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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Resource Extraction Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

The National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) is a research consortium formed to accelerate transformative research in desalination and treatment to lower the cost and energy required to produce clean water from nontraditional water sources and realize a circular water economy. NAWI’s goal is to enable the manufacturing of energy-efficient desalination technologies in the United States at a lower cost with the same (or higher) quality and reduced environmental impact for 90 percent of nontraditional water sources within the next 10 years. The nontraditional source waters of interest include brackish water; seawater; produced and extracted water; power, mining, industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste waters. When these desalination and treatment technologies are fully developed and utilized, they will be able to contribute to the water needs for many existing end-use sectors. NAWI has identified five end-use sectors that are critical to the U.S. economy for further exploration: Power, Resource Extraction, Industry, Municipal, and Agriculture (PRIMA). This Resource Extraction Sector roadmap aims to advance desalination and treatment of nontraditional source waters for beneficial use in public water supplies by identifying research and development (R&D) opportunities that help overcome existing treatment challenges. Under NAWI’s vision, the transition from a linear to a circular water economy with nontraditional source waters will be achieved by advancing desalination and reuse technologies in six key areas: Autonomous operations, Precision separations, Resilient treatment and transport, Intensified brine management, Modular membrane systems, and Electrified treatment systems, collectively known as the A-PRIME areas. Technological advances in these different areas will enable nontraditional source waters to achieve pipe parity with traditional supplies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Agriculture Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

The National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) is a research consortium formed to accelerate transformative research in desalination and treatment to lower the cost and energy required to produce clean water from nontraditional water sources and realize a circular water economy. NAWI's goal is to enable the manufacturing of energy-efficient desalination technologies in the United States at a lower cost with the same (or higher) quality and reduced environmental impact for 90 percent of nontraditional water sources within the next 10 years. The nontraditional source waters of interest include brackish water; seawater; produced and extracted water; power, mining, industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste waters. When these desalination and treatment technologies are fully developed and utilized, they will be able to contribute to the water needs for many existing end-use sectors. NAWI has identified five end-use sectors that are critical to the U.S. economy for further exploration: Power, Resource Extraction, Industry, Municipal, and Agriculture (PRIMA). This Agriculture Sector roadmap aims to advance desalination and treatment of nontraditional source waters for beneficial use in public water supplies by identifying research and development (R&D) opportunities that help overcome existing treatment challenges. Under NAWI's vision, the transition from a linear to a circular water economy with nontraditional source waters will be achieved by advancing desalination and reuse technologies in six key areas: Autonomous operations, Precision separations, Resilient treatment and transport, Intensified brine management, Modular membrane systems, and Electrified treatment systems, collectively known as the A-PRIME areas. Technological advances in these different areas will enable nontraditional source waters to achieve pipe parity with traditional supplies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Municipal Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

The National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) is a research consortium formed to accelerate transformative research in desalination and treatment to lower the cost and energy required to produce clean water from nontraditional water sources and realize a circular water economy. NAWI's goal is to enable the manufacturing of energy-efficient desalination technologies in the United States at a lower cost with the same (or higher) quality and reduced environmental impact for 90 percent of nontraditional water sources within the next 10 years. The nontraditional source waters of interest include brackish water; seawater; produced and extracted water; power, mining, industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste waters. When these desalination and treatment technologies are fully developed and utilized, they will be able to contribute to the water needs for many existing end-use sectors. NAWI has identified five end-use sectors that are critical to the U.S. economy for further exploration: Power, Resource Extraction, Industry, Municipal, and Agriculture (PRIMA). This Municipal Sector roadmap aims to advance desalination and treatment of nontraditional source waters for beneficial use in public water supplies by identifying research and development (R&D) opportunities that help overcome existing treatment challenges. Under NAWI's vision, the transition from a linear to a circular water economy with nontraditional source waters will be achieved by advancing desalination and reuse technologies in six key areas: Autonomous operations, Precision separations, Resilient treatment and transport, Intensified brine management, Modular membrane systems, and Electrified treatment systems, collectively known as the A-PRIME areas. Technological advances in these different areas will enable nontraditional source waters to achieve pipe parity with traditional supplies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Industrial Sector Technology Roadmap 2021

