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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,297 records · Page 72
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Small Angle Neutron Scattering

Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) probes structural details at the nanometer scale in a non-destructive way. This article gives an introduction to scientists who have no prior small-angle scattering knowledge, but who seek a technique that allows elucidating structural information in challenging situations that thwart approaches by other methods. SANS is applicable to a wide variety of materials including metals and alloys, ceramics, concrete, glasses, polymers, composites and biological materials. Isotope and magnetic interactions provide unique methods for labeling and contrast variation to highlight specific structural features of interest. In situ studies of a material s responses to temperature, pressure, shear, magnetic and electric fields, etc., are feasible as a result of the high penetrating power of neutrons. SANS provides statistical information on significant structural features averaged over the probed sample volume, and one can use SANS to quantify with high precision the structural details that are observed, for example, in electron microscopy. Neutron scattering is non-destructive; there is no need to cut specimens into thin sections, and neutrons penetrate deeply, providing information on the bulk material, free from surface effects. The basic principles of a SANS experiment are fairly simple, but the measurement, analysis and interpretation of small angle scattering data involves theoretical concepts that are unique to the technique and that are not widely known. This article includes a concise description of the basics, as well as practical know-how that is essential for a successful SANS experiment.

biomaterials↗
NASA NTRS2010

Waterhammer Modeling for the Ares I Upper Stage Reaction Control System Cold Flow Development Test Article

The Upper Stage Reaction Control System provides three-axis attitude control for the Ares I launch vehicle during active Upper Stage flight. The system design must accommodate rapid thruster firing to maintain the proper launch trajectory and thus allow for the possibility to pulse multiple thrusters simultaneously. Rapid thruster valve closure creates an increase in static pressure, known as waterhammer, which propagates throughout the propellant system at pressures exceeding nominal design values. A series of development tests conducted in the fall of 2009 at Marshall Space Flight Center were performed using a water-flow test article to better understand fluid performance characteristics of the Upper Stage Reaction Control System. A subset of the tests examined waterhammer along with the subsequent pressure and frequency response in the flight-representative system and provided data to anchor numerical models. This thesis presents a comparison of waterhammer test results with numerical model and analytical results. An overview of the flight system, test article, modeling and analysis are also provided.

Williams, Jonathan H.↗
DOE OSTI2010

Investment Dimension: Enhanced Data Equals Better Climate Models

Through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the U.S. Department of Energy provided the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility with $60 million for new and upgraded instrumentation, equipment, and infrastructure to improve atmospheric data sets. These enhancements will take place among the permanent ARM research sites in Oklahoma and Alaska in the United States, and near the equator in the tropical Western Pacific. They will also advance the capabilities of ARM’s mobile and aerial research platforms. This article focuses on key enhancements - particularly new scanning radars, enhanced lidar technologies, aerosol observation systems, and in situ aircraft probes - that will provide unprecedented data sets for the modeling community.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

The future of self-driving laboratories: from human in the loop interactive AI to gamification

Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), implemented through self-driving laboratories (SDLs), are rapidly creating unprecedented opportunities for the accelerated discovery and optimization of materials. This paper provides a joint analysis of SDLs from both academic and industry perspectives, highlighting the importance of integrating human intelligence in these systems. It discusses the necessity of careful planning in SDL design across physical, data, and workflow dimensions, including instrumental setup, experimental workflow, data management, and human–SDL interaction. The significance of integrating human input within SDLs, especially as the focus shifts from individual tools and tasks to the creation and management of complex workflows, is emphasized. The paper stresses on the crucial role of reward function design in developing forward-looking workflows and examines the interplay between hardware evolution, ML application across chemical processes, and the influence of reward systems in research. Ultimately, the article advocates for a future where SDLs blend human intuition in hypothesis formulation with AI's precision, speed, and data-handling capabilities.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Observing fish interactions with marine energy turbines using acoustic cameras

Abstract Marine current energy converters such as tidal and riverine turbines have the potential to provide reliable, clean power. The risk of collision of fishes with marine energy turbines is not yet well understood, in part due to the challenges associated with observing fish at turbine sites. Turbidity and light availability can limit the effectiveness of optical sensors like video cameras, motivating the use of acoustic cameras for this task. However, challenges persist in collecting and interpreting data acquired from acoustic cameras. Given the limited number of turbine deployments to date, it is prudent to draw on the application of acoustic cameras to monitor fish in other scenarios. This article synthesizes their use for other fisheries applications to inform best practices and set realistic expectations for the results of acoustic camera monitoring at turbine sites. We discuss six key tasks performed with acoustic cameras: detecting objects, identifying objects as fish, counting fish, measuring fish, classifying fish taxonomically and analysing fish behavior. Specific challenges to monitoring fish at turbine sites are discussed. This article is intended to serve as a reference for researchers, regulators and marine energy developers on effective use of acoustic cameras to monitor fish at turbine sites. The studies detailed in this article provide evidence that, in some scenarios, acoustic cameras can be used to inform the risk of fish collision with marine energy turbines but doing so requires careful study design and data processing.

