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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,315 records · Page 73

NASA Tech Briefs, July 2011

Topics covered include: 1) Collaborative Clustering for Sensor Networks; 2) Teleoperated Marsupial Mobile Sensor Platform Pair for Telepresence Insertion Into Challenging Structures; 3) Automated Verification of Spatial Resolution in Remotely Sensed Imagery; 4) Electrical Connector Mechanical Seating Sensor; 5) In Situ Aerosol Detector; 6) Multi-Parameter Aerosol Scattering Sensor; 7) MOSFET Switching Circuit Protects Shape Memory Alloy Actuators; 8) Optimized FPGA Implementation of Multi-Rate FIR Filters Through Thread Decomposition; 9) Circuit for Communication Over Power Lines; 10) High-Efficiency Ka-Band Waveguide Two-Way Asymmetric Power Combiner; 11) 10-100 Gbps Offload NIC for WAN, NLR, and Grid Computing; 12) Pulsed Laser System to Simulate Effects of Cosmic Rays in Semiconductor Devices; 13) Flight Planning in the Cloud; 14) MPS Editor; 15) Object-Oriented Multi Disciplinary Design, Analysis, and Optimization Tool; 16) Cryogenic-Compatible Winchester Connector Mount and Retaining System for Composite Tubes; 17) Development of Position-Sensitive Magnetic Calorimeters for X-Ray Astronomy; 18) Planar Rotary Piezoelectric Motor Using Ultrasonic Horns; 19) Self-Rupturing Hermetic Valve; 20) Explosive Bolt Dual-Initiated from One Side; 21) Dampers for Stationary Labyrinth Seals; 22) Two-Arm Flexible Thermal Strap; 23) Carbon Dioxide Removal via Passive Thermal Approaches; 24) Polymer Electrolyte-Based Ambient Temperature Oxygen Microsensors for Environmental Monitoring; 25) Pressure Shell Approach to Integrated Environmental Protection; 26) Image Quality Indicator for Infrared Inspections; 27) Micro-Slit Collimators for X-Ray/Gamma-Ray Imaging; 28) Scatterometer-Calibrated Stability Verification Method; 29) Test Port for Fiber-Optic-Coupled Laser Altimeter; 30) Phase Retrieval System for Assessing Diamond Turning and Optical Surface Defects; 31) Laser Oscillator Incorporating a Wedged Polarization Rotator and a Porro Prism as Cavity Mirror; 32) Generic, Extensible, Configurable Push-Pull Framework for Large-Scale Science Missions; 33) Dynamic Loads Generation for Multi-Point Vibration Excitation Problems; 34) Optimal Control via Self-Generated Stochasticity; 35) Space-Time Localization of Plasma Turbulence Using Multiple Spacecraft Radio Links; 36) Surface Contact Model for Comets and Asteroids; 37) Dust Mitigation Vehicle; 38) Optical Coating Performance for Heat Reflectors of the JWST-ISIM Electronic Component; 39) SpaceCube Demonstration Platform; 40) Aperture Mask for Unambiguous Parity Determination in Long Wavelength Imagers; 41) Spaceflight Ka-Band High-Rate Radiation-Hard Modulator; 42) Enabling Disabled Persons to Gain Access to Digital Media; 43) Cytometer on a Chip; 44) Principles, Techniques, and Applications of Tissue Microfluidics; and 45) Two-Stage Winch for Kites and Tethered Balloons or Blimps.

Source record↗

Aleph

Aleph is a PIC/DSMC (particle-in-cell/direct simulation Monte Carlo) software package for the simulation of low temperature plasmas. Aleph is intended to be a production quality code capable of handling complex 3D geometries. Unstructured triangular (2D) or tetrahedral (3D) meshes are used to represent simulation domains. Aleph runs either in serial on a single processor or desktop machine, or can be run in parallel using the MPI message-passing library, to enable faster performance on large problems. Aleph employs dynamic load balancing to efficiently harness thousands of processors on high performance computers and enable simulations of up to millions of mesh elements and billions of particles. Multiple decompositions of the same mesh are used: one for the particles, and one for the field solves. Electrostatic fields are computed using an unstructured mesh finite element method (FEM), and the resulting linear systems are solved using solvers from the Trilinos package (http://trilinos.org/).

