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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2023

National Reactor Innovation Center Annual Report FY 2023

It is my privilege to present this year’s annual report for the National Reactor Innovation Center (NRIC). Now rounding out our fourth year of operation, NRIC is poised for successfully delivering our most foundational promise: to accelerate the testing and demonstration of advanced nuclear technology by providing access to national laboratory assets and expertise. Some specific goals include: • Establish and maintain four new experimental facility capabilities: o MSTEC – 2025 o METL – Operational o HeCTF – Operational o Creep Frames – 2026 • Construct and operationalize two advanced reactor test beds (DOME and LOTUS) for integrated technology demonstrations and experimentation – 2028 • Complete minimum of two advanced nuclear technology tests – 2030 o Advanced Construction Technology – 2025 o Advanced Microreactor test in DOME or LOTUS – 2027 & 2029

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Classically verifiable quantum advantage from a computational Bell test

Existing experimental demonstrations of quantum computational advantage have had the limitation that verifying the correctness of the quantum device requires exponentially costly classical computations. Here we propose and analyse an interactive protocol for demonstrating quantum computational advantage, which is efficiently classically verifiable. Our protocol relies on a class of cryptographic tools called trapdoor claw-free functions. Although this type of function has been applied to quantum advantage protocols before, our protocol employs a surprising connection to Bell’s inequality to avoid the need for a demanding cryptographic property called the adaptive hardcore bit, while maintaining essentially no increase in the quantum circuit complexity and no extra assumptions. Leveraging the relaxed cryptographic requirements of the protocol, we present two trapdoor claw-free function constructions, based on Rabin’s function and the Diffie–Hellman problem, which have not been used in this context before. We also present two independent innovations that improve the efficiency of our implementation and can be applied to other quantum cryptographic protocols. First, we give a scheme to discard so-called garbage bits, removing the need for reversibility in the quantum circuits. Second, we show a natural way of performing postselection that reduces the fidelity needed to demonstrate quantum advantage. Combining these results, we describe a blueprint for implementing our protocol on Rydberg atom-based quantum devices, using hardware-native operations that have already been demonstrated experimentally.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Novel Gene Stacking Method in Plant Transformation Utilizing Split Selectable Markers

Gene stacking, the process of introducing multiple genes into a single plant to enhance desired traits, is essential for plant genetic improvement through both conventional breeding and genetic transformation. In general, transformation-based gene stacking can be achieved through either co-transformation to simultaneously introduce multiple genes or sequential multi-round transformation. While co-transformation is generally faster and more efficient than sequential multi-round transformation, it often requires two selectable marker genes, which confer resistance to antibiotics, for selecting transgenic events. However, in most cases, there is only one best selectable marker gene for a specific plant species or genotype. Also, it is harder to optimize the concentrations of two antibiotics for co-transformation than using one antibiotic for selecting transgenic events. To overcome this challenge, we recently developed an innovative split selectable marker system for plant co-transformation, allowing the use of one selectable marker gene to select transgenic events. This method involves constructing two binary vectors, each carrying a subset of genes of interest and a partial fragment of the selectable marker gene, which is connected to a partial intein fragment. Following Agrobacterium -mediated co-transformation, plants harboring both binary vectors are selected using a single antibiotic, such as kanamycin. This split-marker system can be used to co-transform multiple genes into both herbaceous and woody plants, accelerating genetic improvement of polygenic traits or integrative improvement of multiple traits to simultaneously increase crop yield and quality.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of advanced composite panels incorporating CO 2 -derived multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hemp fiber for sustainable building applications

