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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Investigating Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions on Lithium Aluminate Pellets in TPBAR (FY22 Report)

We developed a novel operando Raman spectroscopy method for investigation of hydrogen (H) isotope exchange reactions in the lithium aluminate (γ-LiAlO 2 ) that allows modeling of tritium behaviors in high temperature and in an irradiated environment. The lithium aluminate pellet is a main component in the Tritium-Producing Burnable Absorber Rod (TPBAR). We used deuterium ( 2 H or D) as a surrogate to simulate tritium ( 3 H or T). We used a surface analysis tools in situ/operando Raman spectroscopy to observe the transformation OH and OD compositional changes. We also used ToF-SIMS to analyze the lithium aluminate pellet control sample to build the base line for future in situ/operando analysis. To conduct operando Raman spectroscopy, we developed a custom reaction cell with a detachable micro heater using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and 3D printing techniques. Multiple versions were developed and tested. Using the new reaction cell, we demonstrated operando Raman spectroscopy of water (H 2 O) and deuterated water (D 2 O) with nitrogen (N 2 ) exposure onto the lithium aluminate (LiAlO2) pellet specimen, respectively, using a wet gas injection setup. We also successfully developed a detachable microheater that can heat up to ~250°C for ~90 mins. The Raman spectra did not show clear H 2 O and D 2 O characteristic peaks, which indicates that introducing H 2 O and D 2 O onto the surface of the pellet is challenging due to its dense structure nature. Our efforts suggest that various improvements are needed, such as increasing reaction cell operating gas pressure and thinning pellet sample thickness, to obtain meaningful measurements.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
NASA NTRS2012

Design and Operation of the Planetary In-Situ Capillary Electrophoresis System (PISCES)

The PISCES instrument is a portable, miniature, modular instrument designed to analyze organic molecular signatures of life. PISCES uses microcapillary electrophoresis (μCE) with laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIFD) to analyze fluorescently-labeled analytes prepared on a multi-layer microfluidic chip. As a modular instrument composed of five independently functioning units, each module can be easily detached from the system and used for subsystem testing in different environments, e.g. low temperature. The pneumatic module contains mechanical and electrical components necessary to control pneumatically-actuated valves for on-chip sample processing. A prototype LabVIEW program and two custom printed circuit boards (PCBs) operate the pneumatics module using an Arduino microcontroller, and a tentative design for the module’s housing has been developed. The high-voltage module contains circuitry required to apply varying electrical potentials to the electrophoretic channel of the microdevice. Work is currently being done to design the circuit and PCB for this module in collaboration with our SBIR partners at Los Gatos Research. The optical electronics module contains the spectrometer, laser, and laser power supply. The mounting components for the electronics and housing for the module have been designed, assembled, and tested. The optical module contains optical components to focus the laser to a 20μm spot in the center of the electrophoretic channel.The housing for this module has been designed and assembled with the aligned optical components inside.

Willis, Peter A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Summary of the First AIAA Stability and Control Prediction Workshop

Results from the First AIAA Stability and Control Prediction Workshop are summarized in this paper. The workshop series was developed in support of three primary objectives: (1) to establish best practices for the prediction of stability and control derivatives using industry-standard Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers, (2) to provide an impartial forum for evaluating the effectiveness of Reynolds-averaged-Navier-Stokes- and Detached-Eddy-Simulation-based modeling techniques, and (3) to identify areas in need of additional research and development. To address these objectives, the inaugural workshop focused on generating computational aerodynamic predictions for the ONERA version of the NASA/Boeing Common Research Model. The configuration includes the wing, body, horizontal tail, and a vertical tail designed by ONERA. While longitudinal wind tunnel test data for the model had been previously documented, unpublished lateral test data at small sideslip angles provided a unique opportunity for participants to generate blind computational predictions for wind tunnel data comparisons. Additional test cases included assessments of the Mach number effect on static lateral/directional stability and the impact of the wind tunnel sting on longitudinal stability. Participants were invited to generate solutions using two workshop-provided series of structured overset and unstructured grids, in addition to any participant custom grids of interest. Total and component-level breakdowns for the force and moment coefficients for each test case are presented, as well as sectional pressure distribution data on the wing and tail components, to assess the agreement between several different Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes CFD solvers.

