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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 127 records · Page 7

A New Scheme of Redundant Timing Crosschecking for Frontend Systems

In high energy physics experiments, frontend digitization modules are usually driven by a common clock. At the frontend electronics and digitization modules of the detector, a precise timing reference must establish in order to make a useful timing measurement. It would be very useful for the frontend digitization system to include a feature of redundant timing crosschecking. The inspiration for the timing crosschecking scheme came from the long-abandoned analog mean-timer schemes. In this scheme, several Front-end modules are connected together through a cable set with taps connected to the digitization modules. Pulses are driven from every FE modules alternately without overlapping. The arrival times of pulses sent from FE modules are digitized at the timing crosschecking module. The mean times will change as temperature changes, but their difference between two FE modules are cancelled mathematically. This feature enables easy achievement of good timing precision without the need for complex hardware.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Neutron generation using pyroelectric crystals

A method for producing a neutrons includes producing a voltage of negative polarity of at least −100 keV on a surface of a deuterated or tritiated target in response to a temperature change of a pyroelectric crystal of less than about 40° C., the pyroelectric crystal having the deuterated or tritiated target coupled thereto, pulsing a deuterium ion source to produce a deuterium ion beam, accelerating the deuterium ion beam to the deuterated or tritiated target, and directing the ion beam onto the deuterated or tritiated target to make neutrons using at least one element of the following: a voltage of the pyroelectric crystal and a high gradient insulator (HGI) surrounding the pyroelectric crystal. The accelerating of the deuterium ion beam is achieved by using an ion accelerating mechanism comprising a pyroelectric stack accelerator having a first thermal altering mechanism for changing a temperature of the pyroelectric stack accelerator.

Tang, Vincent↗

Vibration damping and heat transfer using material phase changes

A method and apparatus wherein phase changes in a material can dampen vibrational energy, dampen noise and facilitate heat transfer. One embodiment includes a method for damping vibrational energy in a body. The method comprises attaching a material to the body, wherein the material comprises a substrate, a shape memory alloy layer, and a plurality of temperature change elements. The method further comprises sensing vibrations in the body. In addition, the method comprises indicating to at least a portion of the temperature change elements to provide a temperature change in the shape memory alloy layer, wherein the temperature change is sufficient to provide a phase change in at least a portion of the shape memory alloy layer, and further wherein the phase change consumes a sufficient amount of kinetic energy to dampen at least a portion of the vibrational energy in the body. In other embodiments, the shape memory alloy layer is a thin film. Additional embodiments include a sensor connected to the material.

Kloucek, Petr↗

Arsenic ambient conditions preventing surface degradation of GaAs during capless annealing at high temperatures

Changes in surface morphology and composition caused by capless annealing of GaAs were studied as a function of annealing temperature, T(GaAs), and the ambient arsenic pressure controlled by the temperature, T(As), of an arsenic source in the annealing ampul. It was established that any degradation of the GaAs surface morphology could be completely prevented, providing that T(As) was more than about 0.315T(GaAs) + 227 C. This empirical relationship is valid up to the melting point temperature of GaAs (1238 C), and it may be useful in some device-processing steps.

Kang, C. H.↗

Diffusive Gas Loss from Silica Glass Ampoules at Elevated Temperatures

Changes in the pressure of hydrogen, helium and neon due to diffusion through the wall of silica crystal growth ampoules at elevated temperatures were determined experimentally. We show that, while both He- and Ne-losses closely follow conventional model of diffusive gas permeation through the wall, hydrogen losses, in particular at low fill pressures, can be much larger. This is interpreted in terms of the high solubility of hydrogen in silica glasses.

Palosz, W.↗

A process for preparing an assembly of an article and a soluble polyimide which resists dimensional change, delamination, and debonding when exposed to changes in temperature

An assembly of an article and a polyimide is prepared. The assembly resists dimensional change, delamination, or debonding when exposed to changes in temperature. An article is provided. A soluble polyimide resin solution having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was prepared by dissolving the polyimide in solvent and adding a metal ion-containing additive to the solution. Examples of the additive are: Ho(OOCCH3), Er(NPPA)3, TmCl3, and Er(C5H7O2)3. The soluble polyimide resin is combined with the article to form the assembly.

Stoakley, Diane M.↗

A process for preparing an assembly of an article and a polyimide which resists dimensional change, delamination, and debonding when exposed to changes in temperature

An assembly of an article and a polyimide composition is prepared. The assembly resists dimensional change, delamination, or debonding when exposed to changes to temperature. An article is provided. A polyamic acid solution which yields a polyimide having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was prepared. Equimolar quantities of an aromatic diamine and an aromatic dianhydride were reacted in a solvent medium to form a polyamic acid solution. A metal ion containing additive was added to the solution. Examples of this additive are: TbCl3, DyCl3, ErCl3, TmCl3, Al(C5H7O2)3, and Er2S3. The polyamic acid solution was imidized and is combined with the article to form the assembly.

