Multi-mission activity planning for Mars Lander and Rover missions
The Web Interface for Telescience (WITS) provides downlink data visualization and uplink activity planning for multiple Mars lander and rover missions.
rover operations↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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NASA Tech Briefs, November 2006
Topics include: Simulator for Testing Spacecraft Separation Devices; Apparatus for Hot Impact Testing of Material Specimens; Instrument for Aircraft-Icing and Cloud-Physics Measurements; Advances in Measurement of Skin Friction in Airflow; Improved Apparatus for Testing Monoball Bearings; High-Speed Laser Scanner Maps a Surface in Three Dimensions; Electro-Optical Imaging Fourier-Transform Spectrometer; Infrared Instrument for Detecting Hydrogen Fires; Modified Coaxial Probe Feeds for Layered Antennas; Detecting Negative Obstacles by Use of Radar; Cryogenic Pound Circuits for Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillators; PixelLearn; New Software for Predicting Charging of Spacecraft; Conversion Between Osculating and Mean Orbital Elements; Generating a 2D Representation of a Complex Data Structure; Making Activated Carbon by Wet Pressurized Pyrolysis; Composite Solid Electrolyte Containing Li+- Conducting Fibers; Electrically Conductive Anodized Aluminum Surfaces; Rapid-Chill Cryogenic Coaxial Direct-Acting Solenoid Valve; Variable-Tension-Cord Suspension/Vibration- Isolation System; Techniques for Connecting Superconducting Thin Films; Versatile Friction Stir Welding/Friction Plug Welding System; Thermal Spore Exposure Vessels; Enumerating Spore-Forming Bacteria Airborne with Particles; Miniature Oxidizer Ionizer for a Fuel Cell; Miniature Ion-Array Spectrometer; Promoted-Combustion Chamber with Induction Heating Coil; Miniature Ion-Mobility Spectrometer; Mixed-Salt/Ester Electrolytes for Low-Temperature Li+ Cells; Miniature Free-Space Electrostatic Ion Thrusters; Miniature Bipolar Electrostatic Ion Thruster; Holographic Plossl Retroreflectors; Miniature Electrostatic Ion Thruster With Magnet; Using Apex To Construct CPM-GOMS Models; Sequence Detection for PPM Optical Communication With ISI; Algorithm for Rapid Searching Among Star-Catalog Entries; Expectation-Based Control of Noise and Chaos; Radio Heating of Lunar Soil to Release Gases; Using Electrostriction to Manipulate Ullage in Microgravity; Equations for Scoring Rules When Data Are Missing; Insulating Material for Next-Generation Spacecraft; and Pseudorandom Switching for Adding Radar to the AFF Sensor.
Source record↗
Assessment of Retrieved GMI Emissivity Over Land, Snow and Sea Ice in the GEOS System
Measurements from microwave sounders and imagers provide a valuable source of information including atmospheric temperature and water vapor in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) systems that assimilate these observations directly over water surfaces (oceans and other large water bodies). In a recent decadal survey, targeted observables in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) were cited as a key need for future observations (NASEM, 2018). Microwave observations which sense in the PBL are currently available, however, utilizing surface-sensitive microwave observations for atmospheric data assimilation remains a challenge over land, snow and sea ice. This is in part due to the inability of surface emissivity models used by NWP data assimilation systems to simulate observations with sufficient accuracy. The GEOS-ADAS (Todling and el Akkraoui, 2018) which utilizes the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) (Han, 2006; Chen 2009) is no exception. The ECMWF system has retrieved instantaneous surface emissivity from surface-sensitive channels for SSMI/S and MHS radiance observations, and apply these estimates to the closest channels higher in frequency (Baordo and Geer 2016) in the calculation of simulated radiances. This approach currently is also being tested in the GEOS-ADAS for AMSU-A and ATMS radiances (Zhu et al. 2021). No or minimal emissivity spectral variability has been assumed in the above-mentioned studies. Recently, work by Munchak et al., 2020 (hereby referred to as M2020) provided a new database for emissivity over land, snow and sea ice retrieved from the NASA Global Precipitation Mission (GPM). Compared with Tool to Estimate Land Surface Emissivities at Microwave (TELSEM2; Wang et al., 2017), M2020 provides emissivities for more frequencies(i.e., 10.7 GHz V/H). Moreover, this database is unique in that it utilizes both active and passive data to retrieve surface emissivity and normalized radar cross section. While the emissivity values may be useful for other sensors, they are most applicable to the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). In this work the GEOS-ADAS is modified to utilize emissivity values from Munchak et al, 2020 in place of values used by CRTM. Presently, only GMI radiances over ocean are used in the operational GEOS-ADAS. This study will focus on the GMI radiances over land, snow, and ice, as a first attempt to evaluate GMI radiances over these non-water surface types. Two cases are then presented, one with one week of observation minus background departures using the modified GEOS-ADAS, and one utilizing the original GEOS-ADAS. It should be noted that the surface emissivity models in CRTM are not state of the art and are scheduled to be replaced by the Community Surface Emissivity Module (CSEM; Chen and Weng, 2016). Simulations using default CRTM emissivity values are used merely as reference comparing against M2020, and is not a thorough comparison against other more state of the art modules such as CSEM.
