caused suction peaks in the pressure distributions that generally increased in magnitude with angle of attack. Above 30° -angle of attack, the fore body pressure distributions became asymmetrical at the most forward station, while they remained nearly symmetrical until 50- to 55°-angle of attack for the aft stations. Between 59- to 66°-angle of attack, the asymmetry of the pressure distributions changed direction. Yawing moments for the forebody alone were obtained by integrating the forebody pressure distributions. At 45°-angle of attack, the aircraft yaws to the right and at 50° and higher, the aircraft yaws to the left. The fore body yawing moments correlated well with the aircraft left yawing moment at an angle of attack of 50° or higher. At a 45°-angle of attack, the forebody yawing moments did not correlate well with the aircraft yawing moment, but it is suggested that this was due to asymmetric pressures on the cockpit region of the fuselage which was not instrumented. The forebody was also shown to provide a positive component of directional stability of the aircraft at angles of attack of 25° or higher. A Mach number effect was noted at angles of attack of 30° or higher at the station where the nose strake was present. At this station, the suction peaks in the pressure distributions at the highest Mach number were reduced and much more symmetrical as compared to the lower Mach number pressure distributions.

Flight Testing↗

Flight validation of a pulsed smoke flow visualization system

A flow visualization scheme, designed to measure vortex fluid dynamics on research aircraft, was validated in flight. Strake vortex trajectories and axial core velocities were determined using pulsed smoke, high-speed video images, and semiautomated image edge detection hardware and software. Smoke was pulsed by using a fast-acting three-way valve. After being redesigned because of repeatedly jamming in flight, the valve shuttle operated flawlessly during the last two tests. A 25-percent scale, Gothic strake was used to generate vortex over the wing of a GA-7 Cougar and was operated at a local angle of attack of 22 degrees and Reynolds number of approximately 7.8 x 10(exp 5)/ft. Maximum axial velocities measured in the vortex core were between 1.75 and 1.95 times the freestream velocity. Analysis of the pulsed smoke system's affect on forebody vortices indicates that the system may reorient the forebody vortex system; however, blowing momentum coefficients normally used will have no appreciable affect on the leading-edge extension vortex system. It is recommended that a similar pulsed smoke system be installed on the F/A-18 High Angle Research Vehicle and that this approach be used to analyze vortex core dynamics during the remainder of its high-angle-of-attack research flights.

Ward, Donald T.↗

F/A-18 forebody vortex control. Volume 1: Static tests

A wind tunnel test was conducted on a six percent model of the F/A-18 at the NASA Ames 7 X 10-Foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel. The primary objective of the test was to evaluate several forebody vortex control configurations at high angles of attack in order to determine the most effective method of obtaining well behaved yawing moments, in preparation for the rotary balance test. Both mechanical and pneumatic systems were tested. Single and dual rotating nose tip strakes and a vertical nose strake were tested at different sizes and deflections. A series of jet blowing configurations were located at various fuselage stations, azimuth angles, and pointing angles ranging from straight aft to 60 deg canted inboard. Slot blowing was investigated for several slot lengths and fuselage stations. The effect of blowing rate was tested for both of these pneumatic systems. The most effective configurations were then further tested with a variation of both sideslip angle and Reynolds number over a range of angles of attack from 0 to 60 deg. It was found that a very robust system can be developed that provides yawing moments at angles of attack up to 60 deg that significantly exceeds that available from 30 deg of rudder deflection (F/A-18 maximum) at 0 deg angle of attack.

Kramer, Brian R.↗