Specific-ion electrodes for measuring Ag ions
Migration of aqueous solutions through electrode pellet, and thus corrosion of soldered connection, is prevented by coating pellet and silver wire attachment with silver-conductive epoxy.
Day, J. L.↗
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Metallo-organic decomposition films
A summary of metallo-organic deposition (MOD) films for solar cells was presented. The MOD materials are metal ions compounded with organic radicals. The technology is evolving quickly for solar cell metallization. Silver compounds, especially silver neodecanoate, were developed which can be applied by thick-film screening, ink-jet printing, spin-on, spray, or dip methods. Some of the advantages of MOD are: high uniform metal content, lower firing temperatures, decomposition without leaving a carbon deposit or toxic materials, and a film that is stable under ambient conditions. Molecular design criteria were explained along with compounds formulated to date, and the accompanying reactions for these compounds. Phase stability and the other experimental and analytic results of MOD films were presented.
Gallagher, B. D.↗
Antarctic polar stratospheric aerosols: The roles of nitrates, chlorides and sulfates
Nitric and hydrochloric acids have been postulated to condense in the winter polar stratosphere to become an important component of polar stratospheric clouds. One implication is that the removal of NO(y) from the gas phase by this mechanism allows high Cl(x) concentrations to react with O3, because the formation of ClNO3 is inhibited. Contributions of NO3 and Cl to the stratospheric aerosol were determined during the 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment by testing for the presence of nitrates and chlorides in the condensed phase. Aerosol particles were collected on four 500 micron diameter gold wires, each pretreated differently to give results that were specific to certain physical and chemical aerosol properties. One wire was carbon-coated for concentration and size analyses by scanning electron microscopy; X-ray energy dispersive analyses permitted the detection of S and Cl in individual particles. Three more wires were coated with Nitron, barium chloride and silver nitrate, respectively, to detect nitrate, sulfate and chloride in aerosol particles. All three ions, viz., sulfates, nitrates and chlorides were detected in the Antarctic stratospheric aerosol. In terms of number concentrations, the aerosol was dominated by sulfates, followed by chlorides and nitrates. An inverse linear regression can be established between nitrate concentrations and ozone mixing ratio, and between temperature and nitrates.
Pueschel, R. F.↗
Li-ion EMU Battery Testing
A 45Ah Lithium ion (Li-Ion) battery comprised of 5 Yardney prismatic cells was evaluated to replace the silver-zinc cells in the Extra-vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). Tests determined that the five cell battery can meet the mission objective of 500 duty cycles and maintain a minimum voltage of 16.0 V without an individual cell voltage dropping below 3.0V. Forty real time cycles were conducted to develop BOL trend data. Decision to switch to accelerated cycling for the remaining 460 cycles was made since Real Time cycling requires 1 day/cycle. Conclusions indicate that battery replacement would indeed be prudent.
Rehm, Raymond↗
Sputtering erosion in ion and plasma thrusters
An experimental set-up to measure low-energy (below 1 keV) sputtering of materials is described. The materials to be bombarded represent ion thruster components as well as insulators used in the stationary plasma thruster. The sputtering takes place in a 9 inch diameter spherical vacuum chamber. Ions of argon, krypton and xenon are used to bombard the target materials. The sputtered neutral atoms are detected by a secondary neutral mass spectrometer (SNMS). Samples of copper, nickel, aluminum, silver and molybdenum are being sputtered initially to calibrate the spectrometer. The base pressure of the chamber is approximately 2 x 10(exp -9) Torr. the primary ion beam is generated by an ion gun which is capable of delivering ion currents in the range of 20 to 500 nA. The ion beam can be focused to a size approximately 1 mm in diameter. The mass spectrometer is positioned 10 mm from the target and at 90 deg angle to the primary ion beam direction. The ion beam impinges on the target at 45 deg. For sputtering of insulators, charge neutralization is performed by flooding the sample with electrons generated from an electron gun. Preliminary sputtering results, methods of calculating the instrument response function of the spectrometer and the relative sensitivity factors of the sputtered elements will be discussed.