Stoakley, Diane M.↗

Process for preparing an assembly of an article and a polyimide which resists dimensional change, delamination and debonding when exposed to changes in temperature

An assembly of an article and a polyimide composition is prepared. The assembly resists dimensional change, delamination, or debonding when exposed to changes in temperature. An article is provided. A polyamic acid solution which yields a polyimide having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was prepared. Equimolar quantities of an aromatic diamine and an aromatic dianhydride were reacted in a solvent medium to form a polyamic acid solution. A metal ion-containing additive was added to the solution. Examples of this additive are: TbCl3, DyCl3, ErCl3, TmCl3, Al(C5H7O2)3, and Er2S3. The polyamic acid solution was imidized and is combined with the article to form the assembly.

Stoakley, Diane M.↗

Human influence on joint changes in temperature, rainfall and continental aridity

Despite the pervasive impact of drought on human and natural systems, the large-scale mechanisms conducive to regional drying remain poorly understood. Here we use a multivariate approach to identify two distinct externally forced fingerprints from multiple ensembles of Earth system model simulations. The leading fingerprint, F(M1)(x), is characterized by global warming, intensified wet–dry patterns and progressive large-scale continental aridification, largely driven by multidecadal increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The second fingerprint, F(M2)(x), captures a pronounced interhemispheric temperature contrast, associated meridional shifts in the intertropical convergence zone and correlated anomalies in precipitation and aridity over California, the Sahel and India. F(M2)(x) exhibits nonlinear temporal behaviour: the intertropical convergence zone moves southwards before 1975 in response to increases in hemispherically asymmetric sulfate aerosol emissions, and it shifts northwards after 1975 due to reduced sulfur dioxide emissions and the GHG-induced warming of Northern Hemisphere landmasses. Both fingerprints are statistically identifiable in observations of joint changes in temperature, rainfall and aridity during 1950–2014. We show that the reliable simulation of these changes requires combined forcing by GHGs, direct and indirect effects of aerosols, and large volcanic eruptions. Our results suggest that GHG-induced aridification may be modulated regionally by future reductions in sulfate aerosol emissions.

Human influence↗

Projected Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Over the United States, Central America, and the Caribbean in CMIP6 GCMs

The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset is used to examine projected changes in temperature and precipitation over the United States (U.S.), Central America and the Caribbean. The changes are computed using an ensemble of 31 models for three future time slices (2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2080–2099) relative to the reference period (1995–2014) under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs; SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). The CMIP6 ensemble reproduces the observed annual cycle and distribution of mean annual temperature and precipitation with biases between – 0.93 and 1.27 °C and – 37.90 to 58.45%, respectively, for most of the region. However, modeled precipitation is too large over the western and Midwestern U.S. during winter and spring and over the North American monsoon region in summer, while too small over southern Central America. Temperature is projected to increase over the entire domain under all three SSPs, by as much as 6 °C under SSP5-8.5, and with more pronounced increases in the northern latitudes over the regions that receive snow in the present climate. Annual precipitation projections for the end of the twenty-first century have more uncertainty, as expected, and exhibit a meridional dipole-like pattern, with precipitation increasing by 10–30% over much of the U.S. and decreasing by 10–40% over Central America and the Caribbean, especially over the monsoon region. Seasonally, precipitation over the eastern and central subregions is projected to increase during winter and spring and decrease during summer and autumn. Over the monsoon region and Central America, precipitation is projected to decrease in all seasons except autumn. The analysis was repeated on a subset of 9 models with the best performance in the reference period; however, no significant difference was found, suggesting that model bias is not strongly influencing the projections.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Theoretical study of polar and global ozone changes using a coupled radiative-dynamical 2-D model

An existing 2-D model has recently been updated to incorporate ozone-temperature feedbacks with more comprehensive radiative transfer calculations and more detailed temperature data input. Researchers address the following issues: (1) given the observed temperature changes for the past eight years, quantitatively how much ozone change can be produced by the dynamical effect of the temperature change over the Arctic and Antarctic; (2) how much of the reported change in globally averaged ozone can be accounted for by temperature changes; (3) the role of the diabatic circulation changes in the lower stratosphere in determining the timing of the polar spring maximum and minimum; and (4) the role of the seasonal change in the diabatic circulation in causing the fall minimum over the Arctic and Antarctic.

