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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Performance of the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter prototype to charged pion beams of 20–300 GeV/c

The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly read out by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Test of a prototype neutron spectrometer based on diamond detectors in a fast reactor

A prototype of neutron spectrometer based on diamond detectors has been developed. This prototype consists of a {sup 6}Li neutron converter sandwiched between two CVD diamond crystals. The radiation hardness of the diamond crystals makes it suitable for applications in low power research reactors, while a low sensitivity to gamma rays and low leakage current of the detector permit to reach good energy resolution. A fast coincidence between two crystals is used to reject background. The detector was read out using two different electronic chains connected to it by a few meters of cable. The first chain was based on conventional charge-sensitive amplifiers, the other used a custom fast charge amplifier developed for this purpose. The prototype has been tested at various neutron sources and showed its practicability. In particular, the detector was calibrated in a TRIGA thermal reactor (LENA laboratory, University of Pavia) with neutron fluxes of 10{sup 8} n/cm{sup 2}s and at the 3 MeV D-D monochromatic neutron source named FNG (ENEA, Rome) with neutron fluxes of 10{sup 6} n/cm{sup 2}s. The neutron spectrum measurement was performed at the TAPIRO fast research reactor (ENEA, Casaccia) with fluxes of 10{sup 9} n/cm{sup 2}s. The obtained spectra were compared to Monte Carlo simulations, modeling detector response with MCNP and Geant4. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Performance of Superconducting Magnet Prototypes for LCLS-II Linear Accelerator

The new LCLS-II Linear Superconducting Accelerator at SLAC needs superconducting magnet packages installed inside SCRF Cryomodules to focus and steer an electron beam. Two magnet prototypes were built and successfully tested at Fermilab. Magnets have an iron dominated configuration, quadrupole and dipole NbTi superconducting coils, and splittable in the vertical plane configuration. Magnets inside the Cryomodule are conductively cooled through pure Al heat sinks. Both magnets performance was verified by magnetic measurements at room temperature, and during cold tests in liquid helium. Test results including magnetic measurements are discussed. Special attention was given to the magnet performance at low currents where the iron yoke and the superconductor hysteresis effects have large influence. Both magnet prototypes were accepted for the installation in FNAL and JLAB prototype Cryomodules.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mechanical Performance of the First Two Prototype 4.5 m Long Nb$_3$Sn Low-$β$ Quadrupole Magnets for the Hi-Lumi LHC Upgrade

The U.S. High-Luminosity LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (HL-LHC AUP) team is collaborating with CERN in the design and fabrication of the first 4.5 m long MQXFA magnets, a 150 mm aperture high-field Nb$_3$Sn quadrupole magnet that uses the aluminum shell-based bladder-and-key technology. The first two prototype magnets, MQXFAP1 and MQXFAP2, were assem-bled and tested while the first pre-series structure (MQXFA03) was in fabrication. This paper summarizes the mechanical perfor-mance of these prototype structures based on the comparison of measured strain gauge data with finite element model analyses from all load steps to powering. The MQXFAP1 magnet almost reached ultimate current before a short to ground was detected and the test was stopped. The MQXFAP2 magnet experienced a low training performance due to a fractured aluminum shell. MQXFAP1b was rebuilt with a new replacement coil, but an old coil limited the magnet from achieving the ultimate current. The mitigations and analyses of these prototype magnets are discussed in the context of the transition to pre-series production.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Prototype Design of Global Common Module for ATLAS Experiment’s Phase-II Upgrade