Source record↗

DEEP: A Database of Energy Efficiency Performance to Accelerate Energy Retrofitting of Commercial Buildings

The paper presents a method and process to establish a database of energy efficiency performance (DEEP) to enable quick and accurate assessment of energy retrofit of commercial buildings. DEEP was compiled from results of about 35 million EnergyPlus simulations. DEEP provides energy savings for screening and evaluation of retrofit measures targeting the small and medium-sized office and retail buildings in California. The prototype building models are developed for a comprehensive assessment of building energy performance based on DOE commercial reference buildings and the California DEER prototype buildings. The prototype buildings represent seven building types across six vintages of constructions and 16 California climate zones. DEEP uses these prototypes to evaluate energy performance of about 100 energy conservation measures covering envelope, lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, plug-loads, and domestic hot water. DEEP consists the energy simulation results for individual retrofit measures as well as packages of measures to consider interactive effects between multiple measures. The large scale EnergyPlus simulations are being conducted on the super computers at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The pre-simulation database is a part of an on-going project to develop a web-based retrofit toolkit for small and medium-sized commercial buildings in California, which provides real-time energy retrofit feedback by querying DEEP with recommended measures, estimated energy savings and financial payback period based on users’ decision criteria of maximizing energy savings, energy cost savings, carbon reduction, or payback of investment. The pre-simulated database and associated comprehensive measure analysis enhances the ability to performance assessments of retrofits to reduce energy use for small and medium buildings and business owners who typically do not have resources to conduct costly building energy audit. DEEP will be migrated into the DEnCity - DOE’s Energy City, which integrates large-scale energy data for multi-purpose, open, and dynamic database leveraging diverse source of existing simulation data.

Hoon Lee, Sang↗

DEEP: Database of Energy Efficiency Performance

A database of energy efficiency performance (DEEP) is a presimulated database to enable quick and accurate assessment of energy retrofit of commercial buildings. DEEP was compiled from results of about 10 million EnergyPlus simulations. DEEP provides energy savings for screening and evaluation of retrofit measures targeting the small and medium-sized office and retail buildings in California. The prototype building models are developed for a comprehensive assessment of building energy performance based on DOE commercial reference buildings and the California DEER [sic] prototype buildings. The prototype buildings represent seven building types across six vintages of constructions and 16 California climate zones. DEEP uses these prototypes to evaluate energy performance of about 100 energy conservation measures covering envelope, lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, plug loads, and domestic hot war. DEEP consists the energy simulation results for individual retrofit measures as well as packages of measures to consider interactive effects between multiple measures. The large scale EnergyPlus simulations are being conducted on the super computers at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The pre-simulation database is a part of the CEC PIER project to develop a web-based retrofit toolkit for small and medium-sized commercial buildings in California, which provides real-time energy retrofit feedback by querying DEEP with recommended measures, estimated energy savings and financial payback period based on users' decision criteria of maximizing energy savings, energy cost savings, carbon reduction, or payback of investment. The pre-simulated database and associated comprehensive measure analysis enhances the ability to performance assessments of retrofits to reduce energy use for small and medium buildings and business owners who typically do not have resources to conduct costly building energy audit.

Hong, Tianzhen↗

Startup Physics Testing of Advanced Reactors

This report documents the startup physics testing from initial fuel loading through ascension to full power for past advanced reactor startup physics testing programs. The review includes an assessment of what nuclear physics data was measured, why this data was measured, how was the measurement made, and the agreement with predictive reactor performance calculations of that time. The purpose of this review is to establish historical precedence for test inclusion for future advanced reactors planned for demonstration at the National Reactor Innovation Center (NRIC). The historical review includes reactor designs considered to be significantly different from current light-water reactor designs, or use simplified, inherent, passive, or other innovative means to accomplish their safety functions.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Can a radiological event impact a criticality safety program: Lessons learned at WIPP - 14350

Any accident at a nuclear facility impacts all departments involved in the operation of the facility. The radiological release that occurred on February 14, 2014 has halted all waste disposal operations at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) and has resulted in detailed reviews of all safety management programs. This paper describes the initial reactions to the event, criticality issues with recovery operations, corrective actions for the criticality safety program from independent reviews, and the importance of configuration management to criticality safety. The nature, location, and timing of the event resulted in significant delays in determining the cause of the event. During this time multiple theories on the initiator of the event were postulated including and inadvertent criticality event. However, the timing of the event, average fissile gram equivalent (FGE) loading of waste containers compared to analyzed FGE loads, and isotopic analysis of fixed air samples taken during the event proved it was not an inadvertent criticality event. Recovery activities such as replacing contaminated high efficiency particulate (HEPA), filters and disposing of site generated waste have also been reviewed to prevent criticality safety issues. Post event corrective actions in all departments have impacted how future operations at WIPP will be conducted, including corrective actions for the criticality safety program. The event has also proven the importance of configuration management and the effect a change can have on a process. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Developing Smart Building Technology Modules to Enhance Workforce Preparedness: A Case for AI-Driven Academic and Professional Education