GMI↗
Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune - Forest Burn Data
Critical military training and testing on lands along the nation’s coastal and estuarine shorelines are increasingly placed at risk because of encroachment pressures in surrounding areas, impairments due to other anthropogenic disturbances, and changes in climate and sea level. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) intends to enhance and sustain its training and testing assets and also optimize its stewardship of natural resources through the development and application of an ecosystem-based management approach on DoD installations. To accomplish this goal, particularly for installations in estuarine/coastal environments, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) launched the Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP) as a 10-year effort at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCBCL) in North Carolina. The results of the second 5 years of the program (DCERP2) are presented in the DCERP2 Final Report.There were four overarching objectives of DCERP2. The first objective was to understand the effects of climate change impacts, including warming temperatures, variability in the hydrological cycle, storm events, and sea level rise on the coastal ecosystems at MCBCL from observations and measurements made over the 10-year program. The second objective was to understand the carbon cycle of the coastal and terrestrial ecosystems at MCBCL through a highly integrated sampling program. The third objective was to develop models, tools, and indicators to evaluate current and projected future ecosystem state changes and translate scientific findings into actionable information for installation managers. The last objective was to recommend adaptive management strategies to sustain ecosystem natural resources within the context of an active military installation.This data package contains burn and wildfire history and time enabled service data.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune New River Estuary (NRE) - Autonomous Vertical Profiler (AVP) Stone's Bay Data 2008-2013
Critical military training and testing on lands along the nation’s coastal and estuarine shorelines are increasingly placed at risk because of encroachment pressures in surrounding areas, impairments due to other anthropogenic disturbances, and changes in climate and sea level. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) intends to enhance and sustain its training and testing assets and also optimize its stewardship of natural resources through the development and application of an ecosystem-based management approach on DoD installations. To accomplish this goal, particularly for installations in estuarine/coastal environments, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) launched the Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP) as a 10-year effort at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCBCL) in North Carolina. The results of the second 5 years of the program (DCERP2) are presented in the DCERP2 Final Report.There were four overarching objectives of DCERP2. The first objective was to understand the effects of climate change impacts, including warming temperatures, variability in the hydrological cycle, storm events, and sea level rise on the coastal ecosystems at MCBCL from observations and measurements made over the 10-year program. The second objective was to understand the carbon cycle of the coastal and terrestrial ecosystems at MCBCL through a highly integrated sampling program. The third objective was to develop models, tools, and indicators to evaluate current and projected future ecosystem state changes and translate scientific findings into actionable information for installation managers. The last objective was to recommend adaptive management strategies to sustain ecosystem natural resources within the context of an active military installation.This data package includes a zipfile containing the results of continuous (30 minute interval) water quality samples and wind speed and direction anemometer (MET) data from Stone's Bay at Station 3 (AVP1). Description from Monitoring Report: Autonomous vertical profilers (AVPs) were deployed from June 2008 through October 2016 in central Stones Bay at Station 3, and in Morgan Bay upstream of Station 5 and were used to continuously monitor key water quality parameters. The AVPs consist of a moored floating platform housing a computer controlled winch mechanism that lowers and raises a YSI Model 6600 multi-parameter water quality datasonde at programmable time intervals (Reynolds-Fleming et al., 2002). Winch speed and sampling frequency of the AVP system and datasonde were configured to produce full water column profiles of temperature, salinity, DO concentration, chl concentration (by fluorescence), and turbidity every 30 minutes and achieve vertical depth resolution of approximately 10 cm. An anemometer (RM Young) affixed to the mast of the AVP measured six minute averages of wind speed and direction every 30 minutes. Data were stored locally on the AVP computers, and telemetered back to the laboratory each night. Datasondes were exchanged with freshly cleaned and calibrated datasondes as necessary but at least on a monthly basis.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune New River Estuary (NRE) - Autonomous Vertical Profiler (AVP) Morgan Bay Data 2008-2016
