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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1995

Thermographic imaging for high-temperature composite materials: A defect detection study

The ability of a thermographic imaging technique for detecting flat-bottom hole defects of various diameters and depths was evaluated in four composite systems (two types of ceramic matrix composites, one metal matrix composite, and one polymer matrix composite) of interest as high-temperature structural materials. The holes ranged from 1 to 13 mm in diameter and 0.1 to 2.5 mm in depth in samples approximately 2-3 mm thick. The thermographic imaging system utilized a scanning mirror optical system and infrared (IR) focusing lens in conjunction with a mercury cadmium telluride infrared detector element to obtain high resolution infrared images. High intensity flash lamps located on the same side as the infrared camera were used to heat the samples. After heating, up to 30 images were sequentially acquired at 70-150 msec intervals. Limits of detectability based on depth and diameter of the flat-bottom holes were defined for each composite material. Ultrasonic and radiographic images of the samples were obtained and compared with the thermographic images.

Roth, Don J.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Assessment of Thermal Control and Protective Coatings

This final report is concerned with the tasks performed during the contract period which included spacecraft coating development, testing, and applications. Five marker coatings consisting of a bright yellow handrail coating, protective overcoat for ceramic coatings, and specialized primers for composites (or polymer) surfaces were developed and commercialized by AZ Technology during this program. Most of the coatings have passed space environmental stability requirements via ground tests and/or flight verification. Marker coatings and protective overcoats were successfully flown on the Passive Optical Sample Assembly (POSA) and the Optical Properties Monitor (OPM) experiments flown on the Russian space station MIR. To date, most of the coatings developed and/or modified during this program have been utilized on the International Space Station and other spacecraft. For ISS, AZ Technology manufactured the 'UNITY' emblem now being flown on the NASA UNITY node (Node 1) that is docked to the Russian Zarya (FGB) utilizing the colored marker coatings (white, blue, red) developed by AZ Technology. The UNITY emblem included the US American flag, the Unity logo, and NASA logo on a white background, applied to a Beta cloth substrate.

Mell, Richard J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Intercalation and Exfoliation of Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Innovators at NASA's Glenn Research Center have made several breakthroughs in treating hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanomaterials, improving their properties to supplant carbon nanotubes in many applications. These advances have hBN nanomaterials set to transform applications such as heat sinks, electrical insulators, lightweight piezoelectric polymers for satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles, ceramic composites for jet engines, biomedical components, and radiation shielding technology.

Hexagonal Boron Nitride↗
NASA NTRS2018

High Kinetic Energy Penetrator Shielding and High Wear Resistance Materials Fabricated with Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNTS) and BNNT Polymer Composites

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), boron nitride nanoparticles (BNNPs), carbon nontubes (CNTs), graphites, or their combinations, are incorporated into matrices of polymer, ceramic or metals. Fibers, yarns, and woven or nonwoven mates of BNNTs are uses as toughening layers in penetration resistant materials to maximize energy absorption and/or high hardness layers to rebound or deform penetrators. They can be also uses as reinforcing inclusions combining with other polymer matrices to create composite layer like typical reinforcing fibers such as Kevlar (Registered Trademark), Spectra (Registered Trademark) ceramics and metals. Enhanced wear resistance and prolonged usage time, even under harsh conditions, are achieved by adding boron nitride nanomaterials because both hardness and toughness are increased. Such materials can be used in high temperature environments since the oxidation temperature of BNNTs exceeds 800 C in air. Boron nitride based composite materials are useful as strong structural materials for anti-micrometeorite layers for spacecraft and space suits, ultra strong tethers, protective gear for the human body as well as for vehicles, helmets, shields and safety suits/helmets for industry.

