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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2003

Liquid Propellant Manipulated Acoustically

Fluids are difficult to manage in the space environment. Without gravity, the liquid and gas do not always remain separated as they do in the 1g environment of Earth. Instead the liquid and gas volumes mix and migrate under the influence of surface tension, thermodynamic forces, and external disturbances. As a result, liquid propellants may not be in a useable location or may even form a chaotic mix of liquid and gas bubbles. In the past, mechanical pumps, baffles, and a variety of specialized passive devices have been used to control the liquid and gas volumes. These methods need to be carefully tuned to a specific configuration to be effective. With increasing emphasis on long-term human activity in space there is a trend toward liquid systems that are more flexible and provide greater control. We are exploring new methods of manipulating liquids by using the nonlinear acoustic effects achieved by using beams of highly directed high-intensity acoustic waves.

Oeftering, Richard C.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Measurement of third-order elastic constants using thermal modulation of ultrasonic waves

Third-order elastic constants (TOEC) play an important role in nonlinear material characterization, but measurements of TOEC are laborious with large error margins. This Letter presents the equations of wave velocity changes caused by homogeneous temperature variation and uniaxial stress in isotropic media and the expression of TOEC in terms of thermally induced velocity change and thermal strain. TOEC of an aluminum sample were experimentally determined by measuring ultrasonic wave velocity changes in the uniaxial loading test and the thermal modulation test. Experimental results showed good agreement between the two test methods. Owing to the simple test setup and high measurement sensitivity, the thermal modulation test is a potential experimental method to determine TOEC and absolute acoustic nonlinearity parameters.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1976

Nonlinear behavior of acoustic waves in combustion chambers. I, II

The general problem of the nonlinear growth and limiting amplitude of acoustic waves in a combustion chamber is treated in three parts: (1) the general conservation equations are expanded in two small parameters, and then combined to yield a nonlinear inhomogeneous wave equation, (2) the unsteady pressure and velocity fields are expressed as a synthesis of the normal modes of the chamber, but with unknown time-varying amplitudes, and (3) the system of nonlinear equations is treated by the method of averaging to produce a set of coupled nonlinear first order differential equations for the amplitudes and phases of the modes. This approximate analysis is applied to the investigation of the unstable motions in a solid propellant rocket engine and in a T burner.

Culick, F. E. C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Computational procedures for mixed equations with shock waves

This paper discusses the procedures we have developed to treat a canonical problem involving a mixed nonlinear equation with boundary data that imply a discontinuous solution. This equation arises in various physical contexts and is basic to the description of the nonlinear acoustic behavior of a shock wave near a caustic. The numerical scheme developed is of second order, treats discontinuities as such by applying the appropriate jump conditions across them, and eliminates the numerical dissipation and dispersion associated with large gradients. Our results are compared with the results of a first-order scheme and with those of a second-order scheme we have developed. The algorithm used here can easily be generalized to more complicated problems, including transonic flows with imbedded shocks.

Yu, N. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Non-linear propagation of complex sound fields in rectangular ducts. I - The self-excitation phenomenon

Nonlinear acoustic interactions at the second order (so-called weak interactions) of the perturbation scheme have been recognized for a long time. This paper examines the possibility of stronger interactions at the first order which are found in rigid rectangular ducts and to a lesser degree in slightly soft rectangular ducts. The strong interactions occur if any two modes have identical phase speeds, the case of multimode and multifrequency input for example. An important consequence of the strong interaction is the self-generation of subharmonics. Even a small amount of subharmonic can, given the right phase conditions, grow through a strong interaction with a higher harmonic.

Vaidya, P. G.↗
NASA NTRS1982

The effect of non-linear propagation in jet noise

An experimental investigation of the nonlinear propagation effects which occur in the noise radiated from low and moderate Reynolds number supersonic jets has been performed. An array of three condenser microphones was used to measure the waveforms propagated by axisymmetric, cold model jets of Mach numbers 2.1 and 2.5. Relatively low Reynolds numbers were obtained by exhausting the jets into a low pressure anechoic test chamber. The results show that phenomena normally associated with nonlinear acoustic propagation, such as wave steepening, harmonic generation and wave merging, are measurable in the high speed model jets.

Gallagher, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

High-order ENO methods for the unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations

The adaptive stencil concepts of ENO (Essentially Non-Oscillatory) methods are applied to the laminar Navier-Stokes equations to yield a high-order, time-accurate algorithm with a shock-capturing capability. The method targets problems in the areas of nonlinear acoustics, compressible transition, and turbulence which, due to the presence of shocks or complex geometries, are not easily solved by spectral methods. The present approach has been implemented and tested for the full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in a transformed curvilinear coordinate system. Validation results are presented for a variety of problems which verify the method's accuracy properties and shock capturing capabilities, as well as demonstrate its use as a direct simulation tool.

