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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Double cylinder target design for study of hydrodynamic instabilities in multi-shell ICF

Cylindrical implosions are used to study hydrodynamic instability growth for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) applications, as the cylindrical geometry allows for easier diagnostic access while retaining convergence effects. In this work, we use the established cylindrical implosion platform [Palaniyappan et al., Phys. Plasmas 27, 042708 (2020)] to inform the double shell ICF campaign [Montgomery et al., Phys. Plasmas 25, 092706 (2018)]. We present a design for a double cylindrical target as an analogue to the double shell ICF capsule in order to study hydrodynamic instability growth on the high-Z inner shell. Our design work is done with two-dimensional (2D) Eulerian radiation-hydrodynamics simulations, considering the axial uniformity of the implosion and feasibility of measuring the instability growth of pre-seeded single mode sinusoidal perturbations. We discuss in depth the design for a target to be directly driven at the OMEGA laser facility [Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)]. We evaluate the design for axial implosion symmetry and visibility of instability growth using synthetic radiographs constructed from the simulations, as the instability growth on the inner cylinder is experimentally measured using x-ray radiography of the implosion. We find that the seeded perturbation growth on the inner cylinder should be visible in an experiment, even with axial implosion asymmetry and preheat. We compare our 2D simulations with linear theory predictions for perturbation growth and show that a cylinder with lower azimuthal mode number (mode-20) perturbations compares more favorably with linear theory, while a cylinder with higher azimuthal mode number (mode-40) perturbations at the same starting amplitude saturates and is over-predicted by linear theory.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1993

Magnetic field power density spectra during 'scatter-free' solar particle events

We have examined interplanetary magnetic field power spectral density during four previously identified 3He-rich flare periods when the about 1 MeV nucleon-1 particles exhibited nearly scatter-free transport from the sun to 1 AU. Since the scattering mean free path A was large, it might be expected that interplanetary turbulence was low, yet the spectral density value was low only for one of the four periods. For the other three, however, the spectral index q of the power density spectrum was near 2.0, a value at which quasi-linear theories predict an increase in the scattering mean free path. Comparing the lambda values from the energetic particles with that computed from a recent quasi-linear theory which includes helicity and the propagation direction of waves, we find lambda(QLT)/lambda(SEP) = 0.08 +/- 0.03 for the four events. Thus, the theory fits the q-dependence of lambda; however, as found for previous quasi-linear theories, the absolute value is low.

Tan, L. C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Survey and analysis of research on supersonic drag-due-to-lift minimization with recommendations for wing design

A survey of research on drag-due-to-lift minimization at supersonic speeds, including a study of the effectiveness of current design and analysis methods was conducted. The results show that a linearized theory analysis with estimated attainable thrust and vortex force effects can predict with reasonable accuracy the lifting efficiency of flat wings. Significantly better wing performance can be achieved through the use of twist and camber. Although linearized theory methods tend to overestimate the amount of twist and camber required for a given application and provide an overly optimistic performance prediction, these deficiencies can be overcome by implementation of recently developed empirical corrections. Numerous examples of the correlation of experiment and theory are presented to demonstrate the applicability and limitations of linearized theory methods with and without empirical corrections. The use of an Euler code for the estimation of aerodynamic characteristics of a twisted and cambered wing and its application to design by iteration are discussed.

Carlson, Harry W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Aspects of the Kelvin wave response to episodic wind forcing

Episodes of westerly wind are an important aspect of surface stress variability in the western Pacific. During ENSO periods, the presence of such wind episodes comprises much of the LF relaxation of the trades over the central and western Pacific. This paper describes the oceanic Kelvin pulse response to a single idealized episode of westerly wind stress, using results from linear theory as well as from a 27-level general circulation model. When stratification typical of the western and eastern Pacific is used, the conservation of energy flux predicts a reduction of surface currents associated with the first baroclinic mode and an enhancement of surface currents associated with the second baroclinic mode. The idealized wind anomaly is also used to drive an ocean general circulation model. When the wind anomaly is weak, the model Kelvin response agrees with predictions of linear theory. For more realistic strong forcing there are three important deviations from linear theory: the amplitude of low baroclinic modes increases; the amplitude of higher baroclinic modes decreases; and the phase speed increases.