Cotter, Emma↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development and Validation of Two-Phase Flow Models in MOOSE and Application to Molten Salt Reactors

Two-phase flow in Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) is important as it impacts reactivity evolution, reactor transient response, and the removal of species dissolved in the molten salt through gas phase transfer. Therefore, accurately predicting the gas distribution and the associated liquid-gas interface area in MSRs is essential for their design and operation. Recently, we integrated a new two-phase model into Idaho National Laboratory (INL)’s Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE): a multi-D generalization of a mixture drift-flux model. It provides greater computational efficiency, which is typically preferred for modeling reactor transients. However, the mixture model’s accuracy in capturing void distribution and interfacial area in MSRs still needs to be assessed. This article begins with a description of the mathematical framework for the two-phase model implemented in MOOSE. It then presents validation of these models against relevant experimental data. Finally, the model is applied to the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment case study, analyzing various operational conditions such as different rates of fission product volatilization and diverse cover gas entrainment scenarios at the reactor pump. The article concludes by assessing the suitability of the mixture drift-flux model for capturing the two-phase flow dynamics critical to MSR operations

42 - ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development and Validation of Two-Phase Flow Models in MOOSE for Molten Salt Reactor Application

Two-phase flow in Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) is important as it impacts reactivity evolution, reactor transient response, and the removal of species dissolved in the molten salt through gas phase transfer. Therefore, accurately predicting the gas distribution and the associated liquid-gas interface area in MSRs is essential for their design and operation. Recently, we integrated two new models into Idaho National Laboratory (INL)’s Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE): a multi-D generalization of a mixture drift-flux model and a Euler-Euler model. The Euler-Euler model offers higher fidelity, while the mixture drift-flux model provides greater computational efficiency, which is typically preferred for modeling reactor transients. However, the mixture model's accuracy in capturing void distribution and interfacial area in MSRs still needs to be assessed. This article begins with a description of the mathematical framework for the two-phase models implemented in MOOSE. It then presents validation of these models against relevant experimental data. Finally, both models are applied to the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment case study, analyzing various operational conditions such as different rates of fission product volatilization and diverse cover gas entrainment scenarios at the reactor pump. The article concludes by assessing the suitability of both models for capturing the two-phase flow dynamics critical to MSR operations.

42 - ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development and Validation of Two-Phase Flow Models in MOOSE and Application to Molten Salt Reactors

Two-phase flow in Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) is important as it impacts reactivity evolution, reactor transient response, and the removal of species dissolved in the molten salt through gas phase transfer. Therefore, accurately predicting the gas distribution and the associated liquid-gas interface area in MSRs is essential for their design and operation. Recently, we integrated two new models into Idaho National Laboratory (INL)’s Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE): a multi-D generalization of a mixture drift-flux model and a Euler-Euler model. The Euler-Euler model offers higher fidelity, while the mixture drift-flux model provides greater computational efficiency, which is typically preferred for modeling reactor transients. However, the mixture model's accuracy in capturing void distribution and interfacial area in MSRs still needs to be assessed. This article begins with a description of the mathematical framework for the two-phase models implemented in MOOSE. It then presents validation of these models against relevant experimental data. Finally, both models are applied to the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment case study, analyzing various operational conditions such as different rates of fission product volatilization and diverse cover gas entrainment scenarios at the reactor pump. The article concludes by assessing the suitability of both models for capturing the two-phase flow dynamics critical to MSR operations.

42 - ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1996

A Novel Photonic Clock and Carrier Recovery Device

As data communication rates climb toward ten Gb/s, clock recovery and synchronization become more difficult, if not impossible, using conventional electronic circuits. We present in this article experimental results of a high speed clock and carrier recovery using a novel device called a photonic oscillator that we recently developed in our laboratory. This device is capable of recovering clock signals up to 70 GHz. To recover the clock, the incoming data is injected into the photonic oscillator either through the optical injection port or the electrical injection port. The free running photonic oscillator is tuned to oscillate at a nominal frequency equal to the clock frequency of the incoming data. With the injection of the data, the photonic oscillator will be quickly locked to clock frequency of the data stream while rejecting other frequency components associated with the data. Consequently, the output of the locked photonic oscillator is a continuous periodical wave synchronized with the incoming data or simply the recovered clock. We have demonstrated a clock to spur ratio of more than 60 dB of the recovered clock using this technique. Similar to the clock recovery, the photonic oscillator can be used to recover a high frequency carrier degraded by noise and an improvement of about 50 dB in signal-to-noise ratio was demonstrated. The photonic oscillator has both electrical and optical inputs and outputs and can be directly interfaced with a photonic system without signal conversion. In addition to clock and carrier recovery, the photonic oscillator can also be used for (1) stable high frequency clock signal generation, (2) frequency multiplication, (3) square wave and comb frequency generation, and (4) photonic phase locked loop.