The National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) is a research consortium formed to accelerate transformative research in desalination and treatment to lower the cost and energy required to produce clean water from nontraditional water sources and realize a circular water economy. NAWI's goal is to enable the manufacturing of energy-efficient desalination technologies in the United States at a lower cost with the same (or higher) quality and reduced environmental impact for 90 percent of nontraditional water sources within the next 10 years. The nontraditional source waters of interest include brackish water; seawater; produced and extracted water; power, mining, industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste waters. When these desalination and treatment technologies are fully developed and utilized, they will be able to contribute to the water needs for many existing end-use sectors. NAWI has identified five end-use sectors that are critical to the U.S. economy for further exploration: Power, Resource Extraction, Industry, Municipal, and Agriculture (PRIMA). This Industrial Sector roadmap aims to advance desalination and treatment of nontraditional source waters for beneficial use in public water supplies by identifying research and development (R&D) opportunities that help overcome existing treatment challenges. Under NAWI's vision, the transition from a linear to a circular water economy with nontraditional source waters will be achieved by advancing desalination and reuse technologies in six key areas: Autonomous operations, Precision separations, Resilient treatment and transport, Intensified brine management, Modular membrane systems, and Electrified treatment systems, collectively known as the A-PRIME areas. Technological advances in these different areas will enable nontraditional source waters to achieve pipe parity with traditional supplies.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electricity demand in South Asia – data gaps and pathways for research and modeling

South Asia is one of the fastest growing regions - economically and energy-wise in the world. However, there are significant uncertainties in how the energy demand would grow given the rapidly rising incomes, urbanization, industrialization, access to energy, warming climate and technological change. The transition to clean energy in the region is a priority and is critical to limiting emissions in the region and increasing regional energy security. The power sector will play an important role in decarbonization of energy systems, lowering emissions in other sectors through electrification. However, as existing end uses are scaled up more and new end uses are electrified, the temporal and spatial patterns of electricity consumption could change. These changes have implications for the magnitude, shape, and timing of peak demand, which in turn affects the power sector’s investments and operations, and ability to provide reliable power. In this report, we outline key uncertainties in demand growth that South Asian countries would face in the near to medium term, along with summarizing insights from stakeholder consultations we held over the past 6 months.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Stochastic simulation of occupant-driven energy use in a bottom-up residential building stock model

The residential buildings sector is one of the largest electricity consumers worldwide and contributes disproportionally to peak electricity demand in many regions. Strongly driven by occupant activities, household energy consumption is stochastic and heterogeneous in nature. However, most residential energy models applied by industry use homogeneous, deterministic activity schedules, which work well for predictions of annual energy consumption, but can result in unrealistic hourly or sub-hourly electric load profiles, with exaggerated or muted peaks. The increasing proportion of variable renewable energy generators means that representing the heterogeneity and stochasticity of occupant behavior is now crucial for reliable planning at both bulk-power and distribution-system scales. This work presents a novel and open-source occupancy simulation approach that can simulate a diverse set of individual occupant and household event schedules for all major electricity, fuel, and hot water end uses. To accomplish this, we evaluated three alternative occupant activity simulation approaches before selecting a hybrid combining time-inhomogeneous Markov chains and probability-sampling of event durations and magnitudes. Further, we integrated the stochastic occupancy simulation with an open-source bottom-up physics-simulation building stock model and published a set of 550,000 diverse household end-use activity schedules representing a national housing stock. The simulator was verified against time-use survey data, and simulation results were validated against measured end-use electricity data for accuracy and reliability. While we use data for the United States, our application demonstrates how similar approaches could be applied using the time-use survey data collected in many countries around the world.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS1982

Development of a data management front end for use with a LANDSAT based information system

