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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Training Ultrasound Image Classification Deep-Learning Algorithms for Pneumothorax Detection Using a Synthetic Tissue Phantom Apparatus

Ultrasound (US) imaging is a critical tool in emergency and military medicine because of its portability and immediate nature. However, proper image interpretation requires skill, limiting its utility in remote applications for conditions such as pneumothorax (PTX) which requires rapid intervention. Artificial intelligence has the potential to automate ultrasound image analysis for various pathophysiological conditions. Training models require large data sets and a means of troubleshooting in real-time for ultrasound integration deployment, and they also require large animal models or clinical testing. Here, we detail the development of a dynamic synthetic tissue phantom model for PTX and its use in training image classification algorithms. The model comprises a synthetic gelatin phantom cast in a custom 3D-printed rib mold and a lung mimicking phantom. When compared to PTX images acquired in swine, images from the phantom were similar in both PTX negative and positive mimicking scenarios. We then used a deep learning image classification algorithm, which we previously developed for shrapnel detection, to accurately predict the presence of PTX in swine images by only training on phantom image sets, highlighting the utility for a tissue phantom for AI applications.

Boice, Emily N. (ORCID:0000000171802842)↗
DOE OSTI2023

ASF Vaccine Candidate ASFV-G-ΔI177L Does Not Exhibit Residual Virulence in Long-Term Clinical Studies

African swine fever (ASF) is an important disease in swine currently producing a pandemic affecting pig production worldwide. Except in Vietnam, where two vaccines were recently approved for controlled use in the field, no vaccine is commercially available for disease control. Up to now, the most effective vaccines developed are based on the use of live-attenuated viruses. Most of these promising vaccine candidates were developed by deleting virus genes involved in the process of viral pathogenesis and disease production. Therefore, these vaccine candidates were developed via the genomic modification of parental virus field strains, producing recombinant viruses and reducing or eliminating their residual virulence. In this scenario, it is critical to confirm the absence of any residual virulence in the vaccine candidate. This report describes the assessment of the presence of residual virulence in the ASFV vaccine candidate ASFV-G-ΔI177L in clinical studies conducted under high virus loads and long-term observation periods. The results demonstrated that domestic pigs intramuscularly inoculated with 10 6 HAD 50 of ASFV-G-ΔI177L did not show the presence of any clinical sign associated with ASF when observed daily either 90 or 180 days after vaccination. In addition, necropsies conducted at the end of the experiment confirmed the absence of macroscopic internal lesions associated with the disease. These results corroborate the safety of using ASFV-G-ΔI177L as a vaccine candidate.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Animals Exposed to Leptospira Serogroups Not Included in Bacterins in the United States and Puerto Rico

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Pathogenic leptospires colonize the renal tubules and genital tract of animals and are excreted via urine. Transmission occurs via direct contact or through contaminated water or soil. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the gold standard for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The present study aims to evaluate animal exposure to Leptospira in the U.S. and Puerto Rico during the period 2018–2020. The presence of antibodies against pathogenic Leptospira spp. was assessed with the MAT according to the standards of the World Organisation for Animal Health. A total of 568 sera were submitted for diagnostic, surveillance, or import/export testing from the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Seropositivity (≥1:100) was 51.8% (294/568) with agglutinating antibodies found in 115 (39.1%) cattle, 84 (28.6%) exotic animals, 38 (12.9%) horses, 22 (7.5%) goats, 15 (5.1%) dogs, 11 (3.7%) swine, and 9 (3.1%) sheep. The most detected serogroups were Australis, Grippotyphosa, and Ballum. The results showed that animals were exposed to serogroups/serovars not included in commercial bacterins such as Ballum, Bratislava (only in swine vaccine), and Tarassovi. Our findings suggest that more studies should include culture and concomitant genotyping to reduce animal disease and zoonotic risk through efficacious vaccine and diagnostic strategies.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental Senecavirus A Infection of Bovine Cell Lines and Colostrum-Deprived Calves

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a causative agent for vesicular disease in swine, which is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases of swine including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Recently, it was reported that buffalo in Guangdong, China were experiencing clinical symptoms similar to FMD including mouth ulcers and lameness tested positive for SVA. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle (Bos taurus) to SVA infection. Initial in vitro work using the PrimeFlow assay demonstrated that bovine cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle were susceptible to SVA infection. Subsequently, six colostrum-deprived Holstein calves were challenged with SVA intranasally. No vesicular lesions were observed after challenge. Serum, oral, nasal, and rectal swabs tested for SVA nucleic acid did not support significant viral replication and there was no evidence of seroconversion. Therefore, demonstrating cattle from this study were not susceptible to experimental SVA infection.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Full-Length ASFV B646L Gene Sequencing by Nanopore Offers a Simple and Rapid Approach for Identifying ASFV Genotypes