Giese, Benjamin S.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Microphysics of shock-grain interaction for inertial confinement fusion ablators in a fluid approach

Ablator materials used for inertial confinement fusion, such as high-density carbon (HDC) and beryllium, have grain structure which may lead to small-scale density nonuniformity and the generation of perturbations when the materials are shocked and compressed. Here, we use a combination of a linear theory of shock interaction with density nonuniformity [Velikovich et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, 072706 (2007)] and numerical simulations to study shock interaction with a model representation of HDC grains. While the shock-grain interaction is nonlinear, the linear theory shows some key features of the shock-grain interaction, which also hold for the (nonlinear) simulations. The postshock perturbations are made up of sonic reflections off of grain boundaries and vorticity deposition along them, with the latter dominating the perturbed energy content. The mean (per mass) postshock perturbed kinetic energy decreases with increasing grain size, but energy will be deposited at increasing spatial scale. From the perspective of the postshock perturbed energy, the detailed linear theory largely supports a proposed method [S. Davidovits et al., Phys. Plasmas 29, 112708 (2022)] for deresolving the grains (in a similar grains model) that treats the grains statistically. Finally, our simulation results highlight the influence of thermal conduction on the perturbation dynamics at grain scales.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1991

Linear system theory

The aim of this book is to provide a systematic and rigorous access to the main topics of linear state-space system theory in both the continuous-time case and the discrete-time case; and the I/O description of linear systems. The main thrusts of the work are the analysis of system descriptions and derivations of their properties, LQ-optimal control, state feedback and state estimation, and MIMO unity-feedback systems.

Callier, Frank M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Pressure wave propagation studies for oscillating cascades

The unsteady flowfield around an oscillating cascade of flat plates is studied using a time marching Euler code. Exact solutions based on linear theory serve as model problems to study pressure wave propagation in the numerical solution. The importance of using proper unsteady boundary conditions, grid resolution, and time step is demonstrated. Results show that an approximate non-reflecting boundary condition based on linear theory does a good job of minimizing reflections from the inflow and outflow boundaries and allows the placement of the boundaries to be closer than cases using reflective boundary conditions. Stretching the boundary to dampen the unsteady waves is another way to minimize reflections. Grid clustering near the plates does a better job of capturing the unsteady flowfield than cases using uniform grids as long as the CFL number is less than one for a sufficient portion of the grid. Results for various stagger angles and oscillation frequencies show good agreement with linear theory as long as the grid is properly resolved.

Huff, Dennis L.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Relativistic spin hydrodynamics with torsion and linear response theory for spin relaxation

Using the second law of local thermodynamics and the first-order Palatini formalism, we formulate relativistic spin hydrodynamics for quantum field theories with Dirac fermions, such as QED and QCD, in a torsionful curved background. We work in a regime where spin density, which is assumed to relax much slower than other non-hydrodynamic modes, is treated as an independent degree of freedom in an extended hydrodynamic description. Spin hydrodynamics in our approach contains only three non-hydrodynamic modes corresponding to a spin vector, whose relaxation time is controlled by a new transport coefficient: the rotational viscosity. We study linear response theory and observe an interesting mode mixing phenomenon between the transverse shear and the spin density modes. We propose several field-theoretical ways to compute the spin relaxation time and the rotational viscosity, via the Green-Kubo formula based on retarded correlation functions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1995

