Chemically Resolved Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy by Longitudinal Magnetization Detection with a Diamond Magnetometer
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Smits, Janis [University of New Mexico, Center for↗
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Carbon Ores-Derived Critical Materials for Clean Energy Technology Applications
Presented at the 48th International Technical Conference on Clean Energy (Clearwater Clean Energy Conference), Clearwater, Florida, June 16-19, 2024. This presentation describes the Energy & Environmental Research Center’s development of the Upgraded Carbon Ores-to-Products (UCOP) technology to produce high‑quality graphite and other critical materials from coal and coal wastes for clean energy applications such as batteries and electrodes. It outlines the technical approach, including feedstock cleaning, controlled heat treatment, and graphitization, and presents results demonstrating high graphite purity, novel microstructures, and competitive performance relative to commercial graphite. The work highlights the potential for lower environmental impact and domestic supply chains for critical materials amid increasing global demand and supply‑chain constraints.
01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
Building High-Energy Silicon-Containing Batteries Using Off-The-Shelf Materials
The technology of silicon anodes appears to be reaching maturity, with high-energy Si cells already in pilot-scale production. However, the performance of these systems can be difficult to replicate in academic settings, making it challenging to translate research findings into solutions that can be implemented by the battery industry. Part of this difficulty arises from the lack of access to engineered Si particles and anodes, as electrode formulations and the materials themselves have become valuable intellectual property for emerging companies. Here, we summarize the efforts by Argonne’s Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Prototyping (CAMP) Facility in developing Si-based prototypes made entirely from commercially available materials. We describe the many challenges we encountered when testing high-loading electrodes (>5 mAh cm −2 ) and discuss strategies to mitigate them. With the right electrode and electrolyte design, we show that our pouch cells containing ≥ 70 wt% SiO x can achieve 600–1,000 cycles at C/3 and meet projected energy targets of 700 Wh L −1 and 350 Wh kg −1 . These results provide a practical reference for research teams seeking to advance silicon-anode development using accessible materials.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Collaborative Approach to Identify Degradation Mechanisms and Validate Aging Protocols for a Diverse Set of DAC Materials (TCF Base Technology-Specific Final Report)
This work supports the mission of the U.S. Department of Energy to promote American energy leadership, technological innovation, and economic growth through the development of technologies for cost effective carbon capture. While capture technologies can provide carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery, many capture materials suffer from oxidative, hydrolytic and/or thermal degradation which leads to capacity loss and unwanted emissions such as ammonia. Short lifetimes increase operational costs and cost studies suffer from uncertainty because the true lifetimes of many capture materials are unknown. In this study, a suite of capture materials were studied to quantify their degradation, provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to their uptake loss and provide validated accelerated aging protocols for industry.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
On the progress of 3D-printed hydrogels for tissue engineering
Additive manufacturing or more commonly known as 3D printing, is currently driving innovations and applications in diverse fields such as prototyping, manufacturing, aerospace, education, and medicine. Recent technological and materials research breakthroughs have enabled 3D bioprinting, where biomaterials and cells are used to create scaffolds and functional living tissues (e.g. skin, cartilage, etc.). This prospective focuses on the classification and applications of hydrogels, and design considerations in their production (i.e. physical and biological parameters). Herein, the materials for 3D printing of hydrogels, such as biopolymers, synthetic polymers, and nanocomposites, are mainly discussed. More importantly, future perspectives on 3D printing hydrogels including new materials, 4D printing, emerging printing technologies, etc. and their importance in biomedical and bioengineering applications are discussed.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Survey of Modeling and Simulation Techniques for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Volume II – Predicting Material Performance from Material Microstructure
This report describes the current state of modeling and simulation techniques for predicting the properties of materials fabricated with advanced manufacturing techniques, given the initial microstructure of the material. The report includes a literature survey and a gap analysis outlining and prioritizing key issues in applying these modeling and simulation techniques to nuclear reactor structural materials. The discussion covers both physics-based and data-driven modeling techniques and includes a broad range of manufacturing techniques and materials that may have future nuclear applications. This report is the second in a two-part series, with the first report covering modeling and simulation methods for predicting the initial, as-manufactured structure of advanced manufacturing materials, given a description of the process. Both reports focus on a set of manufacturing technologies likely to be applied to reactor structural components. Taken together, the two reports provide a complete summary of the current state of processing-structure-properties models for advanced manufacturing as well as a survey of applications to reactor structural materials
42 ENGINEERING↗
2019 Vehicle Technologies Office Annual Merit Review Report
The 2019 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) Annual Merit Review (AMR) was held June 10-13, 2019, in Arlington, Virginia. The review encompassed work done by VTO: 287 individual activities were reviewed by 272 reviewers. Exactly 1,162 individual review responses were received for the VTO technical reviews. The objective of the meeting was to review the accomplishments and plans for VTO over the previous 12 months, and provide an opportunity for industry, government, and academia to give inputs to DOE on the Office with a structured and formal methodology. The meeting also provided attendees with a forum for interaction and technology information transfer.