Yang, H.↗

Thermal Frequency Drift of 3D Printed Microwave Components

Fabrication of microwave slot array antennas and waveguide bandpass and notch filters using 3D printing has significant advantages in terms of speed and cost even for parts with high mechanical complexity. One disadvantage of Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed, copper plated microwave components is that some SLA resins have a high Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE), quoted in micrometers per meter per degree or 10 -6 per degree. Compared to typically used metals such as aluminum (CTE 24 × 10 -6 ·K -1 ) and copper (CTE 17 × 10 -6 ·K -1 ), SLA resin can have CTE above 100 × 10 -6 ·K -1 . Resonant structures experience significant frequency drift with temperature changes on the order of 10–50 °C. The issue of 3D printed microwave structures changing frequency characteristics significantly with temperature shift has not been addressed or reviewed in current literature. We measured and simulated the effect of temperature change on a slot array, cavity notch filters, and post loaded waveguide bandpass filters. We tested several types of SLA resin, different plating techniques, and also Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) and Binder Infusion metal 3D printing. Performance as a function of temperature is presented for these alternatives.

three-dimensional printing↗

Two color holographic interferometry for microgravity application

Holographic interferometry is a primary candidate for the measurement of temperature and concentration in various crystal growth experiments destined for space. The method measures refractive index changes in the experiment test cell. A refractive index change can be caused by concentration changes, temperature changes, or a combination of temperature and concentration changes. If the refractive index changes are caused by temperature and concentration changes occurring simultaneously in the experiment test cell, the contributions by the two effects cannot be separated by conventional measurement methods. By using two wavelengths, two independent interferograms can be produced from the reconstruction of the hologram. The two interferograms will be different due to dispersion properties of fluid materials. These differences provide the additional information that allows the separation of simultaneously occurring temperature and concentration gradients. There is no other technique available that can provide this type of information. The primary objectives of this effort are to experimentally verify the mathematical theory of two color holographic interferometry and to determine the practical value of this technique for space application. To achieve these objectives, the accuracy and sensitivity of the technique must be determined for geometry's and materials that are relevant to the Materials Processing in the Space program of NASA. This will be achieved through the use of a specially designed two-color holographic interferometry breadboard optical system. In addition to experiments to achieve the primary goals, the breadboard will also provide inputs to the design of an optimum space flight system.

Trolinger, James D.↗

Remote Leak Detection: Indirect Thermal Technique

Remote sensing technologies are being considered for efficient, low cost gas leak detection. Eleven specific techniques have been identified for further study and evaluation of several of these is underway. The Indirect Thermal Technique is one of the techniques that is being explored. For this technique, an infrared camera is used to detect the temperature change of a pipe or fitting at the site of a gas leak. This temperature change is caused by the change in temperature of the gas expanding from the leak site. During the 10-week NFFP program, the theory behind the technique was further developed, experiments were performed to determine the conditions for which the technique might be viable, and a proof-of-concept system was developed and tested in the laboratory.

Clements, Sandra↗

Regenerable non-venting cooler for protective suit

A life support back pack 14 for use during extravehicular activity in space incorporates a cooling apparatus 20 comprised of five panels 22 each of which include in layered fashion a LCG coolant heat exchange coil 32, a heat distribution plate 42, and a heat dissipation module 50A or 50B having an outer radiator surface 52. Each module 50A houses a first phase change material 55A, for example hexadecane paraffin, and each module 50B houses a second phase change material 55B, for example tetradecane paraffin, which has a phase change temperature which is less than the phase change temperature of the first phase change material 55A. The cooling apparatus 20 is equipped with a coolant heat exchange circuit provided with mode selection valves 84 and 86 which are operated by a controller 88 to selectively direct the LCG coolant to be cooled through the cooling apparatus in one of three operating modes.

Roebelen, Jr., George J.↗

Fiber and bundle orientations, matrix rich regions, and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites using thermal digital image correlation

Methods for assessing fiber and bundle orientations and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composite materials using Thermal Digital Image Correlation (TDIC) are disclosed. In some examples, the method comprises exposing the composite material to a temperature change; imaging the composite material at a plurality of time points before, during and/or after the temperature change; and assessing the characteristic of the composite material based on the imaging. In others, temperature changes naturally occur during the cooling process after manufacturing can be employed for this method such as compression molding process, injection molding process, resin transfer molding processes and its variants.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Temporal Variations of Titan's Middle-Atmospheric Temperatures From 2004-2009 Observed by Cassini/CIRS

We use five and one-half years of limb- and nadir-viewing temperature mapping observations by the Composite Infrared Radiometer-Spectrometer (CIRS) on the Cassini Saturn orbiter, taken between July 2004 and December 2009 (Ls from 293deg to 4deg; northern mid-winter to just after northern spring equinox), to monitor temperature changes in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere of Titan. The largest changes are in the northern (winter) polar stratopause, which has declined in temperature by over 20 K between 2005 and 2009. Throughout the rest of the mid to upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, temperature changes are less than 5 K. In the southern hemisphere, temperatures in the middle stratosphere near 1 mbar increased by 1 to 2K from 2004 through early 2007, then declined by 2 to 4K throughout 2008 and 2009, with the changes, being larger at more, polar latitudes. Middle stratospheric temperatures at mid-northern latitudes show a small 1 to 2K increase, from 2005 through 2009. At north polar latitudes within the polar vortex, temperatures in the middle stratosphe=re show a approx. 4 K increase during 2007, followed by a comparable decrease in temperatures in 2008 and into early 2009. The observed temperature. changes in the north polar region are consistent with a weakening of the subsidence within the descending branch of the middle atmosphere meridional circulation.

Achterberg, Richard K.↗