Test-particle simulations in increasingly strong turbulence

Quasi-linear theory supposes that the energy in resonant fluctuations is small compared to that in the mean magnetic field. This is evident in the fact that the zeroth-order particle trajectories are helices about a mean field B(sub o) that is spatially uniform over many correlation lengths. However, in the solar wind it is often the case that the fluctuating part of the field is comparable in magnitude to the mean part. It is generally expected that quasi-linear theory remains viable for particles that are in resonance with a region of the fluctuation spectrum having only small energy density, but even so, care must be taken when comparing simulations to theoretical predictions. We have performed a series of test-particle simulations to explore the evolution of ion distributions in turbulent situations with varying levels of magnetic fluctuations. As delta-B/B(sub o) is increased the distinctions among absolute pitch angle (defined relative to B(sub o)), local pitch angle (defined relative to B(x)), and magnetic moment become important, some of them exhibiting periodic sloshing unrelated to the nonadiabatic processes of interest. Comparing and contrasting the various runs illustrates the phenomena that must be considered when the premise underlying quasi-linear theory are relaxed.

Pontius, D. H., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Cross-beam energy transfer in direct-drive ICF. II. Theory and simulation of mitigation through increased laser bandwidth

The response of the cross-beam energy transfer instability (CBET) to laser bandwidth is investigated through a combination of theory and simulation. Existing linear theory is generalized to treat broadband lasers, demonstrating that CBET is most effectively suppressed when the bandwidth exceeds the ion-acoustic wave (IAW) frequency. It is shown that for such bandwidths, reverse (seed to pump) transfer becomes possible, which reduces the net energy transfer rapidly as bandwidth is increased. The CBET gain exponent in this regime scales with bandwidth (Δω) as Δω−3 for Gaussian or Lorentzian laser spectra with different scalings possible for other spectra. Comparison of our theory with linearized fluid and particle-in-cell simulations, performed with the laser-plasma simulation environment (LPSE) and vector particle in cell (VPIC) codes, respectively, finds that the model is accurate in the absence of nonlinear processes. However, linear analysis also finds that the IAW energy density scales as Δω−1, implying that nonlinear effects may be more difficult to control than the CBET scaling would suggest. Indeed, nonlinear effects are found to be present in VPIC simulations with high-intensity lasers, despite minimal apparent CBET. Nonlinear processes in the VPIC cases include particle trapping, the two-ion wave decay, and ion wave self-focusing. In some high intensity VPIC cases, these effects lead to net energy transfer from seed to pump and increases to backscatter stimulated Brillouin scattering reflectivities. Finally, for a given bandwidth, we show that improved control of nonlinear processes can be achieved via smoothing by spectral dispersion.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

An intrinsic ductility parameter derived from anisotropic linear elasticity theory

A new indicator of intrinsic ductility (κ) is introduced based on linear elasticity. In the limit of elastic isotropy this parameter is equal to the Pugh ratio ( B / G ) plus a constant; but unlike the Pugh ratio, κ incorporates anisotropy and crystallography to improve predictive value. We identify a single ductile-to-brittle transition setpoint for κ that predicts crack-tip plasticity in atomistic simulations, experimental elongation to failure of polycrystalline elemental metals pulled in tension, and fracture energy measurements of glasses, suggesting commonality in the relationship between plasticity and fracture across all three of these cases. Statistical analysis supports the superiority of κ over B / G at predicting crack-tip plasticity in atomistic simulations and elongation to failure of polycrystalline elemental metals.

Winter, Ian S.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Ion radial diffusion in an electrostatic impulse model for stormtime ring current formation

Two refinements to the quasi-linear theory of ion radial diffusion are proposed and examined analytically with simulations of particle trajectories. The resonance-broadening correction by Dungey (1965) is applied to the quasi-linear diffusion theory by Faelthammar (1965) for an individual model storm. Quasi-linear theory is then applied to the mean diffusion coefficients resulting from simulations of particle trajectories in 20 model storms. The correction for drift-resonance broadening results in quasi-linear diffusion coefficients with discrepancies from the corresponding simulated values that are reduced by a factor of about 3. Further reductions in the discrepancies are noted following the averaging of the quasi-linear diffusion coefficients, the simulated coefficients, and the resonance-broadened coefficients for the 20 storms. Quasi-linear theory provides good descriptions of particle transport for a single storm but performs even better in conjunction with the present ensemble-averaging.

