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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7

Sequential Bayesian inference of transition rates in the hidden Markov model for multi-state system degradation

The more easily available system performance data and advances in data analytics have provided us with opportunities to optimize maintenance programs for engineered systems, for example nuclear power plants. One key task in maintenance optimization is to obtain an accurate model for system degradation. Here, in this research, we propose a Bayesian method to address this problem. Noting that systems usually exhibit multiple states and that the actual state of a system usually is not directly observable, in the method we first model the system degradation process and the observation process based on a hidden Markov model. Then we develop a sequential Bayesian inference algorithm based on importance sampling and the forward algorithm to infer the posterior distributions of the transition rates in the hidden Markov model based on available observations. The proposed Bayesian method allows us to take advantage of evidence from multiple sources, and also allows us to perform Bayesian inference sequentially, without the need to use the entire history of observations every time new observations are collected. We demonstrate the proposed method using both synthetic data for a nuclear power plant feedwater pump and realistic data for a nuclear power plant chemistry analytical device.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Extended Accelerated Stress Testing of Lamination-Free Edge-Sealed Photovoltaic Minimodules

Lamination-free minimodules are constructed with silicon solar cells between glass sheets and an edge seal of polyisobutylene and silicone. These samples are stressed using a repeated sequential testing sequence including ultraviolet-containing simulated solar spectrum light exposure at elevated temperature, damp heat, humidity freeze, and thermal cycling adapted from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) TS 63209-2:2022. The minimodule performance throughout the stressing is characterized by flash testing and electroluminescence imaging. Results are compared to conventional laminated minimodules using the same type of solar cells. The lamination-free minimodules experience up to 8% power loss compared to roughly 3% for the laminated versions. However, those losses, dominated by current and fill factor, are caused by glass soiling and busbar ribbon separation on the cells. When glass is replaced and the stressed cells are contacted with probes bypassing the delaminated ribbons, the initial performance is recovered, and overall losses of the lamination-free samples become negligible.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Sequential ensemble transform for Bayesian inverse problems

In this work, we present the Sequential Ensemble Transform (SET) method, an approach for generating approximate samples from a Bayesian posterior distribution. The method explores the posterior distribution by solving a sequence of discrete optimal transport problems to produce a series of transport plans which map prior samples to posterior samples. We prove that the sequence of Dirac mixture distributions produced by the SET method converges weakly to the true posterior as the sample size approaches infinity. Furthermore, our numerical results indicate that, when compared to standard Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods, the SET approach is more robust to the choice of Markov mutation kernels and requires less computational efforts to reach a similar accuracy when used to explore complex posterior distributions. Finally, we describe adaptive schemes that allow to completely automate the use of the SET method.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

A Strong Gravitational Lens Is Worth a Thousand Dark Matter Halos: Inference on Small-scale Structure Using Sequential Methods

Strong gravitational lenses are a singular probe of the Universe’s small-scale structure—they are sensitive to the gravitational effects of low-mass (<10 10 M ⊙ ) halos even without a luminous counterpart. Recent strong-lensing analyses of dark matter structure rely on simulation-based inference (SBI). Modern SBI methods, which leverage neural networks as density estimators, have shown promise in extracting the halo-population signal. However, it is unclear whether the constraints from these models are limited by the methodology or the data. In this study, we introduce an accelerator-optimized simulation pipeline that can generate lens images with realistic subhalo populations in milliseconds. Leveraging this simulator, we identify the main limitation of our fiducial SBI analysis: training set size. We then adopt a sequential neural posterior estimation (SNPE) approach, allowing us to refine the training distribution to align with the observed data. Using only one-fifth as many mock Hubble Space Telescope images, SNPE matches the constraints on the low-mass halo population produced by our best nonsequential model. Our experiments suggest that an over 3 order-of-magnitude increase in training set size and GPU hours would be required to achieve an equivalent result without sequential methods. While the full potential of the existing lens sample remains to be explored, the notable improvement in constraining power enabled by our sequential approach highlights that current constraints are limited primarily by methodology and not the data itself. Moreover, our results emphasize the need to treat training set generation and model optimization as interconnected stages of any cosmological analysis using SBI.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Ensemble Sampling vs. Time Sampling in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Thermal Conductivity