A user friendly front end was constructed to facilitate access to the LANDSAT mosaic data base supplied by JPL and to process both LANDSAT and ancillary data. Archieval and retrieval techniques were developed to efficiently handle this data base and make it compatible with requirements of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry. Procedures are ready for: (1) forming the forest/nonforest mask in ORSER compressed map format using GSFC-supplied classification procedures; (2) registering data from a new scene (defoliated) to the mask (which may involve mosaicking if the area encompasses two LANDSAT scenes; (3) producing a masked new data set using the MASK program; (4) analyzing this data set to produce a map showing degrees of defoliation, output on the Versatec plotter; and (5) producing color composite maps by a diazo-type process.

Turner, B. J.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Characterization of Connected Lighting System Potential for Grid Services Under Real-Time Pricing

Increasingly over the last decade, the management of end-use electricity demand has been examined as a potential source of services for the electric power grid beyond contracts with large commercial and industrial customers. Lighting represents about 17\% of U.S. commercial building annual electricity consumption; however, its potential rapid speed of response may position it to uniquely contribute to services that improve the reliability and resilience of the grid. Connected lighting systems (CLS), which build upon solid-state lamp technology, can change state by adjusting power demand more quickly than most other building electricity end uses and could be used as a platform to monitor lighting electricity use and space conditions. But the potential of CLS to provide grid services has not been extensively studied. In this paper, we describe initial research to evaluate the potential of CLS for grid services. We develop a model for CLS using a set of parameters to represent operation behaviors and constraints: maximal power, minimal power, nominal power, ramp rate, and time delay. Parameter values are generated for representative building types. CLS demand curves are constructed, indirectly capturing building occupant preferences for lighting as functions of electricity price. The CLS model and the demand curves are incorporated into a Transactive Control and Coordination (TCC) Platform to simulate CLS providing grid services. Previous research has shown TCC to be a powerful tool to enable end uses to provide grid services through a hybrid economic-control approach. Initial quantitative results will be provided for CLS grid services potential.

Wang, Peng↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nonhomologous end-joining uses distinct mechanisms to repair each strand of a double strand break

Abstract Nonhomologous end-joining repairs chromosomal double strand breaks, but it is unknown whether both strands are repaired by this pathway, and if one strand break’s repair path impacts the other. Here, we show that nonhomologous end-joining employs both of two a priori possible strategies. Strand breaks that can be directly ligated are joined near-simultaneously, with no effect of one strand break’s repair path on the other. More complex end structures require obligatorily ordered repair. The first strand to be repaired is used as template for repair of the opposite/second strand break, with the latter repair reaction occurring fastest when also coupled to nonhomologous end-joining. Enforced asymmetry in repair of each strand break can extend to the gap-filling polymerase employed, and whether the polymerases incorporate RNA or DNA. Our results resolve questions about pathway mechanism and identify a requirement for flexibility of the nonhomologous end-joining machinery for efficient repair of both strand breaks within diverse cellular double strand breaks.

Luthman, Adam J.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Rapid AI-based Dissection of Ashes using Raman and XRF Spectroscopy (RADAR-X)

Waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities incinerate ~35 million tons of municipal solid waste annually in the United States. The incineration process reduces the mass and the volume of the waste fraction by over 75 and 95%, respectively. The fraction left after incineration remains as ash residues and is referred to as WTE ash, compromising of bottom and fly ash. In the United States, ~10 million tons of WTE ashes are generated annually and predominantly landfilled because of the lack of secondary end-use pathways. This incurs a significant financial burden (landfilling costs) on U.S. WTE facilities and also results in the loss of materials to the landfill. The primary objective of this research is to understand better the elemental and mineralogical composition of WTE ashes from diverse origins and find composition dependent upcycling pathways for diverting these ashes from landfills. This primary objective was addressed through three research tasks –(Task I) An AI-led Multi-Modal Approach for Compositional Analysis, (Task II) Developing a Dissolution-Based Test for Real Time Analysis, and (Task III) Establishing composition-dependent end uses. The chemical composition of WTE ash is dependent on two factors, i.e., the input waste composition and the operational parameters of a WTE facility (combustion conditions). Amongst these two factors, the input waste composition will likely show spatial and temporal variation. As a result, the chemical composition of WTE ash will also fluctuate. To understand the spatial and temporal variation in WTE ash composition, in Task I, we collected 128 ash samples (62 bottom ash and 66 fly ash samples) from 11 WTE facilities located in 11 U.S. states and characterized them via X-ray Fluorescence, powder X-ray Diffraction, and Raman Spectroscopy. The findings from this extensive characterization work indicated that the key elements in WTE fly ashes are Ca, Cl (greater than 10 wt. %), Si, S, K, Zn ( between 1 and 10 wt. %), Mg, Al, P, Ti, Fe, Cu, Br, and Pb (between 0.1 and 1 wt. %). Similarly, the key elements in WTE bottom ash fraction finer than 45μm are Ca (greater than 10 wt. %), Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ti, Fe, Zn (between 1 and 10 wt. %), P, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Br, and Pb (between 0.1 and 1 wt. %). Here, we note that the dominant fraction of WTE bottom ash is the coarse fraction. The coarse WTE bottom ash fraction (rich in silicon) was not characterized in this study because of excessive grinding requirements and their unsuitability as a supplementary cementitious material due to their coarse nature. The elements in WTE bottom ashes are present as calcite, anhydrite, vaterite, hydroxyapatite, quartz, bassanite, gehlenite, akermanite, hydrocalumite, and portlandite. Similarly, the mineralogical species present in WTE fly ashes are calcium chloride hydroxide, halite, calcite, anhydrite, sylvite, hydrocalumite, vaterite, hannebachite, quartz, and bassanite. Temporal variation in ash composition may also result in significant fluctuations in chemical compositions. Therefore, a WTE facility may need to monitor the ash composition (elemental and mineralogical composition) in real time. In Task I, we evaluated the possibility of using a portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer to monitor the elemental composition in real-time. Specifically, we collected XRF data on identical specimens via a portable XRF spectrometer (low-end) and a lab-based benchtop XRF spectrometer (high-end). The collected data was used to train an A.I. algorithm (portable XRF data as an input and benchtop XRF data as an output) to predict accurate elemental composition using portable XRF data. Finally, we developed a 2-minute photobleaching protocol to monitor the mineralogical characteristics of WTE ashes via Raman spectroscopy. Overall, the activities in Task I improved our understanding of ash composition and developed techniques to monitor elemental and mineralogical composition in near real-time. Based on the findings of Task I, we find that WTE ashes exhibit wide variability in mineralogy. For ICP-based elemental analysis, all the mineralogical species in WTE ashes must be brought into solution. This is traditionally accomplished with acid digestion using a combination of multiple acids. However, acid digestion with multiple acids is time-consuming and often fails to ensure complete digestion of the ash matrix. To address this limitation, in Task II, we developed an alkali-fusion-based digestion protocol using a combination of lithium tetraborate, lithium metaborate, and their combinations as possible alkali fluxes for digesting WTE ashes entirely and rapidly. The validity of the developed method was evaluated on two standard ash specimens, i.e., SRM 1633c coal fly ash and BCR-176R incineration fly ash specimen. The findings suggest that the developed protocol can ensure complete digestion of elements such as Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, P, Sr, V, Zn, Be, K, and rare earth elements. The recent changes in the energy market towards renewables and increased metal recycling have resulted in reduced supplies of supplementary cementitious materials (coal fly ash and slag). Therefore, in Task III, we evaluated the possibility of employing WTE ashes as SCMs. As the chemical composition of WTE ashes varies temporally (on an hourly basis), there was also a need to develop tests that can evaluate the suitability of material to act as supplementary cementitious material rapidly, i.e., in a few minutes. Therefore, in Task II, we also developed a rapid test to assess the suitability of a material to act as an SCM in 5 minutes. This represents a significant advance over the state-of-the-art R 3 test, which takes ~144 hours. This test was initially validated on amorphous aluminosilicates, such as calcined clays, and could be extended to evaluate other industrial by-products, such as WTE ashes. In Task III, we evaluated the possibility of employing WTE ashes for two applications, i.e., as an SCM and a lime substitute for clay stabilization. The findings from Task I indicated that WTE ashes are enriched in chlorine and, therefore, cannot be used directly as an SCM due to corrosion-related risks and altered hydration kinetics. Accordingly, we developed an ash treatment protocol to reduce the solubility of chlorine-containing species in WTE ashes. The developed treatment protocol also immobilized lead in certain mineral forms. As a result of the treatment, WTE ashes can be used as SCMs without any corrosion or heavy metal leaching concerns. The second application examined in this study was clay stabilization. WTE ashes are calcium-rich and can be an adequate lime replacement for clay stabilization. Our findings reveal that the sum of the concentrations of Ca(OH) 2 and CaClOH controls the clay stabilization capability of WTE ashes. In summary, in this work, we evaluated the elemental and mineralogical characteristics of U.S. WTE ashes from diverse origins and developed tests to evaluate the chemical characteristics of these ashes in real time through a portable XRF and a benchtop Raman spectrometer. Based on the chemical characteristics of these ashes, we developed an ash treatment process to enable the use of WTE ashes as an SCM and also evaluated the possibility of employing these ashes for clay stabilization. Overall, the findings from this work enables the diversion of WTE ashes from landfills for multiple end-uses, i.e., as an SCM or a lime substitute for clay stabilization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Geospatial characterization of low-temperature heating and cooling demand in residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors for potential geothermal applications in the United States

