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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Updates of MERRA-2 Data and Services at NASA GES DISC

Over40 years of NASA climate reanalysis datasets from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) are available at the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). In addition to being used in traditional weather and climate research, MERRA-2 is also widely used in application studies of, e.g., wind and solar energy, air quality and health, food and drought, and heat waves. Two new MERRA-2 datasets were recently added at the GES DISC: (1) climate statistics derived fromMERRA-2 daily data to assist in the analysis of extreme temperature and precipitation events and of large-scale meteorological patterns from 1980 to the present and (2) gridded satellite and conventional observations processed in the MERRA-2 system, along with key statistics derived from the data assimilation, to help better understand how the quality of observations directly affect there analysis data. The GES DISC focuses its efforts on continually improving existing data services and to develop new data tools to satisfy various user communities. The newly added features include the following: Time series service: This is a new service for MERRA-2 data, which enables the easy and fast access of long-term hourly or daily time series at a location for popular parameters. The data is saved in a single le in Ascii format with a user- friendly structure. New analytic functions in the subsetter interface: Options for downloading daily minimum and maximum values have been added into the subsetter interface, in addition to the existing daily mean option, for all MERRA-2 and MERRA sub-daily products. Data format conversion to GeoTIFF has been implemented. New variables in Giovanni: Most monthly variables have been integrated into Giovanni, GESDISC’s online visualization and analysis tool. Due to the large data volume, hourly variables were selected based on user requests. More online information: New MERRA-2 documentation has been added: Data How-To, Data in Action, and FAQ. This presentation overviews two new MERRA-2 datasets and illustrates the new features of data services through a number of case studies. MERRA-2 data and services can be found at: https://disc.gsfc.gov/datasets?

Data management↗
NASA NTRS2021

Applying a One Health Approach in Global Health and Medicine: Enhancing Involvement of Medical Schools and Global Health Centers

Multidisciplinary and multisectoral approaches such as One Health and related concepts (e.g., Planetary Health, EcoHealth) offer opportunities for synergistic expertise to address complex health threats. The connections between humans, animals, and the environment necessitate collaboration among sectors to comprehensively understand and reduce risks and consequences on health and wellbeing. One Health approaches are increasingly emphasized for national and international plans and strategies related to zoonotic diseases, food safety, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change, but to date, the possible applications in clinical practice and benefits impacting human health are largely missing.

Catherine Machalaba↗
NASA NTRS2007

The Application of NASA Remote Sensing Technology to Human Health

With the help of satellites, the Earth's environment can be monitored from a distance. Earth observing satellites and sensors collect data and survey patterns that supply important information about the environment relating to its affect on human health. Combined with ground data, such patterns and remote sensing data can be essential to public health applications. Remote sensing technology is providing information that can help predict factors that affect human health, such as disease, drought, famine, and floods. A number of public health concerns that affect Earth's human population are part of the current National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Applications Plan to provide remotely gathered data to public health decision-makers to aid in forming and implementing policy to protect human health and preserve well-being. These areas of concern are: air quality; water quality; weather and climate change; infectious, zoonotic, and vector-borne disease; sunshine; food resource security; and health risks associated with the built environment. Collaborations within the Earth Science Applications Plan join local, state, national, or global organizations and agencies as partners. These partnerships engage in projects that strive to understand the connection between the environment and health. The important outcome is to put this understanding to use through enhancement of decision support tools that aid policy and management decisions on environmental health risks. Future plans will further employ developed models in formats that are compatible and accessible to all public health organizations.

Watts, C. T.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction on Calorie and Macronutrient Intake