Advanced composite panels represent a promising pathway to reducing carbon emissions in the construction industry, yet comprehensive environmental impact assessments remain limited. Here, in this study, we conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of innovative composite panels produced from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), hemp fiber (HF), recycled carbon fiber (rCF), and recycled polypropylene (PP), exploring their potential as baseline structural equivalents to conventional gypsum board. MWCNTs and HF play a critical role in sequestering carbon during raw material production, while the recycling processes for CF and PP generally require less energy compared to virgin material production. The LCA evaluates environmental performance using the TRACI 2.1 method, covering global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion, smog formation, acidification, eutrophication, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, respiratory impacts, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion. Compositional variations—resin type (virgin vs. recycled), rCF content (9–29 wt%), and HF content (10–30 wt%)—are introduced for sensitivity and hotspot analyses. Results demonstrate that, when compared on the basis of preliminary structural equivalence, increasing recycled PP, rCF, and HF content can significantly reduce global warming potential compared to gypsum board. Beyond carbon reduction, the composite panels show trade-offs across other environmental categories. With the growing demand for composite materials in interior panels, ceiling systems, and exterior claddings, these findings highlight the environmental benefits and potential trade-offs of the proposed composites, establishing a foundational framework to support their continued development toward full building-system integration.

Advanced composite manufacturing↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of feed-rod tilting on friction surfacing of steel

During the friction surfacing process, the forge-axial force, rotation rate, and traverse speed of the consumable feed-rod play crucial roles in determining the deposition rate and layer morphology. Although some researchers have studied the enhancement of deposition by introducing a backward tilt relative to the traverse direction, there has been limited investigation into the effects of other tilt orientations. Therefore, this study aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of feed-rod tilting in friction surfacing. In this investigation, the consumable feed-rod undergoes tilting in four distinct directions: forward, backward, advancing side, and retreating side, each tested at two different tilt angles (1.5° and 3.0°). The results reveal that the feed-rod tilting can influence the deposition dynamics by altering the location and area of the rubbing interface situated between the feed-rod and the substrate. Moreover, the feed-rod tilting can significantly enhance the bond width, deposition rate, and deposition efficiency. The enhancement in deposition efficiency signifies a successful reduction in flash formation. Furthermore, a distinct layered microstructure is evident within each deposition layer, regardless of tilt conditions, indicating the unique deposition process inherent to friction surfacing. Finally, the innovative approach proposed in this study not only offers a straightforward and feasible means to improve deposition rate and efficiency but also expands the potential for constructing more intricate geometries or authentic surfaces.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Argonne’s global critical materials agent-based model (GCMat)

Several studies have identified rare earths as critical materials. Although reasonably abundant in the Earth’s crust, rare earths typically occur in low concentrations of mined ores. Processes for recovering rare earth concentrates from these ores are complex and capital intensive. Further, lead times for deposit development, licensing, and construction are long, with reports of 10- 15 years. China is a major player in the rare earths supply chain, both in production capacity and technology innovation. In 2017, China supplied more than 80% of global rare earth oxide demand. Rare earth elements (REEs) have unique magnetic, catalytic, and phosphorescent properties that significantly improve performance of a wide range of technologies. These technologies span aerospace, energy, telecommunications, electronics, transportation, defense, and other diverse applications. Consequently, disruptions in rare earth supply can have a significant societal impact. Estimating that impact requires understanding of the dynamics across the supply chain, from rare earth oxide extraction to end use application. This report documents Argonne’s Global Critical Materials model (GCMat), first described by Riddle et al. 2015. GCMat provides capabilities to explore supply chain dynamics and uncertainty under scenarios of demand growth or shrinkage, technology adoption, supply disruptions, and trade policies and mitigation strategies of new supply sources, product substitution, consumer thrifting, and stockpiling. Supply chain participants from rare earth mining through final demand are modeled as interacting agents who make market decisions independently as time progresses. Since the version documented in Riddle et al. 2015, GCMat has been expanded to cover additional REEs, derived products and supply chains that use these REEs, and includes new agent behaviors and modeling capabilities. Section 2 provides a summary of the GCMat model design, including the structure of the model and key assumptions, section 3 summarizes methods used for model calibration and sensitivity analysis, and section 4 provides examples of model results.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Noise Reduction Associated with Installation of Fixed-Bottom Foundations: Workshop Report