In this report we compare time sampling and ensemble averaging as two different methods available for phase space sampling. For the comparison, we calculate thermal conductivities of solid argon and silicon structures, using equilibrium molecular dynamics. We introduce two different schemes for the ensemble averaging approach, and show that both can reduce the total simulation time as compared to time averaging. It is also found that velocity rescaling is an efficient mechanism for phase space exploration. Although our methodology is tested using classical molecular dynamics, the ensemble generation approaches may find their greatest utility in computationally expensive simulations such as first principles molecular dynamics. For such simulations, where each time step is costly, time sampling can require long simulation times because each time step must be evaluated sequentially and therefore phase space averaging is achieved through sequential operations. On the other hand, with ensemble averaging, phase space sampling can be achieved through parallel operations, since each ensemble is independent. For this reason, particularly when using massively parallel architectures, ensemble sampling can result in much shorter simulation times and exhibits similar overall computational effort.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Surface properties and RF performance of Vapor Diffused Nb3Sn on Nb after sequential anneals below 1000 °C

Nb3Sn is a next-generation superconducting material that can be used for future superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) accelerator cavities, promising better performance, cost reduction, and higher operating temperature than Nb. The Sn vapor diffusion method is currently the most preferred and successful technique to coat niobium cavi-ties with Nb3Sn. Among post-coating treatments to opti-mize the coating quality, higher temperature annealing without Sn is known to degrade Nb3Sn because of Sn loss. We have investigated Nb3Sn/Nb samples briefly annealed at 800-1000 °C for 10 and 20 minutes to poten-tially improve the surface to enhance the performance of Nb3Sn-coated cavities. Following the sample studies, a coated single-cell cavity was sequentially annealed at 900 °C and tested its performance each time, improving the cavity's quality factor relatively. This paper summarizes the sample studies and discusses the RF test results from sequentially annealed SRF Nb3Sn/Nb cavity.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Surface Properties and RF Performance of Vapor Diffused Nb3Sn on NB After Sequential Anneals Below 1000°C

Nb3Sn is a next-generation superconducting material that can be used for future superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) accelerator cavities, promising better performance, cost reduction, and higher operating temperature than Nb. The Sn vapor diffusion method is currently the most preferred and successful technique to coat niobium cavi-ties with Nb3Sn. Among post-coating treatments to opti-mize the coating quality, higher temperature annealing without Sn is known to degrade Nb3Sn because of Sn loss. We have investigated Nb3Sn/Nb samples briefly annealed at 800-1000°C for 10 and 20 minutes to poten-tially improve the surface to enhance the performance of Nb3Sn-coated cavities. Following the sample studies, a coated single-cell cavity was sequentially annealed at 900°C and tested its performance each time, improving the cavity's quality factor relatively. This paper summarizes the sample studies and discusses the RF test results from sequentially annealed SRF Nb3Sn/Nb cavity.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Effect of framework Al pairing on NO storage properties of Pd-CHA passive NOx adsorbers

For this study, three Pd/H-CHA samples were prepared containing 53.0%, 10.8% and 6.5% paired Al sites at near fixed Si/Al ratio and similar Pd loading. According to H 2 temperature-programmed reduction, Pd was present almost exclusively as isolated cations in the two samples containing the higher concentrations of paired Al sites, whereas in the other sample PdO was also present. Simulated lean cold start tests on the fresh samples conducted in a microflow reactor showed that the sample containing PdO stored the lowest amount of NOx. When tested with CO/H 2 , the sample containing 53.0% paired Al sites showed significantly better storage capacity than the other samples and deactivated less rapidly upon sequential tests. Experiments using lean gasoline engine exhaust revealed similar trends. This study showed that a high concentration of paired Al sites in Pd/H-CHA is beneficial for NOx storage capacity, thermal durability, and minimizing deactivation in the presence of CO/H 2 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Parameter estimation by implicit sampling

© 2015 Mathematical Sciences Publishers. Implicit sampling is a weighted sampling method that is used in data assimilation to sequentially update state estimates of a stochastic model based on noisy and incomplete data. Here we apply implicit sampling to sample the posterior probability density of parameter estimation problems. The posterior probability combines prior information about the parameter with information from a numerical model, e.g., a partial differential equation (PDE), and noisy data. The result of our computations are parameters that lead to simulations that are compatible with the data. We demonstrate the usefulness of our implicit sampling algorithm with an example from subsurface flow. For an efficient implementation, we make use of multiple grids, BFGS optimization coupled to adjoint equations, and Karhunen-Loève expansions for dimensional reduction. Several difficulties of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, e.g., estimation of burn-in times or correlations among the samples, are avoided because the implicit samples are independent.