Ray, Pradosh K.↗
Reaction of YBa2Cu3O(7-beta) with Gold, Silver, Bismuth and Lead: Substitution Chemistry and Composite Fabrication
The reaction of YBa2Cu3O(7-beta) with Au, Ag, Bi, and Ph ions or metal is described. Three types of materials were produced: a well-defined series of homogeneous superconductors was obtained for Au ion substitution with little effect on T(sub c); attempted Ag and Bi ion substitution resulted in multi-phase samples with slightly enhanced T(sub c); finally, attempts to produce superconducting metal/superconducting ceramic composites with Pb and Bi powders resulted in multi-phase samples with drastically diminished superconducting properties. For Au- substituted superconductors, YBa2(Cu(l-x)Au(x))3O(7-beta), a substitution series (x = 0 - 0.1) has been synthesized. For x = 0.1 there was no change in the a and b lattice parameters (a = 3.826 A and b = 3.889 A) but a 0.06 A c axis expansion to 11.75 A was observed. The valence of Cu and Au in YBa2Au(0.3)Cu(2.7)O(7-beta) was investigated using X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES). X-ray studies indicate that Au goes into the Cu(l) site and Cu K edge XANES shows that this has little effect on the oxidation state of the remaining copper. A small effect on T(sub c) is observed (T(sub c) = 89 K for x = 0.10). Ag and Bi addition results in a rise in T(sub c) and a decrease in (delta)T(sub c) at low levels (x = 0.10 Ag, T(sub c) = 94 K and (delta)T(sub c) = 0.5 K; x = 0.02 Bi, T(sub c) = 94 K and (delta)T(sub c) = 1K) relative to typical values for YBa2Cu3O(7-beta) (T(sub c) = 91 K, (delta)T(sub c) = 2 K). Attempts at fabrication of Pb- and Pb(1-x)Bi(x)-superconductor composites are described. Cold pressing followed by low temperature (200 C) sintering resulted in a composite which excluded flux below 90 K but did not show zero electrical resistance until the metal (alloy) superconducting transition. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of pervoskite and metal. Processing at moderate (450 C) or high (950 C) temperatures resulted in oxygen-depleted pervoskite and/or metal oxides. These materials displayed greatly degraded superconducting properties. Processing at 800 C resulted in high T(sub c) only for composites containing greater than 90% weight fraction ceramic. Reaction of metal with YBa2Cu3O(7-beta) formed superconducting lead/bismuth-based oxides and other binary oxides.
Hepp, Aloysius F.↗
Enhanced adhesion from high energy ion irradiation
It has been found that the adhesion of thin metal films on insulators, semiconductors, and metals could be improved by subjecting the material to a high-energy ion bombardment. Griffith et al. (1982) have first suggested a use of this technique with insulators. The present investigation has the objective to determine the mechanism for the adhesion enhancement. A description is presented of a preliminary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of thinned bonded samples of silver on silicon using electron diffraction. It is found that irradiation of a variety of thin film-substrate combinations by heavy ion beams will provide a remarkable improvement in the adherence of the film. The evidence for the mechanism involved in the enhancement of adhesion is discussed.
Werner, B. T.↗
Oxidation-Resistant Surfaces For Solar Reflectors
Thin films on silver provide highly-reflective, corrosion-resistant mirrors. Study evaluated variety of oxidation-resistant reflective materials for use in solar dynamic power system, one that generates electricity by focusing Sunlight onto reciever of heat engine. Thin films of platinum and rhodium deposited by ion-beam sputtering on various substrate materials. Solar reflectances measured as function of time of exposure to radio-frequency-generated air plasma. Several protective coating materials deposited on silver-coated substrates and exposed to plasma. Analyzed before and after exposure by electon spectroscopy for chemical analysis and by Auger spectroscopy.
Gulino, Daniel A.↗
The Optical Properties of Ion Implanted Silica
We will present our investigation on the change in the optical properties of silica, 'suprasil', after keV through MeV implantation of copper, tin, silver and gold and after annealing. Suprasil-1, name brand of silica glass produced by Hereaus Amerisil, which is chemically pure with well known optical properties. Both linear nonlinear optical properties of the implanted silica were investigated before and after thermal annealing. All implants, except for Sn, showed strong optical absorption bands in agreement with Mie's theory. We have also used Z-scan to measure the strength of the third order nonlinear optical properties of the produced thin films, which is composed of the host material and the metallic nanoclusters. For implants with a measurable optical absorption band we used Doyle's theory and the full width half maximum of the absorption band to calculate the predicted size of the formed nanoclusters at various heat treatment temperatures. These results are compared with those obtained from direct observation using transmission electron microscopic techniques.