Introduction: Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) has been associated with increased calorie intake and increased consumption of fats and carbohydrates, with inconsistent changes in protein. However, the majority of studies have either been observational field studies with no sleep intervention, or laboratory-based studies where food availability may not have reflected participants’ real-world choices. We hypothesized that calorie, fat, and carbohydrate intake would increase during a week of imposed CSR compared to a week of sleep satiation (SS) among individuals living in their home environment. Methods: Twelve healthy participants (6 females) kept a fixed sleep-wake schedule, with a constant waketime, at home for four weeks (actigraphy confirmed compliance). During weeks one and three, participants maintained 9 hours in bed. During weeks two and four, participants were randomly assigned to experimental weeks of 5 and 9 hours of time-in-bed in a crossover design. Participants documented their food consumption during both experimental weeks using a picture-based meal logging application (MealLogger). Intake of calories and macronutrients were classified by two blinded evaluators. Descriptive statistics were calculated in SAS (Cary, NC). Results: Participants averaged 4.43 ± 0.33 (SD) hours of sleep per night during CSR compared to 7.42 ± 0.42 hours during SS. Participants consumed a daily average of 1812 ± 672 kilocalories, 71 ± 31 grams of total fat, 217 ± 69 grams of carbohydrates, and 84 ± 40 grams of protein during CSR, compared to 1682 ± 514 kilocalories, 68 ± 23 grams of total fat, 198 ± 61 grams of carbohydrates, and 77 ± 32 grams of protein during SS. Conclusion: Preliminary descriptive findings suggest that, on average, participants consumed more calories, from an increase in consumption of each macronutrient group, during a week of sleep restriction compared to a week of sleep satiation. Further analysis is needed to determine whether these differences are statistically different and to identify when calories were consumed in each of the experimental conditions.

chronic sleep restriction↗
NASA NTRS1956

Friction factors for flow of non-newtonian materials in pipelines

In many industries, non-Newtonian material, such as oils, lubricants, foods, cosmetics, and solid-liquid suspensions, are passed through pipelines during manufacture, application, or transportation. For the proper design of the pipelines, and evaluation of the flow resistance of the materials when flowing in these pipelines is essential. The pressure loss Δ p , due to a material flowing through a straight pipeline can be expressed as a function of a friction factor, φ, so that Δ p = ( pv 2 )/2 L/D φ where φ is a function of the flow properties of the material v is the mean velocity of the material and can be determined from the mas-flow rate, L is the length and D is the diameters of the pipeline, and p is the density of the material. The purpose of this paper is to present a generalized friction diagram, which can be used to determine φ for any material and flow condition, provided the flow properties of the material and the mean flow velocity in the pipeline are known. In composing this diagram generous use is made of the literature and only parts of the diagram and the presentation can claim originality.

Ruth N Weltmann↗
NASA NTRS1985

BLSS: A Contribution to Future Life Support

The problem of the supply of basic life supporting ingredients was analyzed. Storage volume and launch weight of water, oxygen and food in a conventional nonregenerable life support system are directly proportional to the crew size and the length of the mission. Because of spacecraft payload limitations this requires that the carbon, or food, recycling loop, the third and final part in the life support system, be closed to further reduce logistics cost. Advanced life support systems need to be developed in which metabolic waste products are regenerated and food is produced. Biological life support systems (BLSS) satisfy the space station environmental control functions and close the food cycle. Numerous scientific space experiments were delineated, the results of which are applicable to the support of BLSS concepts. Requirements and concepts are defined and the feasibility of BLSS for space application are analyzed. The BLSS energy mass relation, and the possibilities to influence it to achieve advantages for the BLSS are determined. A program for the development of BLSS is proposed.

Skoog, A. I.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Novel Biomedical Device Utilizing Light-Emitting Nanostructures Developed

Sketches and chemical diagrams of state-of-the-art device and novel proposed device are presented. Current device uses a diode laser that emits into a fluorescent fluid only one wavelength and a photodetector diode that detects only one wavelength. Only one type of bacteria can be detected. The proposed device uses a quantum dot array that emits into a fluorescent fluid multiple wavelengths and an NIR 512 spectrometer that scans 0.8- to 1.7-mm wavelengths. Hundreds of different bacteria and viruses can be detected. A novel biomedical device is being developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center in cooperation with the University of Michigan. This device uses nano-structured quantum dots that emit light in the near-infrared (IR) region. The nanostructured quantum dots are used as a source and excite fluorochrome polymers coupled with antibodies that seek out and attach to specific bacteria and viruses. The fluorochrome polymers/antibodies fluoresce at specific wavelengths in the near-IR spectrum, but these wavelengths are offset from the excitation wavelength and can be detected with a tunable spectrometer. The device will be used to detect the presence of viruses and bacteria in simple fluids and eventually in more complex fluids, such as blood. Current state-of-the-art devices are limited to single bacteria or virus detection and a considerable amount of time and effort is required to prepare samples for analysis. Most importantly, the devices are quite large and cumbersome, which prohibits them from being used on the International Space Station and the space shuttles. This novel device uses nanostructured quantum dots which, through molecular beam epitaxy and highly selective annealing processes, can be developed into an illumination source that could potentially generate hundreds of specific wavelengths. As a result, this device will be able to excite hundreds of antibody/fluorochrome polymer combinations, which in turn could be used to detect hundreds of bacteria and viruses in fluids. A novel sample preparation technique that exploits micromembrane filtration and centrifugation methods has been developed for this device. The technique greatly reduces the time required to prepare the sample and the amount of sample needed to perform an accurate and comprehensive analysis. Last, and probably most important, because of the nano-light-emitting source and the novel sample preparation technique, the overall size of the device could be reduced dramatically. This device will serve as a nanoscale lab-on-a-chip for in situ microorganism detection and will enable tests to be performed on a time scale of minutes rather than days. Thus, it is ideally suited for monitoring the environmental conditions onboard the International Space Station and the space shuttles, thereby enhancing the safety of the astronauts. In addition, the device has important commercial applications, such as detecting the presence of bacteria and viruses in water at food- and beverage-processing centers, water treatment plants, and restaurants. Also, this technology has the potential to be used to detect bacteria and viruses in more complex fluids, such as blood--which in all likelihood would revolutionize blood analysis as it is performed today. This project was made possible through the Director's Discretionary Fund and is ongoing. In addition, this project provides funding to Dr. Rachel Goldman of the University of Michigan for the research and development of nanostructured quantum dots.