Morzfeld, Matthias↗

Shuttle extravehicular activity signal processor pulse amplitude modulation decommutator

To provide data with long-term stability and accuracy, the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) decommutator was synchronized to the PAM-return to zero wavetrain, and each channel was sampled with a common sample and hold circuit and digitized sequentially. The digital value of each channel was then scaled by the digital value of the calibration channels. The corrected digital value of each channel was stored for one complete frame and then transferred to the multiplexer-demultiplexer at a high rate in one block of serial digital data. A test model was built to demonstrate this design approach taken for the PAM decom and performance data was provided. The accuracies obtained with various signal to noise ratios are shown.

Noble, D. E.↗

The finite element machine - An assessment of the impact of parallel computing on future finite element computations

The requirements of complex aerospace vehicles combined with the age of structural analysis systems enhance the need to advance technology toward a new generation of structural analysis capability. Recent and impeding advances in parallel and supercomputers provide the opportunity to significantly improve these structural analysis capabilities for large order finite element problems. Long-term research in parallel computing, associated with the NASA Finite Element Machine project, is discussed. The results show the potential of parallel computers to provide substantial increases in computation speed over sequential computers. Results are given for sample problems in the areas of eigenvalue analysis and transient response.

Fulton, R. E.↗

Mars Lander/Rover vehicle development: An advanced space design project for USRA and NASA/OAST

A design is proposed for a Mars Lander/Rover (MLR) for use in gathering needed environmental and surface information. The design focus will be upon a Mars Lander/Rover that will leave an orbit around Mars, reenter and soft land on the Martian surface, and move sequentially to widely scattered locations to sample, measure, and analyze the Martian environmental and surface conditions. Primary goals will be payload mass and size definition, characterization of the Martian atmosphere, selection of sampling locations, identification of alternative design concepts, selection of a preferred design, team organization, and preparation for the detailed design phase.

Source record↗

Evaluation and Selection of Replacement Thermal Control Materials for the Hubble Space Telescope

The mechanical and optical properties of the metallized Teflon(Registered Trademark) FEP thermal control materials on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have degraded over the nearly seven years the telescope has been in orbit. Given the damage to the outer layer of the multi-layer insulation (MLI) that was apparent during the second servicing mission (SM2), the decision was made to replace the outer layer during subsequent servicing missions. A Failure Review Board was established to investigate the damage to the MLI and identify a replacement material. The replacement material had to meet the stringent thermal requirements of the spacecraft and maintain structural integrity for at least ten years. Ten candidate materials were selected and exposed to ten-year HST-equivalent doses of simulated orbital environments. Samples of the candidates were exposed sequentially to low and high energy electrons and protons, atomic oxygen, x-ray radiation, ultraviolet radiation and thermal cycling. Following the exposures, the mechanical integrity and optical properties of the candidates were investigated using Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and a Laboratory Portable Spectroreflectometer (LPSR). Based on the results of these simulations and analyses, the FRB selected a replacement material and two alternates that showed the highest likelihood of providing the requisite thermal properties and surviving for ten years in orbit.q

Townsend, Jacqueline A.↗

Ground-Based Testing of Replacement Thermal Control Materials for the Hubble Space Telescope

The mechanical and optical properties of the metallized Teflon FEP thermal control materials on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have degraded over the nearly seven years the telescope has been in orbit. Given the damage to the outer layer of the multi-layer insulation (MLI) that was apparent during the second servicing mission (SM2), the decision was made to replace the outer layer during subsequent servicing missions. A Failure Review Board was established to investigate the damage to the MLI and identify a replacement material. The replacement material had to meet the stringent thermal requirements of the spacecraft and maintain mechanical integrity for at least ten years. Ten candidate materials were selected and exposed to ten-year HST-equivalent doses of simulated orbital environments. Samples of the candidates were exposed sequentially to low and high energy electrons and protons, atomic oxygen, x-ray radiation, ultraviolet radiation and thermal cycling. Following the exposures, the mechanical integrity and optical properties of the candidates were investigated using Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), a Laboratory Portable Spectroreflectometer (LPSR) and a Lambda 9 Spectroreflectometer. Based on the results of these simulations and analyses, the Failure Review Board selected a replacement material and two alternates that showed the highest likelihood of providing the requisite thermal properties and surviving for ten years in orbit.