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus, a double stranded DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family. ASF can be classified into 25 different genotypes, based on a 478 bp fragment corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of the B646L gene, which is highly conserved among strains and encodes the major capsid protein p72. The C-terminal end of p72 has been used as a PCR target for quick diagnosis of ASF, and its characterization remains the first approach for epidemiological tracking and identification of the origin of ASF in outbreak investigations. Recently, a new classification of ASF, based on the complete sequence of p72, reduced the 25 genotypes into only six genotypes; therefore, it is necessary to have the capability to sequence the full-length B646L gene (p72) in a rapid manner for quick genotype characterization. Here, we evaluate the use of an amplicon approach targeting the whole B646L gene, coupled with nanopore sequencing in a multiplex format using Flongle flow cells, as an easy, low cost, and rapid method for the characterization and genotyping of ASF in real-time.

Virology↗
NASA NTRS2013

Epidermal Homeostasis and Radiation Responses in a Multiscale Tissue Modeling Framework

The surface of skin is lined with several thin layers of epithelial cells that are maintained throughout life time by a small population of stem cells. High dose radiation exposures could injure and deplete the underlying proliferative cells and induce cutaneous radiation syndrome. In this work we propose a multiscale computational model for skin epidermal dynamics that links phenomena occurring at the subcellular, cellular, and tissue levels of organization, to simulate the experimental data of the radiation response of swine epidermis, which is closely similar to human epidermis. Incorporating experimentally measured histological and cell kinetic parameters, we obtain results of population kinetics and proliferation indexes comparable to observations in unirradiated and acutely irradiated swine experiments. At the sub-cellular level, several recently published Wnt signaling controlled cell-cycle models are applied and the roles of key components and parameters are analyzed. Based on our simulation results, we demonstrate that a moderate increase of proliferation rate for the survival proliferative cells is sufficient to fully repopulate the area denuded by high dose radiation, as long as the integrity of underlying basement membrane is maintained. Our work highlights the importance of considering proliferation kinetics as well as the spatial organization of tissues when conducting in vivo investigations of radiation responses. This integrated model allow us to test the validity of several basic biological rules at the cellular level and sub-cellular mechanisms by qualitatively comparing simulation results with published research, and enhance our understanding of the pathophysiological effects of ionizing radiation on skin.

Hu, Shaowen↗
NASA NTRS1998

Pulmonary blood flow redistribution by increased gravitational force

This study was undertaken to assess the influence of gravity on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) using increased inertial force as a perturbation. PBF was studied in unanesthetized swine exposed to -Gx (dorsal-to-ventral direction, prone position), where G is the magnitude of the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth, on the Armstrong Laboratory Centrifuge at Brooks Air Force Base. PBF was measured using 15-micron fluorescent microspheres, a method with markedly enhanced spatial resolution. Each animal was exposed randomly to -1, -2, and -3 Gx. Pulmonary vascular pressures, cardiac output, heart rate, arterial blood gases, and PBF distribution were measured at each G level. Heterogeneity of PBF distribution as measured by the coefficient of variation of PBF distribution increased from 0.38 +/- 0.05 to 0.55 +/- 0.11 to 0.72 +/- 0.16 at -1, -2, and -3 Gx, respectively. At -1 Gx, PBF was greatest in the ventral and cranial and lowest in the dorsal and caudal regions of the lung. With increased -Gx, this gradient was augmented in both directions. Extrapolation of these values to 0 G predicts a slight dorsal (nondependent) region dominance of PBF and a coefficient of variation of 0.22 in microgravity. Analysis of variance revealed that a fixed component (vascular structure) accounted for 81% and nonstructure components (including gravity) accounted for the remaining 19% of the PBF variance across the entire experiment (all 3 gravitational levels). The results are inconsistent with the predictions of the zone model.