Smart building technologies are resources that improve building energy efficiency and resilience, reduce carbon emissions, and provide load flexibility to the grid. However, in both academic curricula and building professionals’ continuing education, there is a lack of systematic instruction on methods to integrate multiple energy systems including distributed energy resources (DER), smart building technologies, AI (Artificial Intelligence) tools and key concepts, components, and controls, including “Internet of Things” (IoT) devices. In today’s dynamic workforce, this major gap in smart building technology education prevents stakeholders from being able to attract talent with an understanding and preparation to adopt smart building technologies in building design and operations. A federally funded project included a partnership between Slipstream and Texas A&M University (TAMU) to develop a semester-long smart building curriculum for engineering college students with the ability to adapt the contents for workforce development of professionals in building services. The final product consists of 16 training videos adapted for building professionals and the public. The educational content and training materials cover the benefits of building energy systems, the latest sensor technologies and IoT devices, all with a focus on smart building technologies. The key drivers are on topics related to smart building controls (i.e., energy management information systems), smart building control platforms, cybersecurity, grid-interactive-efficient buildings (GEBs), smart building control methods, and occupant-centric control. Although not explicitly included the technologies nod to the need for AI driven technologies to prepare engineers and industry professionals to be future ready. This paper describes the project approach, provides outlines of the training materials, and identifies lessons learned in creating the content for this course. The authors suggest ways to scale the instruction of smart building concepts to empower the workforce to accelerate the adoption of smart building technologies and AI-based teaching and learning in higher education and building sector.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Vertical Translation System for the Common Habitat Architecture

The Common Habitat is a large, long-duration habitat that uses an SLS core stage Liquid Oxygen (LOX) tank as its primary structure. Measuring 8.4 meters in diameter and 15 meters in length, it is manufactured as a habitat and launched as such into space. It is intended for use on the Moon as part of a permanently occupied outpost, on Mars as part of an outpost that will be occupied for hundreds of days at a time, and in deep space as part of the Deep Space Exploration Vehicle where it will support crewed missions up to 1200 days in duration. A study of internal orientation and crew size resulted in a Common Habitat configuration sized for a crew of eight with a three-deck horizontal orientation. The Common Habitat Vertical Translation System provides a means for transporting crew and cargo between decks in a Common Habitat spacecraft in gravity levels varying from 0g to 1g. A crowdsourcing campaign was conducted through the GrabCAD platform to initially solicit ideas for restraints and mobility aids, including vertical translation. Four of the five top responses repeated ideas that would be incorporated into features of the Vertical Translation System. The first was a safety barrier (to prevent falls into the opening between decks) that could collapse to form a floor surface covering the opening when not in use. The second idea was a folding ladder that could be stowed in the ceiling when not in use. The third idea was an elevator platform that could traverse the ladder. Several key driving requirements were established for the Vertical Translation System: it may not penetrate into or through the lower deck; it must work on the Earth, Moon, Mars, and in microgravity; it must be easy to operate; it must enable translation of any item that can fit through the Common Habitat’s 40” x 60” hatches, inclusive of suited and unsuited crew with any degree of incapacitation and any equipment or cargo item; and it must include three component systems – deploying floor / safety barriers, a deployable ladder, and an elevator platform. Additional requirements were established for each of the component systems. The safety barriers must form a roughly 40-inch tall, complete wall enclosure on all four sides when deployed; it must include an easy to open gate that allows access to/from the ladder when deployed; and when retracted, the safety barrier must form a smooth, load-bearing floor that can be walked on, and wheeled objects can be rolled across in gravity, without being a trip hazard. The deployable ladder must be composed of multiple ladders that work together; it must stow in the ceiling when not in use; and it must not penetrate into the 40” x 60” vertical passage corridor. The elevator platform must work with the deployable ladder system; it must be able to bridge any gap in ladders between decks; it must stop at each deck flush with the deck surface; it must be capable of transporting an incapacitated crew member as a single rescuer operation; it must be capable of transporting a full-size subsystems pallet; it must function as an elevator for a crew member carrying large objects; it must have safety functions to prevent falls from the platform, or crew/cargo collisions with edges of hatch openings, or entanglement with ladder rungs/structure; it must stow when not in use; and it must autonomously both connect itself to the ladder and deploy itself to any deck where needed when called (e.g., a crew member on any deck can call for the platform and it must connect itself to the ladders without assistance and translate to the requestor’s deck). These requirements were developed into a system concept with the assistance of a NASA Pathways Intern who also added the requirement to size the design based on the use of commercial components, using existing motors and other mechanisms to ensure that the resulting system could be inexpensively produced. The Floor and Safety Barrier consists of four panels, two roughly 40 inches long and two roughly 60 inches long that can fold into the floor on top of each other when not in use. The uppermost panel is load bearing and acts as the floor surface. When deployed, they connect with each other to form a rigid barrier surrounding the vertical passageway. One of the panels contains a hinged gate that can be opened when deployed to allow for access to/from the passageway. The Deploying Ladder consists of two ladder segments, one mounted on the ceiling of the lower deck and the other mounted on the ceiling of the mid deck. A rotating mechanism is mounted on the ladder to allow it to rotate into a horizontal position against the ceiling for stowage, or down to a vertical position for use. A second rotating mechanism is built into the ladder, allowing the rungs to rotate. A toothed surface intended to work with the elevator platform covers the front of the ladder rails and the top and bottom of the rails are designed to be flush when aligned with another ladder segment. The elevator platform is essentially a motorized, self-propelled deck. It has a mechanism that holds it in contact with the ladder rails and drives itself against the toothed surface. This mechanism allows the elevator platform to ascend or descend the ladder. In order to stow the platform when not in use, a set of short ladder rails (without rungs) are mounted to the ceiling of the mid deck. When the mid deck ladder is stowed, it is flush with these rails and the platform can drive itself onto those short rails for stowage. An additional mechanism on the platform can pitch its deck surface 90 degrees, such that when the ladder is to be stowed, the platform can fold up against the ceiling. As a consequence of the ladder and elevator platform design, the opening between decks in the Common Habitat was enlarged to ensure that the elevator platform can accept a payload up to 40”x60” in dimension.