Townsend, Jacqueline A.↗

Rehydration Data for the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) Polymer Films

Atomic oxygen erosion of polymers in low Earth orbit (LEO) poses a serious threat to spacecraft performance and durability. Forty thin film polymer and pyrolytic graphite samples, collectively called the PEACE (Polymer Erosion and Contamination Experiment) Polymers, were exposed to the LEO space environment on the exterior of the ISS for nearly four years as part of the Materials International Space Station Experiment 1 & 2 (MISSE 1 & 2) mission. The purpose of the MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers experiment was to determine the atomic oxygen (AO) erosion yield (E(sub y), volume loss per incident oxygen atom) of a wide variety of polymers exposed to the LEO space environment. The Ey values were determined based on mass loss measurements. Because many polymeric materials are hygroscopic, the pre-flight and post-flight mass measurements were obtained using dehydrated samples. To maximize the accuracy of the mass measurements, obtaining dehydration data for each of the polymers was desired to ensure that the samples were fully dehydrated before weighing. A comparison of dehydration and rehydration data showed that rehydration data mirrors dehydration data, and is easier and more reliable to obtain. Tests were also conducted to see if multiple samples could be dehydrated and weighed sequentially. Rehydration curves of 43 polymers and pyrolytic graphite were obtained. This information was used to determine the best pre-flight, and post-flight, mass measurement procedures for the MISSE 2 PEACE Polymers experiment, and for subsequent NASA Glenn Research Center MISSE polymer flight experiments.

de Groh, Kim K.↗

SATYA: Defending Against Adversarial Attacks Using Statistical HypothesisTesting

The paper presents a new defense against adversarial attacks for deep neural networks. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach against the popular adversarial image generation method DeepFool. Our approach uses Wald’s Sequential Probability Ratio Test to sufficiently sample a carefully chosen neighborhood around an input image to determine the correct label of the image. On a benchmark of 50,000 randomly chosen adversarial images generated by DeepFool we demonstrate that our method SATYA is able to recover the correct labels for 95.76% of the images for CaffeNet and 97.43% of the correct label for GoogLeNet.

Raj, Sunny↗

Laminography as a tool for imaging large-size samples with high resolution

Despite the increased brilliance of the new generation synchrotron sources, there is still a challenge with high-resolution scanning of very thick and absorbing samples, such as a whole mouse brain stained with heavy elements, and, extending further, brains of primates. Samples are typically cut into smaller parts, to ensure a sufficient X-ray transmission, and scanned separately. Compared with the standard tomography setup where the sample would be cut into many pillars, the laminographic geometry operates with slab-shaped sections significantly reducing the number of sample parts to be prepared, the cutting damage and data stitching problems. In this work, a laminography pipeline for imaging large samples (>1 cm) at micrometre resolution is presented. The implementation includes a low-cost instrument setup installed at the 2-BM micro-CT beamline of the Advanced Photon Source. Additionally, sample mounting, scanning techniques, data stitching procedures, a fast reconstruction algorithm with low computational complexity, and accelerated reconstruction on multi-GPU systems for processing large-scale datasets are presented. The applicability of the whole laminography pipeline was demonstrated by imaging four sequential slabs throughout an entire mouse brain sample stained with osmium, in total generating approximately 12 TB of raw data for reconstruction.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Chemical Speciation and Stability of Uranium in Unconventional Shales: Impact of Hydraulic Fracture Fluid

Uranium and other radionuclides are prominent in many unconventional oil/gas shales and is a potential contaminant in flowback/produced waters due to the large volumes/types of chemicals injected into the subsurface during stimulation. In this work, to understand the stability of U before and after stimulation, a geochemical study of U speciation was carried out on three shales (Marcellus, Green River, and Barnett). To do so, two types of samples for each shale were subjected to sequential chemical extractions: unreacted and shale-reacted with a synthetic hydraulic fracture fluid. Furthermore, a significant proportion of the total U (20–57%) was released from these three shales after reaction with fracture fluid, indicating that U is readily leachable. The total U released exceeds labile water-soluble and exchangeable fractions in unreacted samples, indicating that fluids leach more recalcitrant phases in the shale. Radiographic analysis of unreacted Marcellus shale thin sections shows U associated with detrital quartz and the clay matrix in the shale. Detrital zircon and TiO2 identified by an electron microprobe could account for the hot spots. This study shows that significant proportions of U in three shales are mobile upon stimulation. In addition, the extent of mobilization of U depends on the U species in these rocks.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