A new Global Trigger subsystem will be installed in the Level-0 Trigger as part of HL-LHC Upgrade of ATLAS during the upcoming Long-Shutdown 3. It will feature new and improved trigger hardware and algorithms, and an increased maximum output rate of 1 MHz. The Global Trigger will run offline-like trigger algorithms on full-granularity data, gathered from several sub-detectors and trigger-processing subsystems. A single Global Common Module (GCM) hardware is implemented across the Global Trigger system to be used as Multiplexer Processor, Global Event Processor and CTP Interface (gCTPi). This common hardware platform method will minimize the complexity of the firmware and simplify the system design and long-term maintenance. The GCM prototype is an ATCA front form factor board with two Xilinx Virtex UltraScale+ FPGA VU13P and one ZYNQ UltraScale+ FPGA ZU19EG and seventeen 25.78125 Gb/s FireFly duplex optical modules on it. The total power consumption of this board must be less than 350 W, and the temperature of the optical modules should be less than 70 °C in the worst case. The VU13Ps serve as algorithms processor nodes such as MUX, GEP and gCTPi, and the ZU19EG with Peta Linux OS running on it, is used as Command/Control/Readout Unit to configure and monitor the board and communicate with the ATLAS Detector Control System (DCS). The development of an ATCA blade with three large FPGAs and about 200 optical links running at 25Gb/s is a very challenging task, and the successful test results have demonstrated this GCM prototype as an advancement of state-of-the-art electronics module design in HEP experiments. This paper presents the hardware design considerations, functionalities, and performance test results of this GCM prototype.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Increasing dose gradient and uniformity in small fields using modulation: Theory and prototypes for cone-based stereotactic radiosurgery

Purpose: To investigate the theoretical limits to the tradeoff between dose gradient and uniformity when modulation is used in the context of cone based SRS, and to design a prototype collimation device that allows for steeper dose gradients and/or higher target uniformity as compared to a standard circular collimator. Methods: An inverse planning optimization is performed in the context of idealized phantom geometry to determine the ideal fluence pattern that best approximates a “rect function” dose distribution. Ideal fluence patterns were approximated in a prototype device and radiochromic film dosimetry was utilized to compare the prototype device to a standard circular collimator. Results: For choices of prescription isodose lines above approximately 50%, utilizing modulation allows for an improved tradeoff between dose gradient index and dose heterogeneity index. Compensators placed within the circular collimator can achieve the necessary modulation. Conclusions: Using modulation with features on a submillimeter distance scale, it is possible to increase the dose gradient and/or uniformity in small fields.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2015

A prototype, glassless densitometer traceable to primary optical standards for quantitative radiochromic film dosimetry

Purpose: To evaluate a prototype densitometer traceable to primary optical standards and compare its performance to an EPSON Expression{sup ®} 10000XL flatbed scanner (the Epson) for quantitative radiochromic film (RCF) dosimetry. Methods: A prototype traceable laser densitometry system (LDS) was developed to mitigate common film scanning artifacts, such as positional scan dependence and high noise in low-dose regions, by performing point-based measurements of RCF suspended in free-space using coherent light. The LDS and the Epson optical absorbance scales were calibrated up to 3 AU, using reference materials calibrated at a primary standards laboratory and a scanner calibration factor (SCF). Calibrated optical density (OD) was determined for 96 Gafchromic{sup ®} EBT3 film segments before and after irradiation to one of 16 dose levels between 0 and 10 Gy, exposed to {sup 60}Co in a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) phantom. The sensitivity was determined at each dose level and at two rotationally orthogonal readout orientations to obtain the sensitometric response of each RCF dosimetry system. LDS rotational scanning dependence was measured at nine angles between 0°and 180°, due to the expected interference between coherent light and polarizing EBT3 material. The response curves were fit to the analytic functions predicted by two physical response models: the two-parameter single-hit model and the four-parameter percolation model. Results: The LDS and the Epson absorbance measurements were linear to primary optical standards to within 0.2% and 0.3% up to 2 and 1 AU, respectively. At higher densities, the LDS had an over-response (2.5% at 3 AU) and the Epson an under-response (3.1% and 9.8% at 2 and 3 AU, respectively). The LDS and the Epson SCF over the applicable range were 0.968% ± 0.2% and 1.561% ± 0.3%, respectively. The positional scan dependence was evaluated on each digitizer and shown to be mitigated on the LDS, as compared to the Epson. Maximum EBT3 rotational dependence was found to have a strong dependence on dose (0.1% and 34% at 30 mGy and 5 Gy, respectively). The preferred EBT3 polymerization axis angle was constant within experimental uncertainties. In its most sensitive orientation, the LDS-measured EBT3 sensitivity was 7.13 × 10{sup −4} ± 9.2 × 10{sup −6} AU/mGy, which represented a 4.5 fold increase over the Epson of 1.58 × 10{sup −4} ± 9.8 × 10{sup −6} AU/mGy. To first order approximations, EBT3 response was linear up to 500 mGy to within 0.80% and to within 7.5% for the most sensitive LDS and the Epson orientations, respectively. The corresponding single-hit and percolation model relative residual norms were 0.082 and 0.074 for LDS as compared to 0.29 and 0.18 for the Epson, which represented a significant increase in LDS-measured agreement with the simple physical model. Less sensitive LDS and the Epson orientations showed a marked decrease in the physical model agreement, which suggested that suboptimal readout device characteristics may be the origin of the complex sensitometric functional forms currently required for accurate RCF dosimetry. Conclusions: The prototype densitometer was shown to be superior to a conventional scanner for quantitative RCF dosimetry based on physical models of film response. The Epson was shown to be a reliable tool for routine RCF dosimetry in a clinical setting, yet calibration to primary optical standards did not mitigate the necessity for complex, empirical functional form fitting.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-213: Commissioning Results of the Prototype Active Scanning Irradiation System of Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator

Purpose: A prototype actives scanning beam delivery system was designed, manufactured and installed as a part of the Korea Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator Project. The prototype system includes the most components for steering, modulating, detecting incident beam to patient. The system was installed in MC-50 cyclotron beam line and tested to extract the normal operation conditions. Methods: The commissioning process was completed by using 45 MeV of proton beam. To measure the beam position accuracy along the scanning magnet power supply current, 25 different spots were scanning and measured. The scanning results on GaF film were compared with the irradiation plan. Also, the beam size variation and the intensity reduction using range shifter were measured and analyzed. The results will be used for creating a conversion factors for asymmetric behavior of scanning magnets and a dose compensation factor for longitudinal direction. Results: The results show asymmetry operations on both scanning × and y magnet. In case of scanning magnet × operation, the current to position conversion factors were measured 1.69 mm/A for positive direction and 1.74 mm/A for negative direction. The scanning magnet y operation shows 1.38mm/A and 1.48 mm/A for both directions. The size of incoming beam which was 18 mm as sigma becomes larger up to 55 mm as sigma while using 10 mm of the range shifter plate. As the beam size becomes large, the maximum intensity of the was decreased. In case of using 10 mm of range shifter, the maximum intensity was only 52% compared with no range shifter insertion. Conclusion: For the appropriate operation of the prototype active scanning system, the commissioning process were performed to measure the beam characteristics variation. The obtained results would be applied on the irradiation planning software for more precise dose delivery using the active scanning system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-256: 4D IMRT Planning Using An Early Prototype GPU-Enabled Eclipse Workstation

Purpose: True 4D IMRT planning, based on simultaneous spatiotemporal optimization has been shown to significantly improve plan quality in lung radiotherapy. However, the high computational complexity associated with such planning represents a significant barrier to widespread clinical deployment. We introduce an early prototype GPU-enabled Eclipse workstation for inverse planning. To our knowledge, this is the first GPUintegrated Eclipse system demonstrating the potential for clinical translation of GPU computing on a major commercially-available TPS. Methods: The prototype system comprised of four NVIDIA Tesla K80 GPUs, with a maximum processing capability of 8.5 Tflops per K80 card. The system architecture consisted of three key modules: (i) a GPU-based inverse planning module using a highly-parallelizable, swarm intelligence-based global optimization algorithm, (ii) a GPU-based open-source b-spline deformable image registration module, Elastix, and (iii) a CUDA-based data management module. For evaluation, aperture fluence weights in an IMRT plan were optimized over 9 beams,166 apertures and 10 respiratory phases (14940 variables) for a lung cancer case (GTV = 95 cc, right lower lobe, 15 mm cranio-caudal motion). Sensitivity of the planning time and memory expense to parameter variations was quantified. Results: GPU-based inverse planning was significantly accelerated compared to its CPU counterpart (36 vs 488 min, for 10 phases, 10 search agents and 10 iterations). The optimized IMRT plan significantly improved OAR sparing compared to the original internal target volume (ITV)-based clinical plan, while maintaining prescribed tumor coverage. The dose-sparing improvements were: Esophagus Dmax 50%, Heart Dmax 42% and Spinal cord Dmax 25%. Conclusion: Our early prototype system demonstrates that through massive parallelization, computationally intense tasks such as 4D treatment planning can be accomplished in clinically feasible timeframes. With further optimization, such systems are expected to enable the eventual clinical translation of higher-dimensional and complex treatment planning strategies to significantly improve plan quality. This work was partially supported through research funding from National Institutes of Health (R01CA169102) and Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA, USA.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