03 NATURAL GAS↗
Material Protection, Accounting and Control Technologies Program Annual Accomplishments Report FY 20
The mission of the Materials Protection Accounting and Control Technologies (MPACT) campaign is to support U.S. nuclear fuel cycle developers and operators to effectively and economically address domestic (and facilitate international) nuclear materials control and accounting (MC&A) requirements.
98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
Outline for Feasibility Study on Nuclear Material Accounting and Control Technologies for Pu Fuel Cycle Facilities under Decommissioning at Tokai Site [Slides]
DOE/NNSA and JAEA to conduct a feasibility study on nuclear material accounting and control needs and requirements for non-destructive assay (NDA) measurement of material unaccounted for (MUF) in waste streams at JAEA Tokai fuel cycle facilities during the decommissioning process. Under this study, both sides will exchange information, perform an assessment of needs and requirements, and develop joint recommendations for development of NDA systems at select facilities.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Materials challenges for quantum technologies based on color centers in diamond
Emerging quantum technologies require precise control over quantum systems of increasing complexity. Defects in diamond, particularly the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy center, are a promising platform with the potential to enable technologies ranging from ultra-sensitive nanoscale quantum sensors, to quantum repeaters for long distance quantum networks, to simulators of complex dynamical processes in many-body quantum systems, to scalable quantum computers. While these advances are due in large part to the distinct material properties of diamond, the uniqueness of this material also presents difficulties, and there is a growing need for novel materials science techniques for characterization, growth, defect control, and fabrication dedicated to realizing quantum applications with diamond. In this article we identify and discuss the major materials science challenges and opportunities associated with diamond quantum technologies.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Technical Assessment of Off-Gas System Technologies for Potential Use in Molten Salt Reactors
Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are a class of Generation IV advanced reactor technologies aimed to enhance and improve the safety, fuel utilization and cost-effectiveness of nuclear power generation. MSR concepts are based on using a molten salt mixture as a primary nuclear reactor coolant, while the fuel can be either directly dissolved in the coolant (i.e., fluid-fueled) or can be in a separate solid form (i.e., salt-cooled solid-fueled). MSRs can be operated in either thermal or fast neutron spectra, as simple fissile convertors, or breeder reactors (e.g., utilizing both fissile and fertile fuels), as well as accelerator-driven sub-critical reactors or transuranic element burners. Operation of MSRs will necessitate management and treatment of the off-gas streams released to the headspace of the reactor where, in some designs, a cover gas can be circulated to remove certain fission products and maintain an inert atmosphere. An inert MSR cover gas swept over or sparged into the salt will confine radionuclides emerging from the free surface, including radioactive noble and non-noble gases, aerosols, and volatile species. The elements and compounds of these species will have a wide range of thermochemical and physical properties, some of which will decay to different products in the off-gas stream. Therefore, system components used to manage and treat MSR off-gas streams will need to be robust under dynamic reactor and chemistry conditions to support adequate reactor performance by managing the composition and species in the salt coolant and cover gas space. Off-gas system components would perform as a radionuclide boundary to the reactor vessel and a primary means for preventing radionuclide release; therefore, they are of high safety significance for MSR operations. This report reviews various technologies and materials for potential implementation in the design of an MSR off-gas system per a general conceptual framework. The reviewed technologies operate based on scrubbing, capture, delay, or separation of species in the off-gas stream. These include molten hydroxide scrubbers, solid sorbents, delay off-gas systems, particle traps, and cryogenic distillation. Since aspects of an off-gas system will be design-specific, the approach is to provide general discussions on attributes of these technologies and materials, including target off-gas stream species, operational parameters and conditions of importance to decontamination factors, implementation maturity, system component monitoring, potential off-normal conditions and considerations for waste products. The information aims to support the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in their safety evaluations for MSR designs.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
Initial Results of PostProcess NDE Using Advanced Techniques