Kang, Jin Ho↗
DOE OSTI2024

Reinforcement induced microcracking during the conversion of polymer-derived ceramics

This study investigates the role of discontinuous reinforcement on the microcracking of a preceramic polymer matrix during polymer to ceramic conversion. The material system comprised a carbosilane-based, preceramic polymer reinforced with mullite particles. The preceramic resin slurry was formulated for photopolymerization on a digital light projection 3D printer. Micro X-ray computed tomography, using a synchrotron light source, monitored a printed composite part during pyrolysis. The conversion of the carbosilane matrix into Si(O)C generated microcracks in the matrix that radially extended from particles. The likelihood of microcrack formation positively correlated with particle size. The largest particles (>10 4 µm 3 volume or >60 µm side length) always abutted microcracks, while the matrix surrounding smaller particles (<5 µm) was free of microcracks. Numerical calculations showed the particles resist the shrinking matrix during its conversion. This created tensile stresses within the matrix. The driving force for microcrack growth was also analyzed with regard to the influence of matrix material parameters, particle form-factor and crack length. These results reveal the need to consider the form factor of discontinuous reinforcements, with regard to the material properties of the polymer-derived ceramic, in order to reduce or eliminate defects in the final part.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

High performance Calcium Copper Titanate/Polyimide dielectrics composites enabled through colloidal stabilization

Transition to electrified transportation demands advanced power electronic components with the capability to improve range, reliability, and cost of ownership to accelerate mass market adoption. Thus, improvement in the current designs, manufacturing processes, materials, and components capable of providing reliable and efficient operation at higher temperatures play important roles in meeting future needs. To address these challenges, this article focuses on novel dielectric materials designed to reduce the volume of the most important and bulky component of a power electronic system, a capacitor. A new composite dielectric material was developed by integrating the positive attributes of both polymer and ceramic capacitors to overcome the challenges of state-of-the-art dielectric materials. Further, the developed composite properties have been evaluated and showed promising results, achieving a dielectric constant of 250 at 100 Hz, 25°C, unseen in current literature. Additionally, these materials can function at high temperatures (>150°C) with good breakdown strength, providing promising working conditions for capacitors, especially in electric vehicle applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1996

SonoPanel(TM) 1-3 Piezocomposite Panels for Active Surface Control

Materials Systems Inc. has developed a cost-effective technology for producing 1-3 piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites for use in active surface control. MSI's 103 piezocomposite SonoPanel(TM) transducers consist of an array of piezoelectric ceramic rods arranged in a compliant polymer matrix. The standard SonoPanel(TM) composite consists of 15 volume percent PZT-5H rods 1.1 mm diameter x 6.3 mm long in a matrix of soft polyurethane. Stiff face plates are then bonded to the 1-3 composite sheet for stress amplification when used as a sensor and to enhance the surface response uniformity when used as an actuator. Many variations on this composite design have been produced for specific application requirements.

Gentilman, R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Test method development for structural characterization of fiber composites at high temperatures

Test methods used for structural characterization of polymer matrix composites can be applied to glass and ceramic matrix composites only at low temperatures. New test methods are required for tensile, compressive, and shear properties of fiber composites at high temperatures. A tensile test which should be useful to at least 1000 C has been developed and used to characterize the properties of a Nicalon/glass composite up to the matrix limiting temperature of 600 C. Longitudinal and transverse unidirectional composite data are presented and discussed.

Mandell, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Improved Joining of Metal Components to Composite Structures