Human Centered Design↗

Virtual Self-Excited Induction Generator-Based Grid-Forming Inverter Control for Robust Voltage Regulation Under Nonideal Loading

This paper presents a generator-inspired control methodology for grid-forming (GFM) inverters that deliberately emulates a self-excited induction generator so that the inverter can hold its voltage and frequency under difficult loading and severe terminal disturbances across wide voltage and frequency ranges. The design integrates a Lyapunov energy function-based inner loop to provide high bandwidth and strong disturbance rejection, and it complements this with a passivity-based argument that furnishes a coherent large-signal stability guarantee beyond small-signal limits. Analytical insights are developed via the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky averaging method, which reveals an intrinsic resistive droop characteristic; these closed-form relations both explain the observed dynamics and yield simple, decentralized tuning rules. The methodology is validated on a controller-hardware-in-the-loop platform and exercised in real time across balanced, unbalanced, and nonlinear loads, as well as during parallel operation. Across these scenarios, the inverter maintains balanced three-phase voltages, limits harmonic content, settles quickly with well-damped transients, and remains resilient when multiple units operate in parallel. The contributions are a self-excited-machine-inspired GFM controller with enhanced dynamic performance and robustness, a single stability rationale grounded in passivity, closed-form expressions that guide tuning, and comprehensive hardware-in-the-loop validations demonstrating effectiveness and superiority under challenging operating conditions.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Numerical and experimental evaluation of mechanical performance of the multifunctional energy storage composites

This work presents numerical simulation methods to model the mechanical behavior of the multifunctional energy storage composites (MESCs), which consist of a stack of multiple thin battery layers reinforced with through-the-hole polymer rivets and embedded inside carbon fiber composite laminates. MESC has been demonstrated through earlier experiments on its exceptional behavior as a structural element as well as a battery. However, the inherent complex infrastructure of the MESC design has created significant challenges in simulation and modeling. A novel homogenization technique was adopted to characterize the multi-layer properties of battery material using physics-based constitutive equations combined with nonlinear deformation theories to handle the interface between the battery layers. Second, mechanical damage and failure modes among battery materials, polymer reinforcements, and carbon fiber-polymer interfaces were characterized through appropriate models and experiments. The model of MESCs has been implemented in a commercial finite element code in ABAQUS. A comparison of structural response and failure modes from numerical simulations and experimental tests are presented. The results of the study showed that the predictions of elastic and damage responses of MESCs at various loading conditions agreed well with the experimental data. © 2021