The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Program is developing advanced materials and manufacturing technologies that will enable the safe and economical operation of both the current fleet and the next generation of advanced nuclear reactors. Post-process nondestructive evaluation capabilities are a key enabling technology that will be required to qualify and verify the condition of components produced using advanced materials and manufacturing technologies.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
Report on the Assessment of Ion Irradiations on High Entropy Alloys
Idaho National Laboratory (INL) initiated a joint international effort with the Czech Republic to explore the feasibility of manufacturing High Entropy Alloys for high-temperature nuclear applications using Additive Manufacturing. This effort was funded at INL by the United States Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy under the Advanced Reactor Technologies and Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies (AMMT) Program. The High Entropy Alloys were specifically designed for the corrosive and irradiation environments as experienced in gas fast reactors, molten salt reactors, and fusion power. These alloys were manufactured by multiple processes to determine the impact of manufacturing processes on the performance of the alloys in corrosive and irradiation environments. Preliminary results show that MoNbTiV and MoNbTi alloys exhibit no degradation after multiple corrosion tests. These MoNbTiV and MoNbTi alloys were also evaluated after irradiation experiments were conducted at the Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory at the University of Michigan, which is the focus of this milestone report. For these irradiation experiments, the MoNbTiV and MoNbTi alloys manufactured by arc melting and Electric Field Assisted Sintering (EFAS) were tested at 500 C at a dose of 30 dpa to evaluate the microstructural stability and decomposition.
36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling: Barriers and Opportunities for State, Local, and Tribal Governments
Electronic waste, or e-waste, encompasses end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment, including computers, monitors, televisions, printers, cell phones, household appliances with electronic components, and small consumer devices containing batteries or circuitry. E-waste is one of the fastest-growing components of the U.S. waste stream, with nearly 8 million tons generated in 2022. E-waste presents two related public-interest considerations. First, e-waste contains economically and strategically important materials: base metals (copper, aluminum, iron, steel), precious metals (gold, silver, platinum group metals), and critical materials such as rare earth elements, gallium, and indium that appear on the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) 2025 List of Critical Minerals. Second, many electronic devices contain hazardous constituents - including lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants - as well as rechargeable batteries that can pose fire risks during handling. Effective management of these constituents helps protect workers, communities, and the environment. In the United States, it is estimated that less than 20% of e-waste is formally collected and recycled, leaving over 6 million tons landfilled or otherwise unrecovered. This fact sheet provides state and local decision-makers an overview of (1) e-waste composition and recoverable materials, (2) technology pathways used to recover those materials, and (3) examples of operational and partnership structures used to provide e-waste recycling capacity in the United States. It is intended to complement existing collection-program guidance available through U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other sources.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Computational Study of Mixing Solid Materials for CO2 Capture Technology
CO2 is one of the major combustion products that, once released into the air, can contribute to global climate change. Solid sorbents have been reported as promising candidates for CO2 sorbent applications due to their high CO2 absorption capacities at moderate working temperatures. By combining thermodynamic database mining with first-principles density functional theory and phonon lattice dynamics calculations, the National Energy Technology Laboratory has proposed and validated a theoretical screening methodology to identify the most promising CO2 sorbent candidates from a vast array of possible solid materials. The advantage of this method is that it identifies the thermodynamic properties of the CO2 capture reaction as a function of temperature and gas pressure without any experimental input beyond crystallographic structural information of the solid phases involved. The calculated thermodynamic properties of solid materials versus temperature and pressure changes were further used to evaluate the equilibrium properties for the CO2 adsorption/desorption cycles. The selected CO2 sorbent candidates were further considered for experimental validations. In this presentation, the results of M2O/Al2O3 (M=Li, Na, K) mixtures (MAlO2 and M5AlO4) capturing CO2 will be demonstrated in detail.