As offshore wind energy development grows in the United States, solutions are needed to reduce the underwater noise and substrate vibration generated during fixed-bottom turbine installation to help protect marine life. Monopiles are currently the main turbine foundation type installed globally and impact pile driving, the primary installation method, can be a major source of noise and vibration generation during wind farm construction. Opportunities exist to reduce the amount of noise and vibration produced during future offshore wind farm development. The use of alternative foundation types and installation methods, as well as innovative noise abatement technologies, would help reduce the potential detrimental effects on sensitive marine species. To explore these opportunities, the Department of Energy’s Wind Energy Technologies Office, in collaboration with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, funded the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to organize, host, and facilitate a virtual workshop in December 2022. The goal of the workshop was to gather input from the offshore wind energy community on noise reduction strategies for the installation of fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines in U.S. waters across multiple regions, including the U.S. Atlantic Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Great Lakes to inform recommendations on future research. The joint lab team convened industry representatives, subject matter experts, and regulators to discuss potential pathways to reduce noise and vibration associated with fixed-bottom turbine installation, including the practicality of using alternative foundations and installation methods, the effectiveness of noise abatement technologies, as well as research and monitoring needs. In preparation for the workshop, the team invited experts to be part of a steering committee and worked with its members to help focus activities to meet the workshop goals. Additional pre-workshop activities included developing the invitee list and workshop agenda, reviewing existing Construction and Operations Plans (COP) for proposed offshore wind projects, distributing a brief questionnaire to industry representatives, and drafting the workshop discussion questions and Mural boards. In total, 128 workshop participants provided over 600 comments in response to the 17 group discussion questions used over two workshop sessions. Overarching recommendations highlighted across themes included future investments to provide data sharing, consistency, transparency, and opportunities for sharing best available science, knowledge, and expertise. The joint lab team synthesized the comments and identified four key research and development themes that could help advance the successful implementation of noise and vibration reduction strategies (see report). This report provides an overview of the workshop goals and scope, reviews the pre-workshop activities, presents brief summaries of participant feedback, and concludes with detailed research themes and recommendations for future investments. Appendix A includes the group discussion questions, Appendix B includes the results of the COP review, and Appendix C includes the results of the industry questionnaire. Overall, there was a high level of interest and engagement in the workshop. The sessions provided an opportunity for significant exchange of information between workshop participants from across sectors. Participants identified a variety of opportunities for next steps towards the noise reduction of offshore wind turbine installation in U.S. waters, including recommendations for future investments to provide certainty in the use of new technologies associated with alternative foundation types, noise abatement systems, and efficacy monitoring.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reducing the Cost and Energy of Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing using High Throughput Atomic Layer Deposition Processes

Forge Nano has recently developed an innovative strategy based on atomic layer deposition(ALD) of oxide coatings on battery separators and electrode materials. ORNL team worked with Forge Nano under this CRADA to construct larger format cells, validate battery and separator performance, and perform advanced materials characterization. It was observed that oxide coatings improve the battery cell performance in terms of both rate capability and long-term cyclic stability. ORNL team performed the research under this CRADA at DOE’s Battery Manufacturing Facility (BMF) at ORNL.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reducing the Cost and Energy of Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing using High Throughput Atomic Layer Deposition Processes

Forge Nano has recently developed an innovative strategy based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) of oxide coatings on battery separators and electrode materials. ORNL team worked with Forge Nano under this CRADA to construct larger format cells, validate battery and separator performance, and perform advanced materials characterization. It was observed that oxide coatings improve the battery cell performance in terms of both rate capability and long-term cyclic stability. ORNL team performed the research under this CRADA at DOE’s Battery Manufacturing Facility (BMF) at ORNL.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