Systems requirements for complex spacecraft drive design requirements that lead to structures, components, and/or enclosures of a multi-material and multifunctional design. The varying physical properties of aluminum, tungsten, Invar, or other high-grade aerospace metals when utilized in conjunction with lightweight composites multiply system level solutions. These multi-material designs are largely dependent upon effective joining techAn improved method of joining metal components to matrix/fiber composite material structures has been invented. The method is particularly applicable to equipping such thin-wall polymer-matrix composite (PMC) structures as tanks with flanges, ceramic matrix composite (CMC) liners for high heat engine nozzles, and other metallic-to-composite attachments. The method is oriented toward new architectures and distributing mechanical loads as widely as possible in the vicinities of attachment locations to prevent excessive concentrations of stresses that could give rise to delaminations, debonds, leaks, and other failures. The method in its most basic form can be summarized as follows: A metal component is to be joined to a designated attachment area on a composite-material structure. In preparation for joining, the metal component is fabricated to include multiple studs projecting from the aforementioned face. Also in preparation for joining, holes just wide enough to accept the studs are molded into, drilled, or otherwise formed in the corresponding locations in the designated attachment area of the uncured ("wet') composite structure. The metal component is brought together with the uncured composite structure so that the studs become firmly seated in the holes, thereby causing the composite material to become intertwined with the metal component in the joining area. Alternately, it is proposed to utilize other mechanical attachment schemes whereby the uncured composite and metallic parts are joined with "z-direction" fasteners. The resulting "wet" assembly is then subjected to the composite-curing heat treatment, becoming a unitary structure. It should be noted that this new art will require different techniques for CMC s versus PMC's, but the final architecture and companion curing philosophy is the same. For instance, a chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) fabrication technique may require special integration of the pre-form and

Semmes, Edmund↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Forcespun Polymers as Precursors to Boron Nitride Fibers

The need for multifunctional materials in aerospace technologies is currently driving the development of new novel composite materials. Specifically, insulation materials with high thermal conductivity, high electrical resistivity, and are chemically inert are needed for high voltage power applications. Boron nitride (BN) nanomaterials fit these criteria and can be incorporated into composites for further material design. The synthesis of boron nitride through a polymer derived ceramic route allows for the morphology of the resulting BN to be tailored. This is especially beneficial since the polymers can be shaped or spun into fibers prior to the ceramic conversion. This project utilizes the Forcespinning technique to produce boron-containing polymer fibers that are converted to boron nitride through a heat treatment. The chemical compositions and fiber morphologies were studied and reported here.

Boron nitride, Fibers, Forcespinning↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA-GRC High Voltage Materials Development and Test Capabilities Portfolio

This presentation provides the background information on NASA-GRC high voltage (HV) materials team research efforts towards electrified propulsion systems since 2016 . Additionally, it covers polymer and ceramic filler materials development for HV electrical insulation composites, copper/ carbon nanotube hybrid conductors, modeling efforts, HV test capabilities, and future material processing capabilities.

Boron Nitride↗
NASA NTRS1992

Approaches to polymer-derived CMC matrices

The use of polymeric precursors to ceramics permits the fabrication of large, complex-shaped ceramic matrix composites (CMC's) at temperatures which do not degrade the fiber. Processing equipment and techniques readily available in the resin matrix composite industry can be adapted for CMC fabrication using this approach. Criteria which influence the choice of candidate precursor polymers, the use of fillers, and the role of fiber architecture and ply layup are discussed. Three polymer systems, polycarbosilanes, polysilazanes, and polysilsesquioxanes, are compared as candidate ceramic matrix precursors.

Hurwitz, Frances I.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Approaches to polymer-derived CMC matrices

The use of polymeric precursors to ceramics permits the fabrication of large, complex-shaped ceramic matrix composites (CMC's) at temperatures which do not degrade the fiber. Processing equipment and techniques readily available in the resin matrix composite industry can be adapted for CMC fabrication using this approach. Criteria which influence the choice of candidate precursor polymers, the use of fillers, and the role of fiber architecture and ply layup are discussed. Three polymer systems, polycarbosilanes, polysilazanes, and polysilsesquioxanes, are compared as candidate ceramic matrix precursors.

Hurwitz, Frances I.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Mechanical properties of composite materials

A composite material incorporates high strength, high modulus fibers in a matrix (polymer, metal, or ceramic). The fibers may be oriented in a manner to give varying in-plane properties (longitudinal, transverse-stress, strain, and modulus of elasticity). The lay-up of the composite laminates is such that a center line of symmetry and no bending moment exist through the thickness. The laminates are tabbed, with either aluminum or fiberglass, and are ready for tensile testing. The determination of the tensile properties of resin matrix composites, reinforced by continuous fibers, is outlined in ASTM standard D 3039, Tensile Properties of Oriented Fiber Composites. The tabbed flat tensile coupons are placed into the grips of a tensile machine and load-deformation curves plotted. The load-deformation data are translated into stress-strain curves for determination of mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity).