Materials Science↗

Design, Manufacture, and Testing of an Open-Source Benchmark Composite Hydrokinetic Turbine Blade: Preprint

In a trend toward clean energy alternatives, recent years have seen great strides in the marine energy space. Consequently, there is a pressing need for the design, development, and validation of novel energy harvesting technologies such as hydrokinetic devices, which capture kinetic energy from waves, tides, and currents. However, these devices span numerous concepts and designs that often lack solid benchmark research that can be freely referenced throughout their development. This work focuses on the design process of an open-source composite hydrokinetic turbine blade for a three-bladed marine turbine rotor assembly with a diameter of 2.5 m. The proposed blade consists of two structural composite skins that are bonded with an adhesive and filled with a foam core. This study also explores and contrasts the efficiency and resolution of low-fidelity rapid design methodologies and comprehensive high-fidelity approaches in the context of blade design, modeling, and analysis efforts, a key objective in this research. Blade hydrodynamic loads were modeled and applied to finite-element blade models to study deformations and potential failure. Ongoing and upcoming efforts will result in blade manufacture and structural testing at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. In future work, multiple blades will be deployed at the Living Bridge site at the University of New Hampshire and will be compared to rigid aluminum blades of the same geometry, developed by Sandia National Laboratories. Ultimately, this research will lay foundational groundwork for researchers and manufacturers, establishing a baseline composite blade design that will serve as a benchmark in the development of future hydrokinetic turbine blades.

blade design↗

Modeling Ti–6Al–4V using crystal plasticity, calibrated with multi-scale experiments, to understand the effect of the orientation and morphology of the α and β phases on time dependent cyclic loading

Classically, crystal plasticity modeling has used a range of constitutive equations, in which the incorporation of additional physics-based relationships typically results in additional model parameters. These additional parameters need to be reliably calibrated, which often necessitates the use of a range of experimental data acquired at multiple length scales. In this work, a crystal plasticity based finite element (CPFE) model for a dual-phase Titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, is developed. The α and β phases of the microstructure are explicitly modeled. The model is calibrated using a systematic optimization routine and experimental data that consist of macroscopic stress-strain curves coupled with lattice strains on different crystallographic planes for the two phases. These experimental data were obtained from in situ high energy X-ray diffraction experiments for multiple material pedigrees, with varying crystallographic orientation distribution and β volume fractions. Depending on the thermomechanical-processing route and the heat treatment used to manufacture the alloy, Ti–6Al–4V can exist in a wide number of microstructural forms, which often results in the α and β phases either having well aligned slip systems (following the Burgers orientation relationship (BOR)) or possessing no alignment of the slip systems across the interphase boundary (not following the BOR). In this study, the fully-calibrated CPFE model is used to gain a comprehensive understanding of the deformation behavior of Ti–6Al–4V, specifically, the effect of microstructures that follow the BOR (or not) on time-dependent cyclic loading (including the effects of dwell hold times).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Multiple plate hydrostatic viscous damper

A device for damping radial motion of a rotating shaft is described. The damper comprises a series of spaced plates extending in a radial direction. A hydraulic piston is utilized to place a load in these plates. Each annular plate is provided with a suitable hydrostatic bearing geometry on at least one of its faces. This structure provides a high degree of dampening in a rotor case system of turbomachinery in general. The damper is particularly useful in gas turbine engines.

Ludwig, L. P.↗

Start-up Behavior of a Miniature Loop Heat Pipe with Multiple Evaporators and Multiple Condensers

This paper presents the test results on start-up behaviors of a miniature loop heat pipe (MLHP) with two evaporators and two condensers. The MLHP start-up tests were conducted by varying the heat load to one or both evaporators, the condenser sink temperatures, and with or without compensation chamber (CC) temperature control. More than 90 start-up tests have been conducted in horizontal position, and all were successful. Test results showed robust start-ups of the MLHP with heat loads of 1W to 100W. Loop started as soon as the heat load was applied, without a large temperature overshoot. The efficacy and good repeatability of the start-ups with CC active temperature control by using thermoelectric cooler (TEC) was demonstrated. The ability of the loop to start with parasitic heat gain caused by cooling the CC temperature below ambient temperature was also demonstrated.

