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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Sensitivity of future liquid argon dark matter search experiments to core-collapse supernova neutrinos

Future liquid-argon DarkSide-20k and Argo detectors, designed for direct dark matter search, will be sensitive also to core-collapse supernova neutrinos, via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. This interaction channel is flavor-insensitive with a high-cross section, enabling for a high-statistics neutrino detection with target masses of ~50 t and ~360 t for DarkSide-20k and Argo respectively. Thanks to the low-energy threshold of ~0.5 keVnr achievable by exploiting the ionization channel, DarkSide-20k and Argo have the potential to discover supernova bursts throughout our galaxy and up to the Small Magellanic Cloud, respectively, assuming a 11-M progenitor star. In this work, we report also on the sensitivity to the neutronization burst, whose electron neutrino flux is suppressed by oscillations when detected via charged current and elastic scattering. Finally, the accuracies in the reconstruction of the average and total neutrino energy in the different phases of the supernova burst, as well as its time profile, are also discussed, taking into account the expected background and the detector response.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Identification of Prompt Proton Emission in $N = Z - 1$ 61 Ga: Isospin Symmetry at the Limit of Nuclear Binding

Excited states in the proton drip line nucleus 61 Ga were populated via the fusion-evaporation reaction 24 Mg ⁢( 40 Ca, 𝑝⁢2⁢𝑛)⁢ 61 Ga. The experimental setup at Argonne National Laboratory comprised a novel combination of the Gammasphere array with two CD-shaped double-sided Si-strip detectors inside the Microball CsI(Tl) charged-particle detection array, as well as the Neutron-Shell liquid scintillators and the Fragment Mass Analyzer. Owing to the setup’s unprecedented in-beam proton spectroscopy and tracking capabilities, a coincidence between a 957.6(5)-keV 𝛾 ray and a 1.876(24)-MeV proton line was observed, which identifies the quasibound proton 𝜋⁢𝑔 9/2 single-particle state in 61 Ga at 𝐸 𝑥 = 2150⁢(34) keV. This probes isospin symmetry at the limit of nuclear binding by providing a unique challenge for the shell-model interpretation of mirror nuclei beyond doubly magic 56 Ni .

Hrabar, Yuliia [Lund Univ. (Sweden)] (ORCID:000000↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nonstatistical fluctuations in the 35 Cl(n,p) 35 S reaction cross section at fast-neutron energies from 0.6 to 6 MeV

The lack of experimental data on the 35 Cl(n,p) 35 S reaction above 100 keV has led to nuclear data evaluations that are relatively unconstrained at fast neutron energies. As a result, efforts to explore, develop, and potentially certify next generation reactor designs that incorporate chloride salts as a coolant material have been hindered. Here, we report partial cross section data for the 35 Cl(n,p) 35 S and 35 Cl(n,α) 32 P reactions at incident neutron energies between 0.6 MeV and 6 MeV. The measurement was performed using the pulsed beam of neutrons at the unmoderated WNR spallation neutron source at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, with the outgoing charged particles detected by the LENZ experimental setup, consisting of annular silicon detectors. Nonstatistical fluctuations in the 35 Cl(n,p 0 ) cross section were observed up to around 3 MeV, and the magnitude of the cross section was systematically lower than all available data evaluations at energies above 1 MeV. Modifications to the ENDF/B-VIII.0 data evaluation are suggested to better reproduce the energy averaged experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Developing the S 32 ( p , d ) S * 31 ( p ) ( γ ) reaction to probe the P 30 ( p , γ ) S 31 reaction rate in classical novae

Background: The 30 P(p,γ) 31 S reaction rate is one of the largest remaining sources of uncertainty in the final abundances of nuclei created in a classical nova involving a ONe white dwarf. The reaction rate directly influences silicon isotopic ratios, which are used as identifiers of presolar grains with nova origins. Additionally, the uncertainty in the 30 P(p,γ) 31 S reaction rate has been found to limit the use of nova nuclear thermometers based on observations of elemental ratios in nova ejecta. Purpose: Reduce uncertainties in the nuclear data for proton-unbound states in 31 S, which act as resonances for the 30 P(p,γ) 31 S reaction at classical nova temperatures, and develop a technique for high efficiency, high-resolution reaction-decay coincidence measurements. Methods: Here, the 32 S(p,d) 31 S reaction was used to populate the states of interest in 31 S. The experiment was performed at the Texas A&M Cyclotron Institute using the LLNL Hyperion array for the detection of charged particles and γ rays. A downstream silicon telescope was used to select reaction deuterons, and a single upstream silicon detector was used to measure protons emitted in the decay of unbound 31 S levels. Results: Several states in 31 S above the proton separation energy were observed to have been populated. Decay protons from the resonant states in 31 S were identified as events in the upstream silicon detectors that came in coincidence with deuterons in the downstream telescope. Protons emitted from these states were measured and branching ratios extracted. Conclusions: While no new reaction rate is derived, spin-parity assignments for several higher-lying proton unbound states have been confirmed. Measured p 0 branching ratios for these levels have been compared to previous measurements with good agreement, and in some cases provided a reduction in uncertainty. The previously identified T = 3/2 state may have been incorrectly assigned a large p 0 branching ratio in a previous measurement. The technique of measuring reaction-decay coincidences with a particle-gamma setup appears promising.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A 24-Channel Digitizer With a JESD204B-Compliant Serial Interface for High-Speed Detectors