NASA Discipline Cardiopulmonary↗
DOE OSTI2023

Deriving spatially explicit direct and indirect interaction networks from animal movement data

Abstract Quantifying spatiotemporally explicit interactions within animal populations facilitates the understanding of social structure and its relationship with ecological processes. Data from animal tracking technologies (Global Positioning Systems [“GPS”]) can circumvent longstanding challenges in the estimation of spatiotemporally explicit interactions, but the discrete nature and coarse temporal resolution of data mean that ephemeral interactions that occur between consecutive GPS locations go undetected. Here, we developed a method to quantify individual and spatial patterns of interaction using continuous‐time movement models (CTMMs) fit to GPS tracking data. We first applied CTMMs to infer the full movement trajectories at an arbitrarily fine temporal scale before estimating interactions, thus allowing inference of interactions occurring between observed GPS locations. Our framework then infers indirect interactions—individuals occurring at the same location, but at different times—while allowing the identification of indirect interactions to vary with ecological context based on CTMM outputs. We assessed the performance of our new method using simulations and illustrated its implementation by deriving disease‐relevant interaction networks for two behaviorally differentiated species, wild pigs ( Sus scrofa ) that can host African Swine Fever and mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) that can host chronic wasting disease. Simulations showed that interactions derived from observed GPS data can be substantially underestimated when temporal resolution of movement data exceeds 30‐min intervals. Empirical application suggested that underestimation occurred in both interaction rates and their spatial distributions. CTMM‐Interaction method, which can introduce uncertainties, recovered majority of true interactions. Our method leverages advances in movement ecology to quantify fine‐scale spatiotemporal interactions between individuals from lower temporal resolution GPS data. It can be leveraged to infer dynamic social networks, transmission potential in disease systems, consumer–resource interactions, information sharing, and beyond. The method also sets the stage for future predictive models linking observed spatiotemporal interaction patterns to environmental drivers.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transiently Transfected Mammalian Cell Cultures: An Adaptable and Effective Platform for Virus-like Particle-Based Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

RNA viruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), have error-prone replication resulting in the continuous emergence of new viral strains capable of evading current vaccine coverage. Vaccine formulations must be regularly updated, which is both costly and technically challenging for many vaccine platforms. In this report, we describe a plasmid-based virus-like particle (VLP) production platform utilizing transiently transfected mammalian cell cultures that combines both the rapid response adaptability of nucleic-acid-based vaccines with the ability to produce intact capsid epitopes required for immunity. Formulated vaccines which employed this platform conferred complete protection from clinical foot-and-mouth disease in both swine and cattle. This novel platform can be quickly adapted to new viral strains and serotypes through targeted exchanges of only the FMDV capsid polypeptide nucleic acid sequences, from which processed structural capsid proteins are derived. This platform obviates the need for high biocontainment manufacturing facilities to produce inactivated whole-virus vaccines from infected mammalian cell cultures, which requires upstream expansion and downstream concentration of large quantities of live virulent viruses.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Computer-aided Veress needle guidance using endoscopic optical coherence tomography and convolutional neural networks

During laparoscopic surgery, the Veress needle is commonly used in pneumoperitoneum establishment. Precise placement of the Veress needle is still a challenge for the surgeon. In this study, a computer-aided endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was developed to effectively and safely guide Veress needle insertion. This endoscopic system was tested by imaging subcutaneous fat, muscle, abdominal space, and the small intestine from swine samples to simulate the surgical process, including the situation with small intestine injury. Each tissue layer was visualized in OCT images with unique features and subsequently used to develop a system for automatic localization of the Veress needle tip by identifying tissue layers (or spaces) and estimating the needle-to-tissue distance. We used convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in automatic tissue classification and distance estimation. In conclusion, the average testing accuracy in tissue classification was 98.53 ± 0.39%, and the average testing relative error in distance estimation reached 4.42 ± 0.56% (36.09 ± 4.92 μm).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Human anti-N1 monoclonal antibodies elicited by pandemic H1N1 virus infection broadly inhibit HxN1 viruses in vitro and in vivo

Neuraminidase (NA) is one of the two influenza virus surface glycoproteins, and antibodies that target it are an independent correlate of protection. However, our current understanding of NA antigenicity is incomplete. Here, in this work, we describe human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a patient with a pandemic H1N1 virus infection in 2009. Two mAbs exhibited broad reactivity and inhibited NA enzyme activity of seasonal H1N1 viruses circulating before and after 2009, as well as viruses with avian or swine N1s. The mAbs provided robust protection from lethal challenge with human H1N1 and avian H5N1 viruses in mice, and both target an epitope on the lateral face of NA. In summary, we identified two broadly protective NA antibodies that share a novel epitope, inhibited NA activity, and provide protection against virus challenge in mice. Our work reaffirms that NA should be included as a target in future broadly protective or universal influenza virus vaccines.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Life Cycle Analysis of Renewable Natural Gas and Lactic Acid Production from Waste Feedstocks