Yao, X. Steve↗
NASA NTRS2015

Leak Rate Quantification Method for Gas Pressure Seals with Controlled Pressure Differential

An enhancement to the pressure decay leak rate method with mass point analysis solved deficiencies in the standard method. By adding a control system, a constant gas pressure differential across the test article was maintained. As a result, the desired pressure condition was met at the onset of the test, and the mass leak rate and measurement uncertainty were computed in real-time. The data acquisition and control system were programmed to automatically stop when specified criteria were met. Typically, the test was stopped when a specified level of measurement uncertainty was attained. Using silicone O-ring test articles, the new method was compared with the standard method that permitted the downstream pressure to be non-constant atmospheric pressure. The two methods recorded comparable leak rates, but the new method recorded leak rates with significantly lower measurement uncertainty, statistical variance, and test duration. Utilizing this new method in leak rate quantification, projects will reduce cost and schedule, improve test results, and ease interpretation between data sets.

seal↗
DOE OSTI2014

Experimental cross sections for L-shell x-ray production and ionization by protons

Tables of compiled cross sections list data for production of individual line and total L x-rays as well as for ionization of L subshells and the total L shell. The present cumulative compilation covers some six decades of measurements on targets from {sub 10}Ne to {sub 95}Am bombarded by protons ranging from 10 keV to 1 GeV. It includes data published in the period 1954–1992 from tables published in this journal, cross sections that were not reported in those tables, and new data from works published after 1992. Existing empirical, semiempirical, and theoretical analyses based on, and relative to, the pre-1993 database are reviewed. The experimental details are summarized for pre-1993 articles that were not referenced in previous compilations and, continuing the practice of these compilations, for each new publication. Covering the period 1954–December 2012, the present tabulation collects (not counting 2519 new data for L{sub β1,3,4}, L{sub β2,15},L{sub γ1}, L{sub γ2,3}, and L{sub γ4,4{sup ′}} x ray production) circa 15 500 experimental cross sections and enlarges the database from the previously published tables by 94%. -- Highlights: •An updated database is presented, increasing by 94% the earlier pre-1993 database. •The update has 40% more data from the pre-1993 period, absent in prior compilations. •The growth and possible saturation in the number of data is illustrated. •Ionization cross sections are reconverted to x-ray production cross sections. •Elements and ion energies are identified where measurements are still necessary.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Recent Advances in Machine Learning for Fiber Optic Sensor Applications

Over the last three decades, fiber optic sensors (FOS) have gained a lot of attention for their wide range of monitoring applications across many industries, including aerospace, defense, security, civil engineering, and energy. FOS technologies hold great promise to form the backbone for next‐generation intelligent sensing platforms that offer long‐distance, high‐accuracy, distributed measurement capabilities and multiparametric monitoring with resilience to harsh environmental conditions. The major limitations posed by FOS are 1) cross‐sensitivity, 2) enormous volume and large data generation, 3) low data processing speed, 4) degradation of signal‐to‐noise ratio over the fiber length, and 5) overall cost of sensor and interrogator systems. These challenges can be overcome by building advanced data analytics engines enabled by recent breakthroughs in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). This article presents a comprehensive review of recent studies that integrate ML and AI algorithms with FOS technologies. This review also highlights several FOS technology development directions that promise a significant impact on widespread use for several industrial applications, with an emphasis on energy systems monitoring. A perspective on future directions for further research development is also provided.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2010

Identification of Bayesian posteriors for coefficients of chaos expansions

This article is concerned with the identification of probabilistic characterizations of random variables and fields from experimental data. The data used for the identification consist of measurements of several realizations of the uncertain quantities that must be characterized. The random variables and fields are approximated by a polynomial chaos expansion, and the coefficients of this expansion are viewed as unknown parameters to be identified. It is shown how the Bayesian paradigm can be applied to formulate and solve the inverse problem. The estimated polynomial chaos coefficients are hereby themselves characterized as random variables whose probability density function is the Bayesian posterior. This allows to quantify the impact of missing experimental information on the accuracy of the identified coefficients, as well as on subsequent predictions. An illustration in stochastic aeroelastic stability analysis is provided to demonstrate the proposed methodology.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Fast equilibration of coarse-grained polymeric liquids