In this report a 24-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for the readout of high-speed CMOS active pixel sensors for charged particle detection is presented. The chip comprises 24 preamplifiers, 24 distinct 12-bit, 25 MSPS Pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with self-calibration, an internal phase-locked loop (PLL), and a 3 Gbps serial interface that conforms to the JESD204B standard. To simplify interfacing with a variety of sensors, the ASIC also includes an automatic offset calibration loop. The high level of integration of the ASIC reduces overall system cost and area, and exploiting the signal characteristics of the image sensor allows the ADC to be optimized for reduced power dissipation. The use of an integrated serializer and an industry standard protocol simplifies integration of the ASIC into a complete camera system. The ASIC, called the High-Speed Image Preprocessor Targeted for Electron Readout, or HIPSTER, with a die area of 64.26 mm 2 , is packaged in a 480-ball grid array (BGA) and is fabricated in 180-nm CMOS technology. HIPSTER achieves typical differential nonlinearity (DNL) < 0.55 LSB, input-referred thermal noise of $114.5 μV-rms, and a bit error rate (BER) of better than 10-14. The power dissipation is 98 mW/channel.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Applying Machine Learning to the Classification of DC-DC Converters. NA-22 Final Report

Tools are now available that enable measurement electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from active electronics in an item. This radiation may be intended WIFI or cellular network links, for example or unintended such as the switching noise generated by DC-to-DC converters. It would be extremely valuable to have the capability to discriminate between the low-voltage DC-to-DC converters or other digital noise prevalent in most modern electronics, versus the high-voltage DC-to-DC converters used in utility firesets. Previous work performed under a Sandia Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project on Charge State Detection using a deep neural network has been continued in this effort. A state-of-the-art supervised machine learning algorithm has not only been extended to discriminate between low and high voltage converters but has been validated in determining a converters make and model.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Autonomous Aerial Power Plant Inspection in GPS-denied Environments

Inspection of coal-fired power plants is frequently dangerous, includes difficult places to reach, and can turn expensive due to the downtimes and cost of inspection crew. Robotic systems have shown capabilities to address some of these issues, but most of the current robotic inspection technology in power plants is designed for specific components. Conversely, recent advances in machine vision have empowered aerial platforms for long-range, remotely-controlled, GPS-based inspections of industrial plants. This capability has led to wide spread utilization of aerial robots (commonly termed Drones, UVS or UAS) platforms for inspection in less challenging environments where both collision avoidance, and GPS reception are not significant issues. The challenge in adapting airborne technology for power plant inspection lies in internal structures and the complex network of piping, and distribution systems, which impose significant risks for collision and can hinder the reception and transmission of GPS signals. The current state of the art in aerial inspection technology within the energy sector is controlled via radio control, and utilizes GPS-based navigation, for inspection of large-scale plants such as offshore platforms and wind turbine parks. Nevertheless, close-range and autonomous inspection in the GPS-denied environments of power plants has not yet been achieved, as it requires precise guidance and navigation with real-time situational awareness and obstacle avoidance capabilities. This endeavor introduced the use of rotary wing flying robots, due to their station keeping and vertical take-off capabilities for power plant components inspection. To enable close quarter inspection two methods were used. One method uses the 3D CAD (Three-dimensional Computer-Aided Design) model of the asset to inspect to generate the UAV’s inspection path. To acquire, analyze and process the 3D model, first, the STL file is produced to obtain surface points and vectors normal to the surface. Later, by introducing other variables such as wall offset and a controlled trajectory between each outline and each subsequent layer, the flight path is generated. The proposed framework will generate a path that will pass as close as desired from the surface and navigate in intricate environments. A second method, use advanced manufacturing techniques such as CNC (Computer Numerical Control) and additive manufacturing. Once the inspection flight path is obtained, vision-based navigation systems are employed to have the UAV autonomously tracking the provided trajectory. Finally, Artificial Intelligence-enabled developments are in charge of detecting cracks and corrosion in structural components of power plants. The proposed methods are validated in simulations, laboratory and industrial setups, where it is shown that the developed systems acting together enable close-quarter autonomous aerial inspection and mapping in power plant assets. The system can be further improved by adding more sensors to navigate in different GPS-denied environments, with non-homogeneous lighting conditions, dust and in general situations where vision-based systems may fail.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2024