WE-AB-207A-10: Transmission Characteristics of a Two Dimensional Antiscatter Grid Prototype for CBCT

Purpose: Scattered radiation remains to be a major contributor to image quality degradation in CBCT. To address the scatter problem, a focused, 2D antiscatter grid (2DASG) prototype was designed, and fabricated using additive manufacturing processes. Its scatter and primary transmission properties were characterized using a linac mounted CBCT system. Methods: The prototype 2DASG was composed of rectangular grid holes separated by tungsten septa, and has a grid pitch of 2.91 mm, grid ratio of 8, and a septal thickness of 0.1 mm. Each grid hole was aligned or focused towards the x-ray source in half-fan (i.e. offset detector) geometry of the Varian TrueBeam CBCT system. Scatter and primary transmission experiments were performed by using acrylic blocks and the beam-stop method. Transmission properties of a radiographic ASG (1DASG) (grid ratio of 10) was also performed by using the identical setup. Results: At 30 cm phantom thickness, scatter to primary ratio (SPR) was 4.51 without any ASG device. SPR was reduced to 1.28 with 1DASG, and it was further reduced to 0.28 with 2DASG. Scatter transmission fraction (Ts) of 1DASG was 21%, and Ts was reduced to 5.8% with 2DASG. The average primary transmission fraction (Tp) of 1DASG was 70.6%, whereas Tp increased to 85.1% with 2DASG. Variation of Tp across 40 cm length (the long axis of flat panel detector) was 2.6%. Conclusion: When compared to conventional ASGs, the focused 2DASG can vastly improve scatter suppression and primary transmission performance. Due to precise alignment of 2DASG’s grid holes with respect to beam divergence, high degree of primary transmission through the 2DASG was maintained across the full length of the prototype. We strongly believe that robust scatter rejection and primary transmission characteristics of our 2DASG can translate into both improved quantitative accuracy and soft tissue resolution in linac mounted CBCT systems.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Mechanical Design and Fabrication Aspects of Prototype SSR2 Jacketed Cavities

A total of 35 Superconducting SSR2 spoke cavities will be installed in the PIP II SRF linac at Fermilab and a total of 8 prototype SSR2 cavities will be manufactured for the prototype cryomodule. In this paper, the mechanical design and fabrication aspects of the prototype jacketed SSR2 cavity will be presented. RF and mechanical design activities were conducted in parallel directly on the jacketed cavity in order to minimize the number of design iterations. Also, the lessons learned from other spoke cavities experiences (i.e. SSR1 at Fermilab and ESS double spoke at IPNO) were considered since the early stage of the design.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design of the 650 MHz High Beta Prototype Cryomodule for PIP-II at Fermilab