CFD↗
DOE OSTI2024

Reversible Binding Interfaces Made of Microstructured Polymer Brushes

The polymer brush architecture of the end-tethered polymer molecules is one of the most widely used efficient methods to regulate interfacial interactions in colloidal systems found in live matter and manufactured materials. Emerging applications of polymer brush structures require solutions to new tasks in the control of interfacial interactions. The rapid development of live cell manufacturing relies on scalable and efficient cell harvesting methods. Stimuli-responsive surfaces made of surface-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) can bind and detach the adherent cell upon changes in temperature and have been used for cell growth and harvesting. The applications are limited by the requirement to satisfy a range of PNIPAM coating characteristics that depend on the dimensions of the integrin complex in the cell membrane and the basal surface. The analysis of the microstructured surfaces, when adhesive and disjoining functions of the microdomains are decoupled, shows that many limitations of PNIPAM one-component coatings can be avoided by using a much broader range of structural characteristics of the microstructured interfaces composed of alternating disjoining PNIPAM domains and adhesive polymeric domains with cell-affinity functional groups. Temperature-controlled reversible adhesion to such microstructured interfaces is studied here experimentally with model systems of solid spherical particles and by employing simulations for solid and soft membranes interacting with the microstructured surfaces to mimic interactions with soft and solid disk-like particles.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measurement-Based Quantum Thermal Machines with Feedback Control

We investigated coupled-qubit-based thermal machines powered by quantum measurements and feedback. We considered two different versions of the machine: (1) a quantum Maxwell’s demon, where the coupled-qubit system is connected to a detachable single shared bath, and (2) a measurement-assisted refrigerator, where the coupled-qubit system is in contact with a hot and cold bath. In the quantum Maxwell’s demon case, we discuss both discrete and continuous measurements. We found that the power output from a single qubit-based device can be improved by coupling it to the second qubit. We further found that the simultaneous measurement of both qubits can produce higher net heat extraction compared to two setups operated in parallel where only single-qubit measurements are performed. In the refrigerator case, we used continuous measurement and unitary operations to power the coupled-qubit-based refrigerator. We found that the cooling power of a refrigerator operated with swap operations can be enhanced by performing suitable measurements.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ultra-Fast High-Precision Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis using Laser-Accelerated Protons

Laser-driven proton acceleration, as produced during the interaction of a high-intensity (I > 1 × 10 18 W/cm 2 ), short pulse (<1 ps) laser with a solid target, is a prosperous field of endeavor for manifold applications in different domains, including astrophysics, biomedicine and materials science. These emerging applications benefit from the unique features of the laser-accelerated particles such as short duration, intense flux and energy versatility, which allow obtaining unprecedented temperature and pressure conditions. In this paper, we show that laser-driven protons are perfectly suited for producing, in a single sub-ns laser pulse, metallic nanocrystals with tunable diameter ranging from tens to hundreds of nm and very high precision. Our method relies on the intense and very quick proton energy deposition, which induces in a bulk material an explosive boiling and produces nanocrystals that aggregate in a plasma plume composed by atoms detached from the proton-irradiated surface. The properties of the obtained particles depend on the deposited proton energy and on the duration of the thermodynamical process. Suitably controlling the irradiated dose allows fabricating nanocrystals of a specific size with low polydispersity that can easily be isolated in order to obtain a monodisperse nanocrystal solution. Molecular Dynamics simulations confirm our experimental results.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