Critical military training and testing on lands along the nation’s coastal and estuarine shorelines are increasingly placed at risk because of encroachment pressures in surrounding areas, impairments due to other anthropogenic disturbances, and changes in climate and sea level. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) intends to enhance and sustain its training and testing assets and also optimize its stewardship of natural resources through the development and application of an ecosystem-based management approach on DoD installations. To accomplish this goal, particularly for installations in estuarine/coastal environments, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) launched the Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP) as a 10-year effort at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCBCL) in North Carolina. The results of the second 5 years of the program (DCERP2) are presented in the DCERP2 Final Report.There were four overarching objectives of DCERP2. The first objective was to understand the effects of climate change impacts, including warming temperatures, variability in the hydrological cycle, storm events, and sea level rise on the coastal ecosystems at MCBCL from observations and measurements made over the 10-year program. The second objective was to understand the carbon cycle of the coastal and terrestrial ecosystems at MCBCL through a highly integrated sampling program. The third objective was to develop models, tools, and indicators to evaluate current and projected future ecosystem state changes and translate scientific findings into actionable information for installation managers. The last objective was to recommend adaptive management strategies to sustain ecosystem natural resources within the context of an active military installation.This data package includes a zipfile containing the results of continuous (30 minute interval) water quality samples and wind speed and direction anemometer (MET) data from Morgan Bay upstream of Station 5 (AVP2): Autonomous vertical profilers (AVPs) were deployed from June 2008 through October 2016 in central Stones Bay at Station 3, and in Morgan Bay upstream of Station 5 and were used to continuously monitor key water quality parameters. The AVPs consist of a moored floating platform housing a computer controlled winch mechanism that lowers and raises a YSI Model 6600 multi-parameter water quality datasonde at programmable time intervals (Reynolds-Fleming et al., 2002). Winch speed and sampling frequency of the AVP system and datasonde were configured to produce full water column profiles of temperature, salinity, DO concentration, chl concentration (by fluorescence), and turbidity every 30 minutes and achieve vertical depth resolution of approximately 10 cm. An anemometer (RM Young) affixed to the mast of the AVP measured six minute averages of wind speed and direction every 30 minutes. Data were stored locally on the AVP computers, and telemetered back to the laboratory each night. Datasondes were exchanged with freshly cleaned and calibrated datasondes as necessary but at least on a monthly basis.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Metabolic Network Discovery by Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches and Paths for Reconciliation
The primary focus in the network-centric analysis of cellular metabolism by systems biology approaches is to identify the active metabolic network for the condition of interest. Two major approaches are available for the discovery of the condition-specific metabolic networks. One approach starts from genome-scale metabolic networks, which cover all possible reactions known to occur in the related organism in a condition-independent manner, and applies methods such as the optimization-based Flux-Balance Analysis to elucidate the active network. The other approach starts from the condition-specific metabolome data, and processes the data with statistical or optimization-based methods to extract information content of the data such that the active network is inferred. These approaches, termed bottom-up and top-down, respectively, are currently employed independently. However, considering that both approaches have the same goal, they can both benefit from each other paving the way for the novel integrative analysis methods of metabolome data- and flux-analysis approaches in the post-genomic era. This study reviews the strengths of constraint-based analysis and network inference methods reported in the metabolic systems biology field; then elaborates on the potential paths to reconcile the two approaches to shed better light on how the metabolism functions.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Nonpotential features observed in the magnetic field of an active region
A unique coordinated data set consisting of vector magnetograms, H-alpha photographs, and high-resolution ultraviolet images of a solar active region is used, together with mathematical models, to calculate potential and force-free magnetic field lines and to examine the nonpotential nature of the active region structure. It is found that the overall bipolar magnetic field of the active region had a net twist corresponding to net current of order 3 x 10 to the 12th A and average density of order 4 x 10 to the -4th A/sq m flowing antiparallel to the field. There were three regions of enhanced nonpotentiality in the interior of the active region; in one the field had a marked nonpotential twist or shear with height above the photosphere. The measured total nonpotential magnetic energy stored in the entire active region was of order 10 to the 32nd ergs, about 3 sigma above the noise level.
Gary, G. A.↗
Gamma ray spectrometer experiment, NaI(Tl) detector crystal activation
Preliminary results are presented of data on the extent of the cosmic ray-induced activity obtained by a sodium iodide thallium-activated crystal flown onboard the Apollo 17 command module. Qualitative identification is reported for the following: Na-24, I-123, I-124, I-125, I-126, and Xe-127.