TinyTPC: A Test Stand for LAr Doping

TinyTPC is a small scale liquid-argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) featuring a pixelated readout system (LArPix) designed to improve the detection of charged particles. To enhance energy measurements at MeV scales, TinyTPC will study the impact of isobutylene, a photosensitive dopant that converts light to charge, and xenon, a wavelength shifter. This presentation will detail TinyTPC's commissioning, operation, data collection methodologies, noise levels, and upcoming tests involving isobutylene, xenon, and radioactive sources.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Calibrating LArPix for TinyTPC

LArTPCs provide sensitivity to GeV signals, such as accelerator neutrinos and part of the supernova neutrino spectrum. TinyTPC is a LArTPC test stand for R&D of LAr doping to expand the reach of LArTPCs down to the 1-10 MeV range, which would substantially enhance the flagship analyses of experiments like DUNE, while enabling low energy analyses. We aim to dope LAr with Xe and pho- tosensitive dopants to expand the LArTPC range by converting hard-to-detect scintillation light to efficiently detected ionization charge. A critical element of the data analysis in TinyTPC is calibrating the readout. This poster will cover the calibration of TinyTPC, a pixelated liquid argon detector, where we find the distance a muon travels through each pixel. We then calculate the energy loss of muons traveling through the detector from cosmic data. We can reconstruct the path of the particles through the TPC using a density-based clustering algorithm designed to sort straight cosmic muon tracks from low energy radioactive decay curled paths and electronic noise

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1973

Intensity Oscillation of Low Energy Solar Particles Observed on the IMP 7 Satellite

Solar flare particles in the energy range from 125 to 160 KeV per charge were detected and analyzed by an electrostatic deflection vs. energy instrument on board the Explorer 47 (IMP 7) satellite. A harmonic analysis of the counting rates shows that frequently, the fluctuation of the particle flux can be approximately represented by N(t) = f(t)sin 2 pi nu t where f(t) is a smoothly varying function of t. The oscillation frequency nu varies from flare to flare and is of the order of 2 x .001/sec. The physical implications of the finding are discussed.

Fan, C. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Micrometeoroid composition analyzer

Technique has been developed to detect moving charged particles and to determine their positions and/or their velocity vectors, relative to three mutually orthogonal axes, without particle impact or any elements of detector and without changing particle charge or motion.

Auer, S. O.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Intensity oscillation of low energy solar particles observed on the IMP 7 satellite

Solar flare particles in the energy range from 125 to 160 KeV per charge were detected and analyzed by an electrostatic deflection vs energy instrument on board the Explorer 47 (IMP 7) satellite. On the basis of a harmonic analysis of the counting rates, an approximating formula is obtained for the fluctuation of the particle flux. The oscillation frequency varies from flare to flare and is of the order of approximately .002 per sec. The physical implications of the finding are discussed.

Fan, C. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A quick response four decade logarithmic high-voltage stepping supply

An improved high-voltage stepping supply, for space instrumentation is described where low power consumption and fast settling time between steps are required. The high-voltage stepping supply, utilizing an average power of 750 milliwatts, delivers a pair of mirror images with 64 level logarithmic outputs. It covers a four decade range of + or - 2500 to + or - 0.29 volts having an output stability of + or - 0.5 percent or + or - 20 millivolts for all line load and temperature variations. The supply provides a typical step setting time of 1 millisecond with 100 microseconds for the lower two decades. The versatile design features of the high-voltage stepping supply provides a quick response staircase generator as described or a fixed voltage with the option to change levels as required over large dynamic ranges without circuit modifications. The concept can be implemented up to + or - 5000 volts. With these design features, the high-voltage stepping supply should find numerous applications where charged particle detection, electro-optical systems, and high voltage scientific instruments are used.