5.5 Hybrid Additively Manufactured Tooling for Large Composite Structures

This program sought to lower tooling costs for tightly toleranced, large composite aerostructures by using large format additive manufacturing (LFAM). LFAM tooling has the potential to lower tooling costs, but the large and unpredictable thermal expansion of polymer-based tooling did not previously allow for the production of large structures made with high performance resins requiring 350 deg F cures. Geometric tolerance issues and demolding concerns continued to arise. The proposed approach for this work was to print a thin shell via additive manufacturing that would be used as a scaffold for a conventional tooling prepreg. The prepreg would be laminated and cured onto both sides of the shell, creating a tool with a sandwich construction. The cured prepreg would then be machined and serve as the tooling surface. In addition to providing a clean, pit-free surface, the prepreg stiffness and low thermal expansion would physically restrain the AM shell and prevent it from expanding during thermal cycling, thus preventing any geometric mismatch between the nominal and actual part dimensions. A stair-step approach was taken to prove out this approach. Coupon level testing was done to ensure a good bond was possible between the AM shell and the tooling prepreg. These samples were also used to determine the amount of prepreg needed to achieve the desired coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). The project team than progressed to a subscale tool measuring two feet in length. The geometry used was a C-section spar from Airbus’ Wing of Tomorrow program. A hybrid tool, using the AM shell and tooling prepreg, was made, and a composite part was fabricated with the tool. Dimensional scans of the tool and part indicated that the desired CTE was achieved with the tool. A second tooling approach was taken to reduce risk. In this approach, a subscale tool of the same geometry as previously mentioned was created, but the tool was entirely constructed of the tooling prepreg. AM was used to print a “master” that was then used to fabricate the tool by creating a splash off of the master using tooling prepreg. The innovation was that the master was not machined, but rather, was used right off the printer after a small amount of surface preparation. Removing this machining step was thought to make this approach economically viable when compared to conventional master fabrication. As before, the tool was used to fabricate a part and tested for dimensional accuracy. For the conclusion of the program, a ten-foot tool was created using the hybrid tool approach. The geometry also came from the Airbus C-section spar previously mentioned. Some difficulty arose in accurately predicting the geometry of the tool after laminating the tooling prepreg, resulting in multiple material additions and a tool geometry change. A part was fabricated in an autoclave using the tool. A cost savings of almost 50% was achieved on the subscale tool in both the hybrid and master-style tool, but the savings dropped considerably as the tool length increased in the full-scale tool. Given the less than expected cost savings and added complexity of the tool construction, it is suggested that the master-style tool is best for immediate commercialization for larger tools (although it may be appropriate for smaller, table-top size tools). Since its construction is very similar to conventionally made composite tooling, there already exists a broad supply chain for building the tool, and project partner Additive Engineering Solutions (AES) is well acquainted with the design and build of the AM master needed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon Emissions in a Typical New Production Home: A Case Study

This report is intended to serve as a foundational document for residential construction executives and leadership teams to understand how a typical home currently performs relative to building decarbonization goals set for 2030 and 2050. The intent is to help homebuilders benchmark their current performance and better understand the largest sources of carbon emissions in their homes. There is a need to understand and assess current performance against net zero carbon goals to define achievable paths forward. This case study highlights opportunities for innovation and carbon reduction through advanced technologies and material choices.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Repurposing Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms to Support Wind Power Generation

B. Gibbs, J. McAvoy, S. T. Nutakki and R. Seetharam, "Repurposing Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms to Support Wind Power Generation," 2025 IEEE International Communications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Houstin, TX, USA, 2025, pp. 215-221, doi: 10.1109/INTELEC63987.2025.11214768.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Navy Ratchets Up Resilience Through Agency/Utility Collaboration

Fact sheet describes how the Naval Construction Battalion Center (NCBC) in Gulfport, Mississippi, and Mississippi Power Company (MPC) have integrated a 15-acre solar photovoltaic (PV) array, battery storage, and backup generation with an innovative microgrid to ensure mission readiness at NCBC while increasing renewable energy generation on the grid in MPC's service area. The NCBC/MPC resilience effort will allow the base to more effectively deploy disaster recovery activities in the event of a grid outage.

battery storage↗