DIII-D research to provide solutions for ITER and fusion energy

The DIII-D tokamak has elucidated crucial physics and developed projectable solutions for ITER and fusion power plants in the key areas of core performance, boundary heat and particle transport, and integrated scenario operation, with closing the core-edge integration knowledge gap being the overarching mission. New experimental validation of high-fidelity, multi-channel, non-linear gyrokinetic turbulent transport models for ITER provides strong confidence it will achieve Q ≥ 10 operation. Experiments identify options for easing H-mode access in hydrogen, and give new insight into the isotopic dependence of transport and confinement. Analysis of 2,1 islands in unoptimized low-torque IBS demonstration discharges suggests their onset time occurs randomly in the constant β phase, most often triggered by non-linear 3-wave coupling, thus identifying an NTM seeding mechanism to avoid. Pure deuterium SPI for disruption mitigation is shown to provide favorable slow cooling, but poor core assimilation, suggesting paths for improved SPI on ITER. At the boundary, measured neutral density and ionization source fluxes are strongly poloidally asymmetric, implying a 2D treatment is needed to model pedestal fuelling. Detailed measurements of pedestal and SOL quantities and impurity charge state radiation in detached divertors has validated edge fluid modelling and new self-consistent 'pedestal-to-divertor' integrated modeling that can be used to optimize reactors. New feedback adaptive ELM control minimizes confinement reduction, and RMP ELM suppression with sustained high core performance was obtained for the first time with the outer strike point in a W-coated, compact and unpumped small-angle slot divertor. Advances have been made in integrated operational scenarios for ITER and power plants. Wide pedestal intrinsically ELM-free QH-modes are produced with more reactor-relevant conditions, Low torque IBS with W-equivalent radiators can exhibit predator-prey oscillations in Te and radiation which need control. High-β P scenarios with q min > 2, q 95 –7.9, β N > 4, β T –3.3% and H 98y2 > 1.5 are sustained with high density ($\overline{n}$ = 7E19 m -3 , f G –1) for 6 τ E , improving confidence in steady-state tokamak reactors. Diverted NT plasmas achieve high core performance with a non-ELMing edge, offering a possible highly attractive core-edge integration solution for reactors.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1975

Shock tube study of ionization rates of NaCl-contaminated argon

Spectrally resolved radiometry and a microwave technique were used to measure the electron density, electron temperature, and concentration, and the concentration of sodium atoms in the weakly ionized region behind a shock wave in an argon shock tube. It is shown that the observed increase in the ionization rate is due to electron detachment of negative chlorine ions produced from sodium chloride vapor contained as an impurity in the argon gas. The observed behavior of the electron temperature in time and the reactions controlled by the electron temperature are analyzed in the light of the impurity reaction scheme.

Scheneider, C.-P.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Divertor-safe nonlinear burn control based on a SOLPS parameterized core-edge model for ITER

Abstract For ITER operations, the range of desirable burning-plasma regimes with high fusion power output will be restricted by various operational constraints. These constraints include the saturation of ITER’s various heating and fueling actuators such as the neutral beam injectors, the ion and electron cyclotron heating systems, the gas puffing system, and the deuterium–tritium pellet injectors. In addition to these actuator constraints, the H-mode power threshold, divertor detachment, and the heat load on the divertor targets may apply limitations to ITER’s operational space. In this work, Plasma Operation Contour (POPCON) plots that map the aforementioned constraints to the temperature-density space are used to investigate which constraints are most limiting towards accessing regimes with high fusion power output. The presented POPCON plots are based on a control-oriented core-edge model that couples the nonlinear density and energy response models for the core-plasma region with SOLPS4.3 parameterizations for conditions in the edge-plasma regions (scrape-off-layer and divertor). Using this control-oriented core-edge model, a nonlinear burn controller, which aims to regulate the plasma temperature and density in the core-plasma region, is constructed in this work. This controller is augmented with an online optimization scheme that governs the control references such that the plasma can be guided towards regimes with high fusion powers while protecting the divertor targets from dangerously high heat loads. A closed-loop simulation study illustrates the capability of this burn control scheme.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Diii-D Research Advancing The Physics Basis For Optimizing The Tokamak Approach To Fusion Energy

DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-Ip steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs. ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. With this physics understanding and suite of actuators, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q=10 in ITER at 9 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near Super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-Ip beam injection, was coupled to a radiative divertor. The Hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for internal flux pumping, using off-axis current drive actuators, and a controller to avoid mode locking and disruptions in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.