Thermal demand for heating and cooling has been predominantly supplied by fossil fuel combustion in the United States, although low-carbon alternatives are extensively available including geothermal, solar thermal, and waste heat. Here, this study analyzed end-use energy consumption, fuel expenditure, and data center commissioned power data to geospatially characterize the U.S. low-temperature heating and cooling demand at the county level in residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors and understand potential opportunities for geothermal applications. In the analysis, the regional-scale energy consumption data was incorporated with system efficiencies to address actual demand and was then disaggregated with weighting factors to the county level. The results indicated that total low-temperature heating and cooling demand is 16.7 EJ, combining heating demand of 10.8 EJ and cooling demand of 5.9 EJ. Overall, 59.9 % (10 EJ) of the low-temperature heating and cooling demand occurred in the residential sector. The heating and cooling demand visualized in maps represented that the geospatial distribution of heating and cooling demand in the residential and commercial sectors is governed by the number of housing units and climate zone designations, while heating and cooling demand in the manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors is dependent on the number and location of facilities. The results also demonstrated that geothermal heat pumps are broadly used in the residential and commercial sectors for heating and cooling in the U.S. Midwest, South, and Northeast regions but are limited in the West, implying great decarbonization potential in the future.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Demand Response Potential from the Bulk Grid Perspective

Gain insight from an exploration of the potential value of demand response (DR) in future power systems. Using hourly DR resource estimates by sub-sector, electrical end-use, and grid service, we incorporate virtual generator models of DR resources into large-scale production cost models, and analyze the grid-level impacts in terms of the ability of DR to reduce system costs and potentially help integrate renewables or reduce system emissions. Additionally, we examine the value of DR, its revenue, and how these change under different system conditions. In this panel session, we will describe our input data and modeling methods, provide an overview of the production cost models used, and summarize key results from analyses in Florida and the western United States. Findings include variations in DR value by end-use and geography, an ability to increase economic PV deployment potential in high penetration systems, and mixed emissions outcomes depending on system composition and fuel prices.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Enabling thermal efficiency improvement and waste heat recovery using liquid air harnessed from offshore renewable energy sources