Duan, Yuhua↗
The status and prospects of materials for carbon capture technologies
In order to combat climate change, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from industry, transportation, buildings, and other sources need to be captured and long-term stored. Decarbonization of these sources requires special types of materials that have high affinities for CO 2 . Potassium hydroxide is a benchmark aqueous sorbent that reacts with CO 2 to convert it into K 2 CO 3 and subsequently precipitated as CaCO 3 . Another class of carbon capture materials is solid sorbents that are usually functionalized with amines or have natural affinities for CO 2 . The next wave of materials for carbon capture under investigation includes activated carbon, metal–organic frameworks, zeolites, carbon nanotubes, and ionic liquids. In this issue of MRS Bulletin, some of these materials are highlighted, including solvents and sorbents, membranes, ionic liquids, and hydrides. Other materials that can capture CO2 from low concentrations of gas streams, such as air (direct air capture) are also discussed. Also covered in this issue are machine learning-based computer algorithms developed with the goal to speed up the progress of carbon capture materials development, and to design advanced materials with high CO 2 capacity, improved capture and release kinetics, and improved cyclic durability.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A comparative review on cold sprayed cermet coatings and their applications in high temperature corrosion, oxidation and wear resistance
This review article explores the properties and bonding mechanisms specific to cold sprayed cermet coatings, highlighting its contrast with that of pure metals, and pure ceramics. The general cost structure of cold spraying is compared with other thermal spray techniques and the advantages are highlighted. Several cold sprayed cermet coatings with good corrosion, oxidation and wear resistance behavior in elevated temperatures show convincing potential for applications in power generation industries. The important factors that are attributed to producing highly functional cold sprayed cermet coatings are discussed. A strategic approach involving material, equipment, and application specific optimization of the cold spray process is currently relevant and of utmost importance to meet the coating requirements in several industrial applications.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Preliminary Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for in-situ Structural Materials Surveillance for MSR
This report describes the initial development of the technical basis for a materials surveillance technology that, when fully developed and validated, can be used by stakeholders to develop and implement a materials surveillance program to manage materials degradation during reactor operations. The procedures described in this report aim to bound the detrimental effects of the reactor environment on the creep-fatigue life of the reactor components through materials surveillance. Specifically, the report describes procedures for selecting critical locations within the reactor components for surrogate materials surveillance and the sizing and placements of passively-actuated materials surveillance test articles under development by the US Department of Energy, Advanced Reactor Technologies Program. These test articles apply cyclic thermomechanical load to a surrogate sample of the component structural material passively through thermal expansion mismatch within the articles, without requiring any penetrations in the reactor coolant boundary. The procedures can be used to size materials surveillance test articles so that they will fail before the corresponding structural component. These articles would be exposed to the component operating environment, located to experience a bounding radiation fluence and representative coolant exposure. They can be monitored during reactor operations to ensure that they have not failed under the combination of creep-fatigue damage and environmental degradation. The report describes the key technical decisions and the corresponding rational for using these procedures to provide advanced warning of any impending material failure. An appendix describes the technical basis and the procedure for sizing a family of passively-actuated test articles. Finally, the report describes future work needed to complete the technical basis underlying this materials surveillance technology.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