Scardelletti, Maximilian C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Intelligent Processing Equipment Projects at DLA

The Defense Logistics Agency is successfully incorporating Intelligent Processing Equipment (IPE) into each of its Manufacturing Technology thrust areas. Several IPE applications are addressed in the manufacturing of two 'soldier support' items: combat rations and military apparel. In combat rations, in-line sensors for food processing are being developed or modified from other industries. In addition, many process controls are being automated to achieve better quality and to gain higher use (soldier) acceptance. IPE applications in military apparel include: in-process quality controls for identification of sewing defects, use of robots in the manufacture of shirt collars, and automated handling of garments for pressing.

Obrien, Donald F.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Costs and benefits

Two models of cost benefit analysis are illustrated and the application of these models to assessing the economic scope of space applications programs was discussed. Four major areas cited as improvable through space derived information - food supply and distribution, energy sources, mineral reserves, and communication and navigation were - discussed. Specific illustrations are given for agriculture and maritime traffic.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1989

Analysis of an algae-based CELSS. II - Options and weight analysis

Life support components are evaluated for application to an idealized closed life support system which includes an algal reactor for food production. Weight-based trade studies are reported as 'break-even' time for replacing food stores with a regenerative bioreactor. It is concluded that closure of the life support gases (oxygen recovery) depends on the carbon dioxide reduction chemistry and that an algae-based food production can provide an attractive alternative to re-supply for longer duration missions.

Holtzapple, Mark T.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Analysis of an algae-based CELSS. Part 2: options and weight analysis

Life support components are evaluated for application to an idealized closed life support system which includes an algal reactor for food production. Weight-based trade studies are reported as "break-even" time for replacing food stores with a regenerative bioreactor. It is concluded that closure of the life support gases (oxygen recovery) depends on the carbon dioxide reduction chemistry and that an algae-based food production can provide an attractive alternative to re-supply for longer duration missions.

Bioreactors↗
NASA NTRS2017

Water Use and Requirements of PtFT1 Plums for Long Duration Space Missions

Early applications of bioregenerative life support technologies for space exploration will likely start with supplemental food production for the crew. This could include fresh, perishable foods that cannot be stored for long and but have a high impact on the diet acceptability bioavailable nutrients. Because of the limited working volume in spacecraft, these plants must be small in size. A combination of CIF (Center Innovation Fund) and NASA Post Doctoral funding was used in FY15 to develop horticultural approaches for propagation, production and fruiting of several dwarf plum lines and evaluate their suitability as candidates for long duration space missions. Collaborators at the USDA Agricultural Research Service transformed Prunus domestica with the FT1 (Flowering Locus T1) flowering gene from Populus trichocarpa (PtFTl), which resulted in early flowering, driving the plant out of its juvenile growth phase and into reproductive development years earlier than would normally occur. The result is a plum line that has potential as a component of food production system on long-duration space missions since it completes complete generation (seed-to-seed) within less than a year and maintains a dwarf-bush or vine-like growth habit. Further, there appears to be no obligatory requirement for a dormancy period, resulting in continuous fruit production on a given plant. This potential is described in Graham et al (2015, in press).