A novel approach using decoupled processes to harness offshore renewable energy, from marine hydrokinetics, ocean waves, wind, and solar to produce liquid air, is presented here. Offshore renewables interconnection using submarine medium- and high-voltage direct current technologies are used to produce liquid air that can be transported to end-use locations using repurposed liquefied natural gas tankers. Two important possibilities arise from using the proposed technology. The first possibility allows the integration with conventional thermal cycles to improve efficiency. This approach can be used to leverage efficiencies of thermal systems that have already reached a plateau in the maximum achievable efficiency via design and operation optimization. The second possibility is related to the incorporation of low temperature cycles to recover waste heat from other thermal processes. This is important considering that waste heat accounts for more than 60% of the consumed energy in the United States. A detailed technical description of the complete cycle from cryogen generation to end-use of energy is provided. Estimation of efficiency enhancement for thermal plants using liquid air including waste heat recovery is presented.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Life Cycle Assessment of Formic Acid as a Liquid Hydrogen Carrier

This work presents a life cycle analysis of the transport and processing for formic acid into hydrogen. The system boundary begins at the formic acid plant gate and ends with hydrogen end use. The functional unit is 1 kg of hydrogen delivered to end use, 1 kWh for electricity generation, and 1 vehicle mile traveled (VMT). Renewable electricity reduced GWP by 80-90% relative to U.S. average grid.

Shen, Xinyao [NETL Site Support Contractor, Nation↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mobile Sorption-based Thermal Battery for Harvesting Low-Temperature Geothermal Energy

Around 20% of the total primary energy in the United States is consumed for thermal demands of buildings such as space cooling, dehumidification, and space heating (EIA 2018). Low-temperature geothermal energy is abundant and can effectively satisfy buildings’ thermal demands. However, low-temperature geothermal energy is underutilized because the energy density of geothermal fluid is too low to justify the costs associated with transporting it between existing geothermal resources and buildings. The mobile sorption-based thermal battery (MSTB) system has been developed using three-phase (i.e., vapor–liquid, solution–solid, crystal) sorption technology to harvest low-temperature heat and store it with a much higher energy density than the geothermal fluid. The energy density of salt crystals is over six times higher than geothermal fluid, which makes long-distance transportation of salt crystals economically feasible. Salt crystals can be used to dehumidify air or provide space cooling in buildings, which alleviates peak demand on the electricity grid by offsetting electricity use for these end uses. This helps improve the grid’s stability and resilience. High-energy storage density, fast crystallization, and dissolution of salt crystals are all critical to the viability and performance of the MSTB system. Therefore, the design and operation of MSTB systems need to ensure effective generation and dissolution of salt crystals inside the MSTB. To achieve this target, this seedling project developed an experimental apparatus for characterizing the crystallization and dissolution processes. The energy density and potential latent cooling capacity of the MSTB are also evaluated based on lab test results. The crystallization results showed that the generated lithium chloride hydrate crystals are fluffy, the crystallization process lasts about 50 min, and the maximum crystal fraction (i.e., the ratio of crystal mass to the mass in the MSTB) can be up to 51.1% of the total mass in the MSTB at a solution flow rate of 1.58 g/s. The dissolution results show that the salt crystals in the MSTB can be fully dissolved within 15–28 min, based on different test conditions. Reducing solution flow rate and cooling water temperature can achieve increased energy storage density and crystal fraction. While the increase in the discharge rate (i.e., latent cooling capacity for dehumidifying air) is achieved by increasing flow rate and temperature of inlet diluted solution, as well as by using a pump for internal solution circulation, the discharge rate increases by 38%, from 0.95 kW to 1.31 kW. Compared with increasing the inlet solution flow rate, power consumption of salt solution transportation can be reduced by using a pump for internal solution circulation. The crystallization test results also showed that the maximum energy storage density is 981.8 kJ/kg, and the maximum discharge rate of the dissolution tests is ≤1.79 kW. Both are above the target values of 900 kJ/kg and 1.75 kW) for this project. The work reported here proves the feasibility and advancement of the MSTB system, which is helpful to the further study and improvement of the MSTB system.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Forecasting Commercial Building Electricity Consumption, Zone Airflow and Zone Temperature: Update - Development of a Generalized Machine Learning Approach