Smith, Cydale C.↗
Light flash observations during Apollo-Soyuz
A total of 82 visual events was reported by two dark-adapted astronauts during a 90-minute orbit at 225 km altitude. Silver chloride crystal events for that orbit totaled 69 stopping protons and alphas per sq cm and 304 heavy ions with stopping power of 150 MeV sq cm/g or greater. The frequency of visual observations near the geomagnetic poles corresponds to calculated abundances of ions with LET greater than 5 keV per micrometer in tissue. Nuclear collisions of fast protons on C, N, and O in the retina or the abundance of stopping protons can explain the low frequency of events in the SAA for this mission in comparison with the high frequency during Skylab IV at 443 km altitude.
Budinger, T. F.↗
In-flight and laboratory vacuum-friction test results
Coefficient of friction measurements were made for six unlubricated metal couples exposed to the space environment aboard the OV-1-13 spacecraft and exposed to laboratory vacuum. Materials studied included mutually soluble, partially soluble, and insoluble metal combinations. Two samples of each material couple were tested in space and in the laboratory using the disk and rider technique. Linear velocity was 0.10 cm/s (2.5 in/min) and rider normal load was 4.45 N (1 lb) for the gold versus silver couples and 8.90 N (2lb) for the other combinations. Results showed that friction data obtained in a clean ion-pumped laboratory vacuum of 10 to the minus 10 power materials with low mutual solubility can be correlated to operation in the vicinity of a typical scientific spacecraft that is exposed to an ambient pressure as low as 10 to the minus 12 power torr. The expected increase in coefficient of friction with solubility was shown. Material couples with high mutual solubility present the hazard of unpredictable drastic friction increase in orbit which may not be evident in laboratory testing at levels down to 10 to the minus 10 power torr. It was also shown that gross cold welding of unlubricated metals exposed to a satellite environment does not occur.
Devine, E. J.↗
Ultra Heavy Ion Collector (UHIC)
The purpose of this final report is to study the propagation of heavy nuclei in cosmic radiation. Topics include: Mass Distributions of Fragments from the Interactions of 600 MeV/n Silver Nuclei; Charge-pickup by Heavy Relativistic Nuclei; Fragmentation and Propagation Heavy UH Cosmic Ray Nuclei; Nuclear Fragmentation Parameters Needed for Interpretation of Observed Fluxes of UH Cosmic Ray Nuclei; Fragmentation and Electromagnetic Dissociation of 10.6 GeV/nucleon (197) Au Nuclei; Nuclear Interaction Cross Sections for UltraHeavy Nuclei; The Charge-Changing Fragmentation of 10.6 GeV/nucleon 197 Au Nuclei; Fragmentation Cross Sections of Relativistic 84/36 Kr and 109/47 Ag Nuclei in Targets from Hydrogen to Lead; Mission Concept for the Study of Ultraheavy Galactic Cosmic Rays; and Propagation of the Heaviest UH - Cosmic Ray Nuclei.
Stone, E. C.↗
Lifetime estimates for sterilizable silver-zinc battery separators
The lifetime of separator membranes currently employed in the electrolyte environment of silver-zinc batteries was estimated at 3 to 5 years. The separator membranes are crosslinked polyethylene film containing grafted poly (potassium acrylate)(PKA), the latter being the hydrophilic agent which promotes electrolyte ion transport. The lifetime was estimated by monitoring the rate of loss of PKA from the separators, caused by chemical attack of the electrolyte, and relating this loss rate to a known relationship between battery performance and PKA concentration in the separators.