Atkins, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Assessment of modern methods in numerical simulations of high speed flows

Results of extensive studies on CFD algorithms for 2D inviscid flows in Cartesian and body fitted coordinates geometries are reviewed. These studies represent part of an ongoing investigation of combustion instabilities involving the interactions of high-speed nonlinear acoustic waves. Four numerical methods for the treatment of high speed flows are compared, namely, Roe-Sweby TVD, Yee symmetric TVD; Osher-Chakravarthy TVD; and the Colella's multi-dimensional Godunov method.

Pindera, M. Z.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Application of essentially nonoscillatory methods to aeroacoustic flow problems

A finite-difference essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) method has been applied to several of the problems prescribed for the workshop sponsored jointly by the Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering and by NASA Langley Research Center entitled 'Benchmark Problems in Computational Aeroacoustics'. The workshop focused on computational challenges specific to aeroacoustics. Among these are long-distance propagation of a short-wavelength disturbance, propagation of small-amplitude disturbances, and nonreflective boundary conditions. The shock capturing-capability inherent to the ENO method effectively eliminates oscillations near shock waves without the need to add and tune dissipation or filter terms. The method-of-lines approach allows the temporal and spatial operators to be chosen separately in accordance with the demands of a particular problem. The ENO method was robust and accurate for all problems in which the propagating wave was resolved with 8 or more points per wavelength. The finite-wave-model boundary condition, a local nonlinear acoustic boundary condition, performed well for the one-dimensional problems. The buffer-domain approach performed well for the two-dimensional test problem. The amplitude of nonphysical reflections were less than 1 percent of the exiting wave's amplitude.

Atkins, Harold L.↗
NASA NTRS1997

An Investigation of High-Order Shock-Capturing Methods for Computational Aeroacoustics

Topics covered include: Low-dispersion scheme for nonlinear acoustic waves in nonuniform flow; Computation of acoustic scattering by a low-dispersion scheme; Algorithmic extension of low-dispersion scheme and modeling effects for acoustic wave simulation; The accuracy of shock capturing in two spatial dimensions; Using high-order methods on lower-order geometries; and Computational considerations for the simulation of discontinuous flows.

Casper, Jay↗
NASA NTRS2003

Non-destructive evaluation method employing dielectric electrostatic ultrasonic transducers

An acoustic nonlinearity parameter (.beta.) measurement method and system for Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of materials and structural members novelly employs a loosely mounted dielectric electrostatic ultrasonic transducer (DEUT) to receive and convert ultrasonic energy into an electrical signal which can be analyzed to determine the .beta. of the test material. The dielectric material is ferroelectric with a high dielectric constant .di-elect cons.. A computer-controlled measurement system coupled to the DEUT contains an excitation signal generator section and a measurement and analysis section. As a result, the DEUT measures the absolute particle displacement amplitudes in test material, leading to derivation of the nonlinearity parameter (.beta.) without the costly, low field reliability methods of the prior art.

Yost, William T.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Evolution of Advection Upstream Splitting Method Schemes

This paper focuses on the evolution of advection upstream splitting method(AUSM) schemes. The main ingredients that have led to the development of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods have been reviewed, thus the ideas behind AUSM. First and foremost is the concept of upwinding. Second, the use of Riemann problem in constructing the numerical flux in the finite-volume setting. Third, the necessity of including all physical processes, as characterised by the linear (convection) and nonlinear (acoustic) fields. Fourth, the realisation of separating the flux into convection and pressure fluxes. The rest of this review briefly outlines the technical evolution of AUSM and more details can be found in the cited references. Keywords: Computational fluid dynamics methods, hyperbolic systems, advection upstream splitting method, conservation laws, upwinding, CFD

Liou, Meng-Sing↗
NASA NTRS1987

Multiple-mode large deflection random response of beams with nonlinear damping subjected to acoustic excitation

Multiple-mode nonlinear analysis is carried out for beams subjected to acoustic excitation. Effects of both nonlinear damping and large-deflection are included in the analysis in an attempt to explain the experimental phenomena of aircraft panels excited at high sound pressure levels; that is the broadening of the strain response peaks and the increase of modal frequency. An amplitude dependent nonlinear damping model is used in the anlaysis to study the effects and interactions of multiple modes, nonlinear stiffness and nonlinear damping on the random response of beams. Mean square maximum deflection, mean square maximum strain, and spectral density function of maximum strain for simple supported and clamped beams are obtained. It is shown analytically that nonlinear damping contributes significantly to the broadening of the response peak and to the mean square deflection and strain.

Prasad, C. B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Response of symmetric rectangular composite laminates with nonlinear damping subjected to acoustic loading

Effects of both nonlinear damping and large-deflection are included in the analysis in an attempt to explain the experimental phenomena of aircraft panels excited at high sound pressure levels; that is the broadening and flattening out of the strain response peaks and the increasing of the response frequency. A nonlinear damping model is considered in the analysis using a single-mode approach. Root-mean-square (RMS) maximum deflection, RMS strains, spectral density functions of strain, and equivalent linear frequency are obtained for clamped and simply supported rectangular symmetric laminated composite plates. It is demonstrated that nonlinear damping is the one which causes the broadening of the response peaks, and it has great influence on RMS panel deflection, RMS strains, and frequency.