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. The prototype High Beta 650 MHz cryomodule (pHB650 CM) is designed by an integrated design team, consisting of Fermilab (USA), CEA (France), UKRI-STFC (UK), and RRCAT (India). The manufacturing & assembly of this prototype cryomodule will be done at Fermilab, whereas the production cryomodules will be manufactured and/or assembled by UKRI-STFC, RRCAT, or Fermilab. Similar to the prototype Single Spoke Resonator 1 cryomodule (pSSR1 CM), this cryomodule is based on a strong-back at room temperature supporting the coldmass. The pSSR1 CM led to significant lessons being learnt on the design, procurement, and assembly processes. These lessons were incorporated into the design and processes for the pHB650 CM. Amongst many challenges faced, the main challenges of the pHB650 CM design were to make the cryomodule compatible to overseas transportation and to design components that can be procured in USA, Europe, and India.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Design and Construction of Prototype Dark Matter Detectors: ΔLepton Quark Studies (LQS)

The Lepton Quark Studies (LQS) group is engaged in searching for dark matter using the Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber (DMTPC) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) (Carlsbad, NM). DMTPC is a direction-sensitive dark matter detector designed to measure the recoil direction and energy deposited by fluorine nuclei recoiling from the interaction with incident WIMPs. In the past year, the major areas of progress have been: • to publish the first dark matter search results from a surface run of the DMTPC prototype detector, • to build and install the 10L prototype in the underground laboratory at WIPP which will house the 1 m 3 detector, and • to demonstrate charge and PMT readout of the TPC using prototype detectors, which allow triggering and z measurement to be used in the 1 m 3 detector under development.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2012

A Detailed Study of FDIRC Prototype with Waveform Digitizing Electronics in Cosmic Ray Telescope Using 3D Tracks

We present a detailed study of a novel Cherenkov imaging detector called the Focusing DIRC (FDIRC) with waveform digitizing electronics. In this test study, the FDIRC prototype has been instrumented with seven Hamamatsu H-8500 MaPMTs. Waveforms from ~450 pixels are digitized with waveform sampling electronics based on the BLAB2 ASIC, operating at a sampling speed of ~2.5 GSa/s. The FDIRC prototype was tested in a large cosmic ray telescope (CRT) providing 3D muon tracks with ~1.5 mrad angular resolution and muon energy of E muon greater than 1.6 GeV. In this study we provide a detailed analysis of the tails in the Cherenkov angle distribution as a function of various variables, compare experimental results with simulation, and identify the major contributions to the tails. We demonstrate that to see the full impact of these tails on the Cherenkov angle resolution, it is crucial to use 3D tracks, and have a full understanding of the role of ambiguities. These issues could not be fully explored in previous FDIRC studies where the beam was perpendicular to the quartz radiator bars. This work is relevant for the final FDIRC prototype of the PID detector at SuperB, which will be tested this year in the CRT setup.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2012

Evaluation of Computer-Based Procedure System Prototype

This research effort is a part of the Light-Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program, which is a research and development (R&D) program sponsored by Department of Energy (DOE), performed in close collaboration with industry R&D programs, to provide the technical foundations for licensing and managing the long-term, safe, and economical operation of current nuclear power plants. The LWRS program serves to help the U.S. nuclear industry adopt new technologies and engineering solutions that facilitate the continued safe operation of the plants and extension of the current operating licenses. The introduction of advanced technology in existing nuclear power plants may help to manage the effects of aging systems, structures, and components. In addition, the incorporation of advanced technology in the existing LWR fleet may entice the future workforce, who will be familiar with advanced technology, to work for these utilities rather than more newly built nuclear power plants. Advantages are being sought by developing and deploying technologies that will increase safety and efficiency. One significant opportunity for existing plants to increase efficiency is to phase out the paper-based procedures (PBPs) currently used at most nuclear power plants and replace them, where feasible, with computer-based procedures (CBPs). PBPs have ensured safe operation of plants for decades, but limitations in paper-based systems do not allow them to reach the full potential for procedures to prevent human errors. The environment in a nuclear power plant is constantly changing depending on current plant status and operating mode. PBPs, which are static by nature, are being applied to a constantly changing context. This constraint often results in PBPs that are written in a manner that is intended to cover many potential operating scenarios. Hence, the procedure layout forces the operator to search through a large amount of irrelevant information to locate the pieces of information relevant for the task and situation at hand, which has potential consequences of taking up valuable time when operators must be responding to the situation, and potentially leading operators down an incorrect response path. Other challenges related to PBPs are the management of multiple procedures, place-keeping, finding the correct procedure for the task at hand, and relying on other sources of additional information to ensure a functional and accurate understanding of the current plant status (Converse, 1995; Fink, Killian, Hanes, & Naser, 2009; Le Blanc & Oxstrand, 2012). The main focus of this report is to describe the research activities conducted to address the remaining two objectives; Develop a prototype CBP system based on requirements identified and Evaluate the CBP prototype. The emphasis will be on the evaluation of an initial CBP prototype in at a Nuclear Power Plant.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Observation of Muon Neutrino Charged Current Events in an Off-Axis Horn-Focused Neutrino Beam Using the NOvA Prototype Detector