Cuddihy, E. F.↗
Third Order Optical Nonlinearity of Colloidal Metal Nanoclusters Formed by MeV Ion Implantation
We report the results of characterization of nonlinear refractive index of the composite material produced by MeV Ag ion implantation of LiNbO(sub 3) crystal (z-cut). The material after implantation exhibited a linear optical absorption spectrum with the surface plasmon peak near 430 nm attributed to the colloidal silver nanoclusters. Heat treatment of the material at 500 deg C caused a shift of the absorption peak to 550 nm. The nonlinear refractive index of the sample after heat treatment was measured in the region of the absorption peak with the Z-scan technique using a tunable picosecond laser source (4.5 ps pulse width).The experimental data were compared against the reference sample made of MeV Cu implanted silica with the absorption peak in the same region. The nonlinear index of the Ag implanted LiNbO(sub 3) sample produced at five times less fluence is on average two times greater than that of the reference.
Sarkisov, S. S.↗
The search for materials to mitigate spacecraft charging
As spacecraft orbit the earth, they encounter a variety of particles and radiation. Charged particles are common enough that a spacecraft can collect substantial charges on its surfaces. If these charges are not bled off, they can accumulate until electrostatic discharges occur between a charged surface and some lower-potential location on the craft. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the suspected culprit in a number of spacecraft failures. Silverized Teflon film has become the standard heat-reflecting outer layer of spacecraft because of its flexibility, chemical inertness, and low volatiles content. However, as spacecraft are designed to operate in orbits with greater probability of accumulating enough ions and electrons to create ESD, the Teflon-based thermal control blankets are becoming a liability. Unless stringent (and sometimes burdensome) shielding measures are taken, ESD can upset delicate electronic systems by upsetting or destroying components, interfering with radio signals, garbling internal instructions, and so on. As orbits become higher and more eccentric, as electronics become more sensitive, and as fault-free operation becomes more crucial, it is becoming necessary to find a replacement for silver/Teflon that has comparable strength, flexibility and chemical inertness, as well as a much lower potential for ESD. This is a report of the steps taken toward the goal of selecting a replacement for silver/Teflon during the Summer of 1995. It is a condensation of a much larger report available on request from the author. Three tasks were undertaken. Task 1 was to specify desirable properties for thermal control blankets. The second task was to collect data on materials properties from the literature and organize into a format useful for identifying candidate materials. The third task was to identify candidate materials and begin testing.
Losure, Nancy S.↗
Interaction of Au, Ag, and Bi ions with Ba2YCu3O(7-y) - Implications for superconductor applications
Results are presented on the reactions of Au, Ag, and Bi ions with Ba2YCu3O(7-y) oxides and on the properties of the resultant materials. The results indicate that Au(3+) structural chemistry makes gold an excellent candidate for multiphase structures of the Ba2Y(Cu/1-x/Au/x/)3O(7-y)-type substituted superconductors. Silver is structurally and chemically compatible with the perovskite structure, but when it forms a second phase, it does so without the destruction of the superconducting phase, making silver a useful metal for metal/ceramic applications. On the other hand, bismuth was shown to degrade Tc phase or to form other phases, indicating that it may not be useful in applications with rare-earth-based superconductors.
Hepp, A. F.↗
Widths of transverse momentum distributions in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
The need to include dynamical collision momentum transfer contributions, arising from interacting nuclear and Coulomb fields, to estimates of fragment momentum distributions is discussed. Methods based upon an optical potential model are presented. Comparisons with recent experimental data of the Siegen group for variances of transverse momentum distributions for gold nuclei at 980 A MeV fragmenting on silver foil and plastic nuclear track detector targets are made. The agreement between theory and experiment is good.
Khan, Ferdous↗
Oxidation-resistant reflective surfaces for solar dynamic power generation in near Earth orbit
Reflective surfaces for space station power generation systems are required to withstand the atomic oxygen-dominated environment of near Earth orbit. Thin films of platinum and rhodium, which are corrosion resistant reflective metals, have been deposited by ion beam sputter deposition onto various substrate materials. Solar reflectances were then measured as a function of time of exposure to a RF-generated air plasma. Similarly, various protective coating materials, including MgF2, SiO2, Al2O3, and Si3N4, were deposited onto silver-coated substrates and then exposed to the plasma. Analysis of the films both before and after exposure by both ESCA and Auger spectroscopy was also performed. The results indicate that Pt and Rh do not suffer any loss in reflectance over the duration of the tests. Also, each of the coating materials survived the plasma environment. The ESCA and Auger analyses are discussed as well.
Gulino, D. A.↗