Trombka, J. I.↗
Fault Detection and Correction for the Solar Dynamics Observatory Attitude Control System
The Solar Dynamics Observatory is an Explorer-class mission that will launch in early 2009. The spacecraft will operate in a geosynchronous orbit, sending data 24 hours a day to a devoted ground station in White Sands, New Mexico. It will carry a suite of instruments designed to observe the Sun in multiple wavelengths at unprecedented resolution. The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly includes four telescopes with focal plane CCDs that can image the full solar disk in four different visible wavelengths. The Extreme-ultraviolet Variability Experiment will collect time-correlated data on the activity of the Sun's corona. The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager will enable study of pressure waves moving through the body of the Sun. The attitude control system on Solar Dynamics Observatory is responsible for four main phases of activity. The physical safety of the spacecraft after separation must be guaranteed. Fine attitude determination and control must be sufficient for instrument calibration maneuvers. The mission science mode requires 2-arcsecond control according to error signals provided by guide telescopes on the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, one of the three instruments to be carried. Lastly, accurate execution of linear and angular momentum changes to the spacecraft must be provided for momentum management and orbit maintenance. In th~sp aper, single-fault tolerant fault detection and correction of the Solar Dynamics Observatory attitude control system is described. The attitude control hardware suite for the mission is catalogued, with special attention to redundancy at the hardware level. Four reaction wheels are used where any three are satisfactory. Four pairs of redundant thrusters are employed for orbit change maneuvers and momentum management. Three two-axis gyroscopes provide full redundancy for rate sensing. A digital Sun sensor and two autonomous star trackers provide two-out-of-three redundancy for fine attitude determination. The use of software to maximize chances of recovery from any hardware or software fault is detailed. A generic fault detection and correction software structure is used, allowing additions, deletions, and adjustments to fault detection and correction rules. This software structure is fed by in-line fault tests that are also able to take appropriate actions to avoid corruption of the data stream.
Starin, Scott R.↗
Changes in global vegetation activity and its driving factors during 1982–2013
Vegetation activity plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and climate. Many studies have examined recent changes in vegetation growth and the associated local climatic drivers. They revealed a global greening trend during the recent decades. However, few studies have analyzed how remote oceanic conditions affect land vegetation growth through atmospheric teleconnection, and the causes of the recent greening needs further investigation. Here in this study, we investigate the spatio-temporal variations (including trends) of vegetation activity using satellite data of growing-season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI gs ), and examine their relationship to local and remote climate oscillations and external anthropogenic forcing by statistical means. As expected, there is an increasing trend in global-mean NDVI gs from 1982–2013, with significant greening over Europe and many other land areas. NDVI gs is temperature-limited at northern high-latitudes, but water-limited in arid and semi-arid regions, and radiation-limited in the Amazon and eastern and southern Asia. Globally, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the leading climatic driver of interannual variability of NDVI gs , especially over southern and eastern Africa, eastern Australia, northeastern Asia, and northern South America. Consistent with previous modeling studies, a regression-based attribution analysis suggests that historical anthropogenic forcing (mainly increases in greenhouse gases) explains about two thirds of the NDVI gs trend from 1982 to 2013, with the rest coming mainly from the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). Contributions to the recent NDVI gs trend from ENSO and Pacific decadal variability and Artctic Oscillation appear to be small.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Autonomous Human Activity Classification From Wearable Multi-Modal Sensors
There has been significant amount of research work on human activity classification relying either on Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data or data from static cameras providing a third-person view. There has been relatively less work using wearable cameras, providing first-person or egocentric view, and even fewer approaches combining egocentric video with IMU data. Utilizing only IMU data limits the variety and complexity of the activities that can be detected. For instance, the sitting activity can be detected by IMU data, but it cannot be determined whether the subject has sat on a chair or a sofa, or where the subject is. To perform fine-grained activity classification, and to distinguish between activities that cannot be differentiated by only IMU data, we present an autonomous and robust method using data from both wearable cameras and IMUs. In contrast to convolutional neural network-based approaches, we propose to employ capsule networks to obtain features from egocentric video data. Moreover, Convolutional Long Short Term Memory framework is employed both on egocentric videos and IMU data to capture the temporal aspect of actions. We also propose a genetic algorithm-based approach to autonomously and systematically set various network parameters, rather than using manual settings. Experiments have been conducted to perform 9- and 26-label activity classification, and the proposed method, using autonomously set network parameters, has provided very promising results, achieving overall accuracies of 86.6% and 77.2%, respectively. The proposed approach, combining both modalities, also provides increased accuracy compared to using only egovision data and only IMU data.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Modeling Current Transfer from PV Modules Based on Meteorological Data