Producing fuels and chemicals from waste is considered economically favorable, due to low feedstock cost, and environmentally favorable, due to avoided emissions from conventional waste management practices. In this study, we evaluate the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction benefits of renewable natural gas (RNG) and lactic acid (LA) production from four types of wet waste feedstocks (wastewater sludge, food waste, swine manure, and fats, oil, and grease [FOG]) via anaerobic digestion (AD) and LA fermentation, respectively. RNG can be used as an alternative to fossil natural gas, while LA from waste feedstocks can displace conventional LA production pathways (mainly from corn via fermentation). Providing comprehensive life cycle GHG emissions of the combinations of waste feedstocks and products through different routes helps identify the GHG hotspots and show where emissions savings come from. The results show that the carbon intensities (CIs) of waste-derived RNG and LA are much lower than those of their counterparts. We estimated the life cycle GHG emissions for RNG to be between -146 and 27 g carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)/MJ, much lower than the CI of fossil fuels. Waste-derived LA pathways also show substantially lower CIs, ranging from -4.2 to -1.4 kgCO2e/kg LA, compared to the CIs of LA from corn and corn stover (1.2 and 0.3 kgCO2e/kg LA, respectively). We will also discuss that the low CIs of waste-derived products can come from low yields leading to high emission credits. Thus, life cycle analysis results presented per weight of treated waste can be used to support decisions about which waste feedstocks and products are to be used for sustainable waste valorization. In addition, we found that monetary emission reduction credits can play an important role in driving waste valorization.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Adsorptive recovery of volatile fatty acids from wastewater fermentation broth

This work developed an adsorptive separation and recovery process for anaerobically generated volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from swine wastewater fermentation. Batch adsorption studies were conducted using several weak anion exchange resins and synthetic adsorbent resins to identify a suitable candidate. Relite RAM2 with a tertiary amine functional group showed the highest adsorption (over 98%) of hexanoic acid. Under the different pH values (1.8–7.5) and extraction temperatures (30–50 ↑C), the highest adsorption was observed at a pH of 3.2, which is below the pKa of hexanoic acid, at all the evaluated temperatures. A full factorial design was used to optimize the resin and VFA concentrations, wherein over 99% adsorption could be achieved when the ratio of VFA to resin was below 0.23 (g/g) for model solution (VFAs in water). The adsorption equilibrium could be achieved within 30 min of contact time and 0.5% w/v NaOH was identified as a suitable desorption agent. Under the optimal conditions, 65–72% of VFAs present in fermentation broth was adsorbed, which was increased to 72–76% by using fresh resins. The VFAs adsorption and recovery efficiency were maintained for 9 successive cycles without requiring extensive resin washing and regeneration for both model solution and fermentation broth. Altogether, the work presents a comprehensive study for resin adsorption to recover VFAs and provides a potential industrial-relevant process to recover VFAs from fermentation broth.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mucin 4 is a cellular biomarker of necrotizing bronchiolitis in influenza A virus infection

Influenza A virus (IAV) in the human and swine host infects epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract causing a necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis. These epithelial surfaces are protected by large glycoproteins called mucins. Mucin 4 (MUC4) is a transmembrane mucin that consists of an alpha subunit responsible for surface protection and intracellular beta subunit involved in signal transduction which repress apoptosis and stimulate epithelial proliferation. This study was designed to determine the expression and potential role of MUC4 during IAV infection. We used immunohistochemistry in combination with machine learning image analysis to quantify differential protein expression of MUC4 subunits in IAV-infected and uninfected lung in a porcine model. MUC4 protein basal expression in control animals varied significantly by litter. MUC4 protein expression was significantly increased in bronchioles with necrotizing bronchiolitis compared to histologically normal bronchioles, likely representing a regenerative response to restore mucosal integrity of conducting airways. Understanding the impact of differential MUC4 expression among healthy individuals and during IAV infection will facilitate control strategies by elucidating mechanisms associated with susceptibility to IAV that can be therapeutically or genetically regulated and may be extended to other respiratory diseases.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Policy support and technology development trajectory for renewable natural gas in the U.S.

Renewable natural gas (RNG) is a clean alternative to fossil natural gas, which can be used as transportation fuel, among other applications. This study projects the development trajectory of RNG and evaluates its impacts on the future U.S. transportation market using a hybrid computable general equilibrium model. This analysis considers various factors and uncertainties affecting RNG production, such as technology development, market conditions, competition with other advanced biofuels, and national and state policies. In 2050, RNG production will grow to 2.7 billion gallons (10 billion liters), mostly from swine manure, under current policy provisions. This will lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 58.56 million metric tonne of CO 2e in 2050. Analysis of different technology cases finds RNG from animal manure to be predominant, while RNG from corn stover and cellulosic ethanol are less competitive. Furthermore, a high mandatory target of 1 billion gallons will drive RNG production higher by 8–18 %, while an extended 2 nd -generation biofuel production tax credit will mostly increase cellulosic ethanol production. The model also finds RNG production being affected by uncertainties in market conditions, such as GDP growth, fossil fuel prices, and oil and gas supply.