Fenstermacher, M.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Comparative study of boron and neon injections on divertor heat fluxes using SOLPS-ITER simulations

Here, based on the EAST equilibrium, the effects of boron (B) and neon (Ne) injected at different locations on the target heat load, and the distributions of B and Ne particles were investigated by transport code SOLPS-ITER. It was found that the B injection was more sensitive to the injection location for heat flux control than impurity Ne. The high electron and ion densities near the inner target in the discharge with impurity B injected from over X-point (R 1 ) led to plasma detachment only at the inner target, and the localized B ions in the cases with injection from outer target location (R 2 ) and upstream location (R 3 ) led to far-SOL detachment at the outer target, but not at the inner target. In contrast, for Ne, the spatial distributions of Ne ions and electrons were found to be similar in all the cases at the three injection locations, and the detached plasma was achieved at the inner target and the electron temperature was reduced at the outer target. For locations R 2 and R 3 , impurity B showed a more pronounced effect on the heat flux at the far-SOL of the outer target. Further analysis indicated that Ne atoms came mainly from the recycling sources, whereas B atoms came mainly from injection, and that their distinct atomic distributions resulted from the difference in the ionization threshold and ionization mean free path. In addition, the radiation proportion of B in the divertor region was larger than that of Ne when the total radiation power was similar, which suggests that B has less influence on the core region.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Overview of Wendelstein 7-X high-performance operation

The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator has completed two consecutive experimental campaigns OP 2.2 (Sep.-Dec. 2024) and OP 2.3 (Feb.-May 2025) under a new operational strategy enabling more than one year of uninterrupted device availability. This approach, supported by exceptionally high subsystem reliability, allowed sustained high-efficiency plasma operations with up to 80–100 discharges per day across a broad range of magnetic configurations. Several key technical upgrades-most notably the first operation of a 1.5 MW class steady-state gyrotron, a new steady-state pellet injector, and advanced real-time feedback control systems significantly enhanced heating, fueling, and plasma control capabilities. Together, these improvements enabled major advances in long-pulse performance, high-β operation, and confinement optimization. Long-pulse discharges achieved 1.8 GJ of injected energy under fully detached divertor conditions, while reduced-field scenarios facilitated record volume-averaged β values approaching 3%. High-performance plasmas with centrally peaked density profiles, created via neutral beam injection (NBI) or sustained pellet fueling, demonstrated strongly reduced turbulent transport and stellarator-record fusion triple products. Complementary studies of power exhaust and divertor heat loads revealed the role of scrape-off-layer drift physics in shaping strike-line patterns under attached conditions. Together, the results from OP 2.2 and OP 2.3 significantly expand the operational space of W7-X and strengthen its role as a leading platform for steady-state stellarator research and reactor-relevant plasma scenarios.

Wendelstein 7-X↗
NASA NTRS1979

A detached experiment carrier aids adaptation of experiments from sounding rockets to Space Shuttle

The detached experiment carrier (DEC) system aids the adaptation of small, low-weight experiments to Space Shuttle missions. The carrier system consists of the detached experiment carrier (free-flyer), a command station at the Orbiter aft station, and a flight support station in the Orbiter payload bay. The carrier is a compact vehicle that is radio controlled by the Shuttle crew. It uses control television, command, and cold gas propulsion systems to deploy experiments from and later rendezvous with the Orbiter. The carrier propulsion system also maintains the attitude control required during experiment execution. Results of engineering investigation, analysis, component design and development, and testing indicate that the DEC system concept is practical. Results of preliminary engineering investigations, including maneuvering system handling qualities and television/telemetry display formats, indicate that the concept of flying the DEC 'out of' and 'into' the Orbiter payload bay is both safe and practical for small, compact free-flyer deployment and retrieval. This paper describes the carrier system, its operations, and potential applications.

Ritz, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Direct Adaptive Rejection of Vortex-Induced Disturbances for a Powered SPAR Platform

The Rapidly Deployable Stable Platform (RDSP) is a novel vessel designed to be a reconfigurable, stable at-sea platform. It consists of a detachable catamaran and spar, performing missions with the spar extending vertically below the catamaran and hoisting it completely out of the water. Multiple thrusters located along the spar allow it to be actively controlled in this configuration. A controller is presented in this work that uses an adaptive feedback algorithm in conjunction with Direct Adaptive Disturbance Rejection (DADR) to mitigate persistent, vortex-induced disturbances. Given the frequency of a disturbance, the nominal DADR scheme adaptively compensates for its unknown amplitude and phase. This algorithm is extended to adapt to a disturbance frequency that is only coarsely known by including a Phase Locked Loop (PLL). The PLL improves the frequency estimate on-line, allowing the modified controller to reduce vortex-induced motions by more than 95% using achievable thrust inputs.