plant growt↗
NASA NTRS2022

Electrodeionization Salt Removal from Water

This project developed a method to selectively extract sodium (Na) from complex, mission-relevant wastewaters using electricity as a driving force. The team investigated capacitive deionization (CDI), which has been used for general desalination but not for selective removal of Na. Three tasks supported this overall aim: designing and building a reactor and electrodes, engineering absorption and desorption parameters, and investigating varying water compositions and sources. Potential benefits of this approach include integrating into existing Environmental Control & Life Support Systems (ECLSS) treatment trains, reducing salinity for hydroponic installations, and producing food preservatives. Significant accomplishments, including building new reactors and characterizing their optimal operations and applications, advance the frontier of in-situ resource utilization for planetary habitation.

Luke Roberson↗
NASA NTRS1983

Low-Cost Electrically-Heated Glass Panels

Inexpensive process converts architectural reflective-coated glass into electrically heated panels. Technique utilizes reflective layer as heating element in ordinary glass. Panels have many applications, including automobile windows, home-heating panels, temperature-controlled windows or containers, and food warming trays.

Shlichta, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS2022

The Marine Biodiversity Observation Network Plankton Workshops: Plankton Ecosystem Function, Biodiversity, and Forecasting—Research Requirements and Applications

Plankton functional diversity is at the core of various ecological processes, including productivity, carbon cycling and sequestration, nutrient cycling, interspecies interactions, food web dynamics and structure. Through these functions, plankton play a critical role in the health of the coastal and open ocean and provide essential ecosystem services. Yet, at present, our understanding of plankton dynamics is insufficient to project how climate change and other human-driven impacts affect the functional diversity of plankton. That limits our ability to predict how critical ecosystem services will change in the future and develop strategies to adapt to these changes.

Plankton↗
NASA NTRS1991

Two new advanced forms of spectrometry for space and commercial applications

Reagentless ultraviolet absorption spectrometry (UVAS) and Liquid Atomic Emission Spectrometry (LAES) represent new forms of spectrometry with extensive potential in both space and commercial applications. Originally developed under KSC sponsorship for monitoring nutrient solutions for the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS), both UVAS and LAES have extensive analytical capabilities for both organic and inorganic chemical compounds. Both forms of instrumentation involve the use of remote fiber optic probes and real-time measurements for on-line process monitoring. Commercial applications exist primarily in environmental analysis and for process control in the chemical, pulp and paper, food processing, metal plating, and water/wastewater treatment industries.

Schlager, Kenneth J.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Novel approaches and application of contemporary sensory evaluation practices in iron fortification programs

Iron deficiency is the leading nutritional deficiency in the U.S. and the rest of the world, with its highest prevalences in the developing world. Iron fortification of food has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the high prevalence of iron deficiency. Poor consumer acceptance, unacceptable taste, and discoloration of the iron-fortified foods have been frequently listed as causes of unsuccessful iron fortification programs. An excellent prospect for improving consumer acceptance of iron-fortified foods is the incorporation of a thorough, organized, and unified approach to sensory evaluation practices into iron fortification programs for product optimization. The information gained from systematic sensory evaluation allows for the manipulation of the sensory attributes, and thus improvement of the sensory properties of the fortified food. However, iron fortification programs have not systematically measured the effect of fortification on the sensory quality of the food. Because sensory evaluation is an important criterion in successful iron fortification, an integrated approach is necessary. Therefore, nutritionists and sensory scientists should work closely with each other to select the most suitable sensory tests and methods. The objectives of this article are to: (1) critically review and discuss some traditional and contemporary approaches and applications of sensory evaluation practices in iron fortification programs, and (2) demonstrate the importance of incorporating a multidisciplinary, systematic sensory evaluation approach in iron fortification programs.

Review, Tutorial↗
NASA NTRS1988

Temperature Pill

Ingestible Thermal Monitoring System was developed at Johns Hopkins University as means of getting internal temperature readings for treatments of such emergency conditions as dangerously low (hypothermia) and dangerously high (hyperthermia) body temperatures. ITMS's accuracy is off no more than one hundredth of a degree and provides the only means of obtaining deep body temperature. System has additional applicability in fertility monitoring and some aspects of surgery, critical care obstetrics, metabolic disease treatment, gerontology (aging) and food processing research. Three-quarter inch silicone capsule contains telemetry system, micro battery, and a quartz crystal temperature sensor inserted vaginally, rectally, or swallowed.

Source record↗