The study of macromolecular systems may require large computer simulations that are too time consuming and resource intensive to execute in full atomic detail. The integral equation coarse-graining approach by Guenza and co-workers enables the exploration of longer time and spatial scales without sacrificing thermodynamic consistency, by approximating collections of atoms using analytically-derived soft-sphere potentials. Because coarse-grained (CG) characterizations evolve polymer systems far more efficiently than the corresponding united atom (UA) descriptions, we can feasibly equilibrate a CG system to a reasonable geometry, then transform back to the UA description for a more complete equilibration. Automating the transformation between the two different representations simultaneously exploits CG efficiency and UA accuracy. By iteratively mapping back and forth between CG and UA, we can quickly guide the simulation towards a configuration that would have taken many more time steps within the UA representation alone. Accomplishing this feat requires a diligent workflow for managing input/output coordinate data between the different steps, deriving the potential at runtime, and inspecting convergence. Here in this article, we present a lightweight workflow environment that accomplishes such fast equilibration without user intervention. The workflow supports automated mapping between the CG and UA descriptions in an iterative, scalable, and customizable manner. We describe this technique, examine its feasibility, and analyze its correctness.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Use of comparative genomics approaches to characterize interspecies differences in response to environmental chemicals: Challenges, opportunities, and research needs

A critical challenge for environmental chemical risk assessment is the characterization and reduction of uncertainties introduced when extrapolating inferences from one species to another. The purpose of this article is to explore the challenges, opportunities, and research needs surrounding the issue of how genomics data and computational and systems level approaches can be applied to inform differences in response to environmental chemical exposure across species. We propose that the data, tools, and evolutionary framework of comparative genomics be adapted to inform interspecies differences in chemical mechanisms of action. We compare and contrast existing approaches, from disciplines as varied as evolutionary biology, systems biology, mathematics, and computer science, that can be used, modified, and combined in new ways to discover and characterize interspecies differences in chemical mechanism of action which, in turn, can be explored for application to risk assessment. We consider how genetic, protein, pathway, and network information can be interrogated from an evolutionary biology perspective to effectively characterize variations in biological processes of toxicological relevance among organisms. We conclude that comparative genomics approaches show promise for characterizing interspecies differences in mechanisms of action, and further, for improving our understanding of the uncertainties inherent in extrapolating inferences across species in both ecological and human health risk assessment. To achieve long-term relevance and consistent use in environmental chemical risk assessment, improved bioinformatics tools, computational methods robust to data gaps, and quantitative approaches for conducting extrapolations across species are critically needed. Specific areas ripe for research to address these needs are recommended.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

A multi-phase network situational awareness cognitive task analysis

Abstract The goal of our project is to create a set of next-generation cyber situational-awareness capabilities with applications to other domains in the long term. The objective is to improve the decision-making process to enable decision makers to choose better actions. To this end, we put extensive effort into making certain that we had feedback from network analysts and managers and understand what their genuine needs are. This article discusses the cognitive task-analysis methodology that we followed to acquire feedback from the analysts. This article also provides the details we acquired from the analysts on their processes, goals, concerns, the data and metadata that they analyze. Finally, we describe the generation of a novel task-flow diagram representing the activities of the target user base.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2010

Potentials for J/{psi} from b decays measurement in the ALICE experiment at LHC

The ALICE potentials in proton-proton collisions for the measurement of the fraction of J/{psi} produced at central rapidity (|y|<0.9) in beauty hadrons semi-inclusive decays, namely B{yields}J/{psi}X, is discussed.This measurement relies on the combined use of the Time Projection Chamber (TPC), for tracking and particle identification via dE/dx measurement; the Inner Tracking System (ITS) for tracking and detection of displaced vertices; the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) for particle identification.The description of the analysis method developed and the discussion of the estimate for a total J/{psi} statistics corresponding to one year of ALICE data taking in p-p collisions at {radical}(s) = 7 TeV is provided in the article.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Efficient E-Beam Lithography Exposure Strategies for Diffractive X-ray Optics

Exposure of structures with rotational symmetry by means of electron beam lithography is not trivial, because the e-beam writers are usually designed to deal with the data defined in Cartesian coordinates. Fabrication of circular nanostructures like Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) for x-ray microscopy applications requires exposures with resolution well below 1 nm. Therefore, special attention has to be paid to the efficient exposure data preparation, which will guarantee required precision and allow keeping the exposure time low. In this article, we describe in detail an optimized strategy that was applied for exposure of FZPs by the Vistec EBPG5000Plus e-beam lithography tool. Direct programming of exposure files allowed us to use fully the capabilities of this e-beam writer to expose efficiently and reproducibly FZPs with desired characteristics in both positive and negative tone resists.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