Chen, Margaret W.↗
NASA NTRS1961

Flutter at Very High Speeds

This paper is concerned with a discussion of some of the problems of flutter and aeroelasticity that are or may be important at high speeds. Various theoretical procedures for treating high Mach number flutter are reviewed. Application of two of these methods, namely, the Van Dyke method and piston-theory method, is made to a specific example and compared with linear two- and three-dimensional results. It is shown that the effects of thickness and airfoil shape are destabilizing as compared with linear theory at high Mach number. In order to demonstrate the validity of these large predicted effects, experimental flutter results are shown for two rectangular wings at Mach numbers of 6.86 and 3. The results of nonlinear piston-theory calculations were in good agreement with experiment, whereas the results of using two- and three-dimensional linear theory were not. In addition, some results demonstrating the importance of including camber modes in a flutter analysis are shown, as well as a discussion of one case of flutter due to aerodynamic heating.

Runyan, Harry L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Nonlinear response of plates subjected to inplane and lateral pressure pulses.

The nonlinear response of a rectangular plate exposed to a far-field sonic boom disturbance is studied. The plate is subjected to both lateral and in-plane disturbances. The lateral disturbance is in the form of an N-shaped pressure pulse, and the in-plane disturbance is represented by a sinusoidal pulse. The equations of motion are reduced to a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations using Galerkin's method. These equations are solved numerically using Hamming's (1959) modified predictor-corrector integration method. The effects of in-plane boundary conditions and in-plane inertia are investigated. The nonlinear results, when compared to the linear theory, serve to delineate the realm of validity of the linear theory.

Knapp, L. J.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Nonlinear consider covariance analysis using a sigma-point filter formulation

The research reported here extends the mathematical formulation of nonlinear, sigma-point estimators to enable consider covariance analysis for dynamical systems. This paper presents a novel sigma-point consider filter algorithm, for consider-parameterized nonlinear estimation, following the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) variation on the sigma-point filter formulation, which requires no partial derivatives of dynamics models or measurement models with respect to the parameter list. It is shown that, consistent with the attributes of sigma-point estimators, a consider-parameterized sigma-point estimator can be developed entirely without requiring the derivation of any partial-derivative matrices related to the dynamical system, the measurements, or the considered parameters, which appears to be an advantage over the formulation of a linear-theory sequential consider estimator. It is also demonstrated that a consider covariance analysis performed with this 'partial-derivative-free' formulation yields equivalent results to the linear-theory consider filter, for purely linear problems.

covariance↗
NASA NTRS1983

Theories of radio emissions and plasma waves

The complex region of Jupiter's radio emissions at decameter wavelengths, the so-called DAM, is considered, taking into account the basic theoretical ideas which underly both the older and newer theories and models. Linear theories are examined, giving attention to direct emission mechanisms, parallel propagation, perpendicular propagation, and indirect emission mechanisms. An investigation of nonlinear theories is also conducted. Three-wave interactions are discussed along with decay instabilities, and three-wave up-conversio. Aspects of the Io and plasma torus interaction are studied, and a mechanism by which Io can accelerate electrons is reviewed.

Goldstein, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

On the role of secondary instabilities in laminar-turbulent transition of 2D and 3D boundary layers

The accurate prediction of laminar/turbulent transition is one of the fundamental problems in engineering fluid mechanics. There is almost unanimous consent that such a transition criterion should come from stability theory. Linear primary stability theory describes the initial stage of transition, but falls short of predicting transition. Only in conjunction with empirical correlations, the widely used e(sup n) method is obtained, which, however, lacks a solid physical base. Three-dimensional secondary instabilities are known to play an important role in the transition process. However, no use has been made so far of secondary instabilities, instability interactions or wave resonances to define a 'transition location'. The paper summarizes new attempts to identify certain interaction and resonance phenomena within the laminar-turbulent transition regime in two and three-dimensional boundary layers which are associated with rapid structural and temporal changes of fluctuations beyond their exponential growths.

Dallman, Uwe↗