Biomethane↗
DOE OSTI2021

Gut microbiome associations with outcome following co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in pigs immunized with a PRRS modified live virus vaccine

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two of the most significant pathogens affecting swine. Co-infections are common and result in respiratory disease and reduced weight gain in growing pigs. Although PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are widely used to decrease PRRS-associated losses, they are generally considered inadequate for disease control. The gut microbiome provides an alternative strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy and improve PRRS control. The objective of this work was to identify gut microbiome characteristics associated with improved outcome in pigs immunized with a PRRS MLV and co-challenged with PRRSV and PCV2b. Twenty-eight days after vaccination and prior to co-challenge, fecal samples were collected from an experimental population of 50 nursery pigs. At 42 days post-challenge, 20 pigs were retrospectively identified as having high or low growth outcomes during the post-challenge period. Gut microbiomes of the two outcome groups were compared using the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA) and 16S rDNA sequencing. High growth outcomes were associated with several gut microbiome characteristics, such as increased bacterial diversity, increased Bacteroides pectinophilus, decreased Mycoplasmataceae species diversity, higher Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios, increased relative abundance of the phylum Spirochaetes, reduced relative abundance of the family Lachnospiraceae, and increased Lachnospiraceae species C6A11 and P6B14. Overall, this study identifies gut microbiomes associated with improved outcomes in PRRS vaccinated pigs following a polymicrobial respiratory challenge and provides evidence towards the gut microbiome playing a role in PRRS vaccine efficacy.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Life Cycle Assessment of Methanol from Fossil, Biomass, and Waste Sources, and Its Use as a Marine Fuel in Dual-Fuel Engines

Methanol is gaining interest in the marine sector from energy security and reducing emissions perspective. This study provides a comparative life cycle assessment of methanol as a marine fuel, across GHG and criteria air pollutant emission metrics, when it is used in a dual-fuel engine. Twelve methanol pathways from four different feedstock categories were considered, including (1) cellulosic biomass forest residues and clean pine mix, corn stover, switchgrass, and miscanthus; (2) organic wastes renewable natural gas from wastewater sludge, swine manure, food waste, and landfill gas; (3) fossil resources coal and natural gas (NG); and (4) e-methanol using captured carbon dioxide. When used in a dual-fuel engine with pilot fuel, life cycle GHG emissions for woody biomass-based methanol were approximately 19 gCO 2 e MJ −1 , while emissions from waste-based sources ranged between −154 and 31 gCO 2 e MJ −1 . Methanol from renewable sources showed a GHG reduction potential between 58 and 226% compared to conventional NG-based methanol (122 gCO 2 e MJ −1 ), primarily due to the avoided emissions from conventional waste management. When carbon from process emissions were captured, the reduction could be up to 327%. All pathways exhibited lower NO X , and particulate matter emissions compared to the baseline marine fuel (MGO 0.1% sulfur), while woody biomass and coal pathways had higher SO X emissions.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biogas Upgrading for Fuel Production

Waste-to-Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) offers a promising solution to alleviating waste management challenges by converting waste into renewable fuels. Here, this process can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as demonstrated through a comprehensive life cycle analysis. Biogas upgrading is essential to enhance the methane concentration, though it could be energy-intensive and susceptible to methane slippage. Four commonly adopted biogas upgrading technologies, including pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, chemical absorption, and water scrubbing, are considered. Our study evaluates the life cycle GHG emissions of RNG production from major sources of waste in the U.S. including wastewater sludge, food waste, landfill gas, dairy cow manure, and swine manure. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess methane slippage and energy consumption of biogas upgrading and associated GHG emissions, while accounting for potential avoided emissions from conventional waste management, which vary widely (ranging from −481.0 to 101.8 g CO 2 -eq/MJ). Under default upstream assumptions, representative carbon intensity of RNG varies from about −125 g of CO 2 -eq/MJ (dairy cow manure) to about 41 g of CO 2 -eq/MJ (wastewater sludge). We also explored RNG applications in producing hydrogen, ammonia, and compressed/liquefied forms. These findings highlight the potential of RNG and RNG-derived fuels to reduce GHG emissions and bolster the U.S. energy supply.

Biogas upgrades↗