The NOνA is a long base-line neutrino oscillation experiment. It will study the oscillations between muon and electron neutrinos through the Earth. NOνA consists of two detectors separated by 810 km. Each detector will measure the electron neutrino content of the neutrino (NuMI) beam. Differences between the measurements will reveal details about the oscillation channel. The NOνA collaboration built a prototype detector on the surface at Fermilab in order to develop calibration, simulation, and reconstruction tools, using real data. This 220 ton detector is 110 mrad off the NuMI beam axis. This off-axis location allows the observation of neutrino interactions with energies around 2 GeV, where neutrinos come predominantly from charged kaon decays. During the period between October 2011 and April 2012, the prototype detector collected neutrino data from 1.67 × 10 20 protons on target delivered by the NuMI beam. This analysis selected a number of candidate charged current muon neutrino events from the prototype data, which is 30% lower than predicted by the NOνA Monte Carlo simulation. The analysis suggests that the discrepancy comes from an over estimation of the neutrino flux in the Monte Carlo simulation, and in particular, from neutrinos generated in charged kaon decays. The ratio of measured divided by the simulated flux of muon neutrinos coming from charged kaon decays is: 0.70 +0.108 -0.094 . The NOνA collaboration may use the findings of this analysis to introduce a more accurate prediction of the neutrino flux produced by the NuMI beam in future Monte Carlo simulations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

US NDC Modernization Iteration E2 Prototyping Report: User Interface Framework

During the second iteration of the US NDC Modernization Elaboration phase (E2), the SNL US NDC Modernization project team completed follow-on Rich Client Platform (RCP) exploratory prototyping related to the User Interface Framework (UIF). The team also developed a survey of browser-based User Interface solutions and completed exploratory prototyping for selected solutions. This report presents the results of the browser-based UI survey, summarizes the E2 browser-based UI and RCP prototyping work, and outlines a path forward for the third iteration of the Elaboration phase (E3).

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Organic Iodine Adsorption by AgZ under Prototypical Vessel Off-Gas Conditions

U.S. regulations will require the removal of 129 I from the off-gas streams of any used nuclear fuel (UNF) reprocessing plant prior to discharge of the off-gas to the environment. Multiple off-gas streams within a UNF reprocessing plant combine prior to release, and each of these streams contains some amount of iodine. For an aqueous UNF reprocessing plant, these streams include the dissolver off-gas, the cell off-gas, the vessel off-gas (VOG), the waste off-gas and the shear off-gas. To achieve regulatory compliance, treatment of multiple off-gas streams within the plant must be performed. Preliminary studies have been completed on the adsorption of I 2 onto silver mordenite (AgZ) from prototypical VOG streams. The study reported that AgZ did adsorb I 2 from a prototypical VOG stream, but process upsets resulted in an uneven feed stream concentration. The experiments described in this document both improve the characterization of I 2 adsorption by AgZ from dilute gas streams and further extend it to include characterization of the adsorption of organic iodides (in the form of CH 3 I) onto AgZ under prototypical VOG conditions. The design of this extended duration testing was such that information about the rate of adsorption, the penetration of the iodine species, and the effect of sorbent aging on iodine removal in VOG conditions could be inferred.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