Nagano, Hosei↗

An investigation of theories of failure for ceramic matrix composites

This final report is comprised of the abstract of a masters thesis research grant. The abstract of the thesis, 'An Investigation of Acoustic Emission Techniques for the Discrimination of Damage Mechanisms in Ceramic Matrix Composites', is as follows: In order to further advance the understanding of the mechanical behavior of ceramic matrix composites (CMS's), acoustic emission (AE) techniques were implemented to monitor and identify damage mechanisms in CMC's under tensile loading. In addition to real-time AE monitoring techniques, a data acquisition system was developed and implemented in order to capture AE waveforms resulting from stress-induced damage. Waveforms were inspected for multiple events, separated in distinct events, and then analyzed to determine waveform characteristics in the time and frequency domains. Waveform characteristics included peak amplitude, event duration, MARSE, energy, and dominant and centroidal frequency. In addition to conventional methods for determining a damage discrimination criteria, a study of the distribution and correlation of the waveform characteristics criteria and a study of the distribution and correlation of the waveform characteristics were performed to aid in the determination of a damage discrimination criteria. The damage discrimination criteria was tested for 'uniqueness', i.e., the effectiveness of the criteria to identify and monitor damage independent of the stress-strain relationship. Insitu radiography was used to substantiate the damage accumulation. A simulation test was also performed over the loading history to study the changes in the waveform characteristics of the system response from a constant excitation. This thesis demonstrates the use of waveform analysis to study the AE activity resulting from stress-induced damage in CMC's in conjunction with other nondestructive evaluation techniques to investigate the mechanical behavior of CMC's.

Hemann, John H.↗

Pressure actuated film riding seals for turbo machinery

A seal assembly for a rotary machine is provided. The seal assembly includes multiple sealing device segments disposed circumferentially intermediate to a stationary housing and a rotor. Each of the sealing device segments includes a stator interface element, a shoe plate having an extended portion having one or more labyrinth teeth facing the rotor and a load bearing portion, wherein the shoe plate is configured to generate an aerodynamic force between the shoe plate and the rotor. The sealing device segment further includes a secondary seal configured to be in contact with the stator interface element at a radially outer end and configured to be in contact with an elevated nose section of the extended portion of the shoe plate on a radially inner end; and multiple flexible elements attached to the shoe plate and to the stator interface element.

42 ENGINEERING↗

In-situ Experiments to Capture the Evolution of Microstructure During Phase Transformation of Titanium Under Dynamic Loading

Under sufficient stresses, such as during dynamic loading, titanium experiences a phase transformation from hcp alpha phase to hexagonal omega phase. Omega phase is often retained in the microstructure after unloading, and has a strong influence on subsequent mechanical properties. Simulations suggest there are multiple pathways and underlying mechanisms for this transformation. Due to the incredibly short timescales involved, experimental measurements for model validation have been difficult. However, new capabilities at the Advanced Photon Source have enabled diffraction measurements during plate impact experiments to study the evolution of titanium during transformation. These high-rate data allow us to probe the mechanism and kinetics of phase transformations in new ways. Recent results will be presented and compared to post-mortem characterization of soft-recovered shocked specimens. Comparisons are then made with previous tests where material was shock-loaded and soft recovered for microstructural analysis. Together these techniques create a consistent picture of material behavior during the shock-induced α–ω phase transformation in titanium.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Spall damage of a Ta particle-reinforced metallic glass matrix composite under high strain rate loading

We investigate deformation and damage of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) and its Ta particle-reinforced composite (MGMC) under impact loading, as well as quasi-static tension for comparison. Yield strength, spall strength, and damage accumulation rate are obtained from free-surface velocity histories, and MGMC appears to be more damage-resistant. Scanning electron microscopy, electron back scattering diffraction and x-ray computed tomography, are utilized for characterizing microstructures, which show features consistent with macroscopic measurements. Different damage and fracture modes are observed for BMG and MGMC. Multiple well-defined spall planes are observed in BMG, while isolated and scattered cracking around reinforced particles dominates fracture of MGMC. Particle–matrix interface serves as the source and barrier to crack nucleation and propagation under both quasi-static and impact loading. Finally, deformation twinning and grain refinement play a key role in plastic deformation during shock loading but not in quasi-static loading. In addition, 3D cup-cone structures are resolved in BMG, but not in MGMC due to its heterogeneous stress field.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