Doong, H.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The development of a containment vessel and Dewar for the particle astrophysics magnet facility (ASTROMAG)

The ASTROMAG facility is the heart of a large charged particle detection and resolution system. ASTROMAG utilizes a superconducting magnet consisting of a large superconducting magnet coil with a stored magnetic energy of approximately 15 MJ. The active coil will have a mass of 1200 kg. This magnet will be cooled by a cryostat using a liquid helium Dewar for storage. The cryostat will have a series of gas-cooled shields with an external guard vacuum shield and an internal Dewar. The magnet and cryostat will be designed for shuttle or Delta launch and will be designed to withstand the internal pressure of expanded helium under full quench conditions when venting is prevented. The external guard vacuum shell is required to maintain a vacuum for Earth based testing and for cold launch of the cryostat and magnet. The magnet is designed to operate at 4.4 K with a peak field of 7.0 tesla. The superconducting material within the magnet is niobium titanium in a conductive matrix.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1987

Energetic neutral atom image of a storm-time ring current

Energetic neutral atom (ENA) images of a storm-time ring current produced from direct measurements and model simulations are presented and analyzed. An ENA image of the storm-time ring current was obtained with the Medium Energy Particles Instrument (MEPI) mounted on ISEE 1 on September 29, 1978, and a zero-order model of the ring current ion was employed to simulate the ENA image. The simulated instrument response is compared with actual ENA measurements. It is observed that the spatial distribution of singly charged ions detected from the ENA images displays equatorial midnight/noon asymmetry in differential ion intensity with a midnight/noon ratio of greater than or equal to 20:1; peak ion fluxs, H(+) and O(+), in the midnight sector are greater than 10 to the 6th/(sq cm s sr keV); and ENA fluxes from the brighter areas of the image exceed greater than 1000/(sq cm s sr keV). It is noted that the ENA image from MEPI data correlates with the morphology of the simulated response of MEPI calculated from the model.

Roelof, Edmond C.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Monte Carlo Simulations of the Response of the MARIE Instrument

The MARIE instrument aboard Mars Odyssey functions as a telescope for the detection of charged, energetic, nuclei. The directionality that leads to the telescope description is achieved by requiring coincident signals in two designated detectors in MARIE s silicon detector stack for the instrument to trigger. Because of this, MARIE is actually a bi directional telescope. Triggering particles can enter the detector stack by passing through the lightly shielded front of the instrument, but can also enter the back of the instrument by passing through the bulk of Odyssey. Because of this, understanding how to relate the signals recorded by MARIE to astrophysically important quantities such as particle fluxes or spectra exterior to the spacecraft clearly requires detailed modeling of the physical interactions that occur as the particles pass through the spacecraft and the instrument itself. In order to facilitate in the calibration of the MARIE data, we have begun a program to simulate the response of MARIE using the FLUKA [1] [2] Monte Carlo radiation transport code.

Andersen, V.↗
NASA NTRS2004

MARIE: Current Status and Results from 20 Months of Observations at Mars

The MARIE instrument aboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft detects energetic charged particles in the Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) and during solar particle events (SPE) [1]. As of this writing (January 2004), MARIE has been turned off, after losing communication with the spacecraft during the large SPE of October 28, 2003. However, during the prior 20 months, MARIE collected data almost continuously, observing several solar events and the nearly-constant GCR. There is still a possibility the instrument can be recovered, and troubleshooting efforts are scheduled to begin in May 2004, following the completion of the primary missions of MER-A (Spirit) and MER-B (Opportunity). At present, Odyssey is acting as a telecommunications relay for the rovers and only routine science operations are permitted in this mode.

Zeitlin, C.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Sensitivity of future liquid argon dark matter search experiments to core-collapse supernova neutrinos

Future liquid-argon DarkSide-20k and ARGO detectors, designed for direct dark matter search, will be sensitive also to core-collapse supernova neutrinos, via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. This interaction channel is flavor-insensitive with a high-cross section, enabling for a high-statistics neutrino detection with target masses of $\sim$50~t and $\sim$360~t for DarkSide-20k and ARGO, respectively. Thanks to the low-energy threshold of $\sim$0.5~keV$_{nr}$ achievable by exploiting the ionization channel, DarkSide-20k and ARGO have the potential to discover supernova bursts throughout our galaxy and up to the Small Magellanic Cloud, respectively, assuming a 11-M$_{\odot}$ progenitor star. We report also on the sensitivity to the neutronization burst, whose electron neutrino flux is suppressed by oscillations when detected via charged current and elastic scattering. Finally, the accuracies in the reconstruction of the average and total neutrino energy in the different phases of the supernova burst, as well as its time profile, are also discussed, taking into account the expected background and the detector response.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