Thornton, H. Richard↗
NASA NTRS2011

AC Electric Field Activated Shape Memory Polymer Composite

Shape memory materials have drawn interest for applications like intelligent medical devices, deployable space structures and morphing structures. Compared to other shape memory materials like shape memory alloys (SMAs) or shape memory ceramics (SMCs), shape memory polymers (SMPs) have high elastic deformation that is amenable to tailored of mechanical properties, have lower density, and are easily processed. However, SMPs have low recovery stress and long response times. A new shape memory thermosetting polymer nanocomposite (LaRC-SMPC) was synthesized with conductive fillers to enhance its thermo-mechanical characteristics. A new composition of shape memory thermosetting polymer nanocomposite (LaRC-SMPC) was synthesized with conductive functionalized graphene sheets (FGS) to enhance its thermo-mechanical characteristics. The elastic modulus of LaRC-SMPC is approximately 2.7 GPa at room temperature and 4.3 MPa above its glass transition temperature. Conductive FGSs-doped LaRC-SMPC exhibited higher conductivity compared to pristine LaRC SMP. Applying an electric field at between 0.1 Hz and 1 kHz induced faster heating to activate the LaRC-SMPC s shape memory effect relative to applying DC electric field or AC electric field at frequencies exceeding1 kHz.

Kang, Jin Ho↗
NASA NTRS2011

Detection of Carbon Monoxide Using Polymer-Carbon Composite Films

A carbon monoxide (CO) sensor was developed that can be incorporated into an existing sensing array architecture. The CO sensor is a low-power chemiresistor that operates at room temperature, and the sensor fabrication techniques are compatible with ceramic substrates. Sensors made from four different polymers were tested: poly (4-vinylpryridine), ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer, polyepichlorohydrin, and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The carbon black used for the composite films was Black Pearls 2000, a furnace black made by the Cabot Corporation. Polymers and carbon black were used as received. In fact, only two of these sensors showed a good response to CO. The poly (4-vinylpryridine) sensor is noisy, but it does respond to the CO above 200 ppm. The polyepichlorohydrin sensor is less noisy and shows good response down to 100 ppm.

Homer, Margie L.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Particle‐Size‐Dependent Lithium‐Ion Transport in PEO/LLZO Composite Electrolytes

Lithium-metal batteries with solid electrolytes can deliver higher energy density and improved safety than conventional Li-ion batteries. Among solid electrolyte candidates, polymer/ceramic composite electrolytes are attractive because they combine polymer flexibility with the high ionic conductivity of ceramics. However, whether ceramic fillers synergistically reduce polarization losses in the polymer matrix remains unclear. A central unknown is the critical polymer/ceramic interfacial resistance (Rint,crit), below which adding ceramics lowers electrolyte overpotential. Here, we present the first macroscale model framework to quantify R int,crit for composite electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and Ta-doped Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO). A 1D model for DC-polarization of tri-layer cells (PEO-LiTFSI/LLZO/PEO-LiTFSI) shows that LLZO surface functionalization reduces the PEO/LLZO interfacial resistance, consistent with electrochemical impedance measurements. Extending to a 2D composite model, we show notably that Rint,crit scales linearly with LLZO particle diameter and shifts toward experimentally accessible values (e.g., 28.8 Ωcm 2 ) as particle size increases. At fixed ceramic volume fraction, larger LLZO particles reduce the number of interfacial crossings, driving more current through the ceramic phase and lowering concentration polarization. In contrast, R int,crit is largely independent of ceramic volume fraction. These results demonstrate that ceramic filler-size engineering can enable synergistic, energy-efficient transport in polymer/ceramic composite electrolytes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