Mei, C.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Nonlinear interactions among solar acoustic modes

The rates at which nonlinear interactions transfer energy among the normal modes of a plane-parallel, stratified atmosphere are evaluated. It is shown that every p-mode in the 5-minute band is involved in many near-resonant triplets, and, as a consequence, the energy transfer rates are independent of the mode line widths. It is also found that nonlinear mode coupling cannot limit the growth of overstable p-modes, which favors the hypothesis that the sun's p-modes are stochastically excited by turbulent convection.

Kumar, Pawan↗
NASA NTRS1987

Influence of large deflection and transverse shear on random response of rectangular symmetric composite laminates to acoustic loads

Nonlinear equations of motion of symmetrically laminated anisotropic plates are derived accounting for von Karman strains. The effect of transverse shear is included in the formulation and the rotatory inertia effect is ignored. Using a single-mode Galerkin procedure the nonlinear modal equation is obtained. Direct equivalent linearization is employed. The response of acoustic excitation on moderately thick composite panels is studied. Further, the effects of transverse shear on large deflection vibration of laminates under random excitation are studied. Mean-square deflection and mean-square inplane stresses are obtained for some symmetric graphite-epoxy laminates. Using equilibrium equations and the continuity requirements, the mean-square transverse shear stresses are calculated. The results obtained will be useful in the sonic fatigue design of composite aircraft panels. The analysis is presented in detail for simply supported plate. The analogous equations for a clamped case are given in the appendix.

Mei, Chuh↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effects of large deflection and transverse shear on response of rectangular symmetric composite laminates subjected to acoustic excitation

Nonlinear equations of motion of symmetrically laminated anisotropic plates are derived accounting for von Karman strains. The effect of transverse shear is included in the formulation. Using a single-mode Galerkin procedure, the nonlinear modal equation is obtained. The direct equivalent linearization method is employed for solution of this equation. The response to acoustic excitation of moderately thick composite panels is studied. Further, the effects of transverse shear on large deflection vibration of laminates under random excitation are studied. Mean-square deflections and mean-square inplane stresses are obtained for symmetric graphite-epoxy laminates. Using equilibrium equations and the continuity requirements, the mean-square transverse shear stresses are calculated. The results obtained will be useful in the sonic fatigue design of composite aircraft panels. The analysis is presented in detail for simply supported plates. The analogous equations for a clamped case are also obtained.

Mei, Chuh↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterization of nonlinear ultrasonic waves behavior while interacting with poor interlayer bonds in large-scale additive manufactured materials

Over the past decades, researchers have developed several nonlinear ultrasonic techniques for quality control of materials commonly used in different applications. Owing to the superior sensitivity of nonlinear ultrasound waves to small defects such as micro-cracks, their applicability in different nondestructive testing (NDT) problems has been investigated in numerous studies. These studies utilize frequency domain analysis to detect the generation of higher harmonics because of the formation of defects in the inspected medium. Frequency domain analysis based on the Fourier transform is a significant approach used in linear systems; however, it may not perform adequately on nonlinear systems. Hence, studies on nonlinear dynamics and physics consider analyzing systems' behavior in the phase-space domain. In contrast to the frequency domain analysis, which can result in information loss, analysis in the phase-space domain retains all the information regarding a system's states. Here, we investigate the nonlinearities induced by poor interlayer bonding in polymer-based additive manufactured parts in the phase-space domain. It is convenient to characterize the nonlinearity in the phase-space domain because it provides a geometrical representation of a system's states. Two types of low quality interlayer bond are considered. The first type is simulated artificially while the second type is manufactured by reducing the bond quality during the printing process. The analysis verified that the received ultrasonic signals exhibit classical nonlinear behavior in the phase-space domain while interacting with simulated poor interlayer bonds. In addition, the results showed that the behavior of ultrasonic waves is amplitude-dependent and evolves into models that have not been previously reported. Furthermore, Largest Lyapunov Exponent (LLE) is used to quantify the behavior of nonlinear ultrasonic waves while interacting with poor interlayer bonds. Using LLE, it was observed that the divergence rate of the phase-space trajectories depends on the amplitude of the excitation. This observation quantitatively proves that nonlinear behavior of ultrasound while interacting with poor interlayer bonds can be amplitude-dependent. The results of both simulated and inherent poor interlayer bond cases showed that LLE can be used as a reliable quantitative damage-sensitive feature to detect and potentially characterize weak bonds, which are difficult to detect using conventional approaches. Additionally, the reported results in the phase-space domain provide a basis for proposing a new mathematical model for ultrasonic waves interacting with poor interlayer bonds.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