VanZwieten, Tannen S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy

DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L–H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ~8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Coupling thermal energy storage with a thermally anisotropic building envelope for building demand-side management across various US climate conditions

Here, the thermally anisotropic building envelope (TABE) is a novel active building envelope that enhances energy efficiency and thermal comfort in buildings by transferring heat and cold between building envelopes and hydronic loops. When coupled with thermal energy storage (TES) units, the TABE + TES enables the storage of both heat and cold energy captured by the TABE roof or exterior walls. This stored energy can be later released by the TABE floor for indoor heating and cooling, benefiting both the grid and the end user. This paper evaluates the merits of TABE + TES for building demand-side management across various US climate conditions, focusing on peak load shaving, annual energy savings, and cost savings under time-of-use (TOU) electric rate schedules. Simulations were conducted by integrating time-of-day–informed, rule-based control strategies in MATLAB, TABE components and TES units in COMSOL Multiphysics, and whole-building energy analysis in EnergyPlus. A case study using the US Department of Energy’s prototype single-family detached house model in Birmingham, Alabama; Los Angeles, California; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and Denver, Colorado, showed that the TABE + TES system achieved (1) 70 % peak load shaving in Los Angeles and Denver and 20 % in Birmingham and Oak Ridge; (2) significant peak electricity savings of 351–497 kWh, reducing peak energy consumption by 38 %–78 %; and (3) annual heating cost savings of 0.79 $\$$/m2–1.17 $\$$/m 2 and cooling cost savings of 0.60 $\$$/m 2 –1.17 $\$$/m 2 using a normal utility rate or low-TOU rate. The benefits of employing the TABE + TES system are even more significant under high TOU rates.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

A new method of studying the fundamental mechanisms involved in pigment liberation from recycle papers

Deinking flotation is the most efficient and widely used method of removing ink particles from printed papers to improve the recyclability. A prerequisite for successful deinking flotation is detachment of pigments from paper fibers, a subprocess known as liberation. The degree of liberation is usually determined via hyperwashing tests, which are costly and time consuming. Furthermore, they provide no information on the fundamental mechanisms controlling liberation. In the present work, we developed a new method in which ?-potentials of the particles in a pulp are measured and analyzed. If pigments are not liberated from paper fibers, a frequency distribution plot gives a single peak, while two peaks appear when they are liberated. One can readily determine the degrees of liberation from the peak positions and peak heights. In addition, the ?-potential data can be used to construct disjoining pressure isotherms using the DLVO theory that are useful to better understand the fundamental mechanisms involved and the roles of different reagents used to improve pigment liberation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2009

Altair Lander Life Support: Design Analysis Cycles 1, 2, and 3

NASA is working to develop a new lunar lander to support lunar exploration. The development process that the Altair project is using for this vehicle is unlike most others. In Lander Design Analysis Cycle 1 (LDAC-1), a single-string, minimum functionality design concept was developed, including life support systems for different vehicle configuration concepts, first for a combination of an ascent vehicle and a habitat with integral airlocks, and then for a combined ascent vehicle-habitat with a detachable airlock. In LDAC-2, the Altair team took the ascent vehicle-habitat with detachable airlock and analyzed the design for the components that were the largest contributors to the risk of loss of crew (LOC). For life support, the largest drivers were related to oxygen supply and carbon dioxide control. Integrated abort options were developed at the vehicle level. Many life support failures were not considered to result in LOC because they had a long enough time to effect that abort was considered a feasible option to safely end the mission before the situation became life threatening. These failures were then classified as loss of mission (LOM) failures. Many options to reduce LOC risk were considered, and mass efficient solutions to the LOC problems were added to the vehicle design at the end of LDAC-2. In LDAC-3, the new design was analyzed for large contributors to the risk of LOM. To avoid ending the mission early or being unable to accomplish goals like performing all planned extravehicular activities (EVAs), various options were assessed for their combination of risk reduction and mass cost. This paper outlines the major assumptions, design features, and decisions related to the development of the life support system for the Altair project through LDAC-3.

Anderson, Molly↗