Current transferred from the active cell circuit to ground in modules undergoing potential-induced degradation (PID) stress is analyzed with respect to meteorological data. Duration and coulombs transferred as a function of whether the module is wet (from dew or rain) or the extent of uncondensed surface humidity are quantified based on meteorological indicators. With this, functions predicting the mode and rate of coulomb transfer are developed for use in estimating the relative PID stress associated with temperature, moisture, and system voltage in any climate. Current transfer in a framed crystalline silicon module is relatively high when there is no condensed water on the module, whereas current transfer in a thin-film module held by edge clips is not, and displays a greater fraction of coulombs transferred when wet compared to the framed module in the natural environment.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Biosynthesis of bioprivileged, linear molecules via novel carboligase reactions
Over the award period, we made progress on the three aims. We screened twenty-five carboligases for activity coupling twenty-one possible -keto acids (Aim 1). The carboligases were selected across a diverse set of protein sequences. Using Q-Exactive UHPLC-MS, we tested a total of 210 coupled products per enzyme and generated a dataset of 5250 enzyme-substrate activity relationships. We identified multiple enzymes that had activity for synthesizing suberic acid and heptanoic acid (Aim 2). We built a random forest model for predicting the activity of each enzyme toward substrates on which it was not tested using the data from Aim 1. Finally, we evaluated growth defects that occurred due to expression of different carboligases in E. coli (Aim 3). We were able to identify specific metabolites and putative pathways that, when supplemented in the media, recovered the growth defect associated with the presence of specific carboligases. We are in the process of publishing two manuscript describing the methods for high-throughput screening of enzyme promiscuity, using machine learning to predict activity on untested substrates, and enzyme activity data we collected. This project has produced enabling data for biosynthesis of a range of new-to-nature compounds to support biomanufacturing.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report
In space communications, radio navigation, radio science, and ground based radio and radar astronomy, activities of the Deep Space Network and its associated Ground Communications Facility in planning, in supporting research and technology, in implementation, and in operations are reported. Also included is TDA funded activity at JPL on data and information systems and reimbursable DSN work performed for other space agencies through NASA.
Posner, E. C.↗
Solar-geophysical data number 479, July 1984. Part 1: (Prompt reports). Data for June 1984, May 1984 and later data
Solar and geophysical data for May and June 1984 are reported. Topics include: detailed index for 1983/1984; data for June 1984 (solar activity indices, solar flares, solar radio emission, mean solar magnetic field, boulder geomagnetic substorm log); data for May 1984 (solar active regions, sudden ionospheric disturbances, solar radio spectral observations, cosmic ray measurements by neutron monitor, geomagnetic indices, radio propagation indices); and late data (geomagnetic indices March and April 1984 sudden commencements/solar flare effects, cosmic ray measurements by neutron monitor, and solar active regions).
Coffey, H. E.↗
An Overview of ISS Human Research Data Sharing
This presentation is an attempt to clarify several aspects of the current procedures, tools, and challenges of human data sharing for ISS flight activities. There are several binary variables to consider with respect to human spaceflight data sharing: Medical vs. Research, Active Flight vs. Non-Flight, Tactical vs. Supplemental, Prospective vs. Retrospective. This presentation will address each of these variables and how they determine which processes and mechanisms are used both to document and facilitate human data sharing. Some of these variables will likely be so obvious that they induce eye rolls. Please bear with us. We're trying to make these slides fairly rudimentary for a wide, (eventually) international audience. Other distinctions are made if data originated from a NASA vs. IP crewmember. Those distinctions will be made apparent when needed.
Morshedi, Pasha↗
Gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions in conformal Majoron models of neutrino mass
We study supercooled first-order phase transitions above the QCD scale in a wide class of conformal Majoron-like U(1)′ models that explain the totality of active neutrino oscillation data and produce a detectable stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) at LIGO, LISA and ET. We place constraints on the U(1)′ breaking scale and gauge coupling using current LIGO-Virgo-Kagra data. We find that strong supercooling can be ruled out in large regions of parameter space if a SGWB is not detected by these experiments. A null signal at LIGO and ET will disfavor a type-I seesaw scale above 10 14 GeV, while a positive signal is a