The U.S. power grid is being transformed to make it smarter, more efficient, and cleaner. This transformation is leading to the addition of a significant of energy generated by distributed, variable, and renewable resources. Because of the variable nature of renewable generation, the short- and long-term supply and demand imbalances are less predictable, and conventional approaches to mitigating the imbalances will be less efficient or cost effective. To address this challenge and to support the mission and the vision of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Building Technologies Office has developed a Grid-Interactive Efficient Building Strategy. The strategy focuses on simultaneously improving building energy efficiency and supporting reliability and resilience of the electric grid more efficiently and at a lower cost. In addition, EERE and DOE’s Office of Electricity created an initiative led by DOE and supported by the national laboratories under the Grid Modernization Lab Consortium structure to enhance grid modernization. The work reported in this document is part of the first set of projects funded under the initiative to design, develop, and validate scalable transactive control technologies for the commercial buildings sector. Transactive controls requires the ability of individual end-use loads to express flexibility as a function of a transactive signal (e.g., price). Empirical grey- and black-box models have been widely used to express flexibility. Although this approach is generally easy to construct and simple to use, it does not capture non-linear behavior that some end-use loads represent. Therefore, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with support from Western Washington University conducted this research to explore the use of deep machine learning (ML) techniques. The work reported in this document is limited to forecasting whole building electricity consumption, the zone airflow and the zone temperature predictions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1993

Applications of fibrous substrates containing insolubilized phase change polymers

Incorporation of polyethylene glycols into fibrous substrates produces several improved functional properties when they are insolubilized by crosslinking with a methylolamide resin or by polyacetal formation by their reaction with glyoxal. The range of molecular weights of polyols that may be insolubilized is broad as are the curing conditions (0.25-10 min at 80-200C). Most representative fiber types and blends (natural and synthetic) and all types of fabric constructions (woven, nonwoven and knit) have been modified by incorporation of the bound polyols. The most novel property is the thermal adaptability of the modified substrates to many climatic conditions. This adaptability is due to the high latent heat of the crosslinked polyols that function as phase change materials, the hydrophilic nature of the crosslinked polymer and its enhanced thermal conductivity. Other enhanced properties imparted to fabrics include flex and flat abrasion, antimicrobial activity, reduced static charge, resistance to oily soils, resiliency, wind resistance and reduced lint loss. Applications commercialized in the U.S. and Japan include sportswear and skiwear. Several examples of electric sets of properties useful for specific end uses are given. In addition, other uses are biomedical horticultural, aerospace, indoor insulation, automotive interiors and components and packaging material.

Vigo, Tyrone L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Putting Our Industry's Data to Work: A Case Study of Large-Scale Data Aggregation: Preprint

With increasing deployment of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Building Automation System (BAS) controls, Internet of Things (IoT) network devices, and data-driven evaluation, measurement, and verification studies, the building sector is currently generating a staggering amount of energy-related data. In the right hands, these data sets can contribute to increased comfort and energy savings for building occupants and a more reliable electrical grid; however, due to a combination of factors, including significant privacy concerns, much of the data that are presently generated and stored are not used outside of basic operational applications. In the past year, our team has dedicated over 2,000 person-hours to accessing building energy data for a project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Office. We sought whole-building or end-use (e.g., lighting) timeseries data at the individual-building or equipment level where possible or aggregated information, such as timeseries averages and quartiles by building type (e.g., office, retail, hospital), where sharing individual building information was not an option. We are additionally working with IoT and BAS data sets to derive information important to the project. We have assembled an extensive data set that will enable the development of publicly available end-use load profiles to benefit the U.S. building and electricity industries. Here we present an overview of the data set that we have assembled to date, the motivators and approaches that got us here, and the lessons we learned through our efforts. We also discuss work underway that presents additional options for future data access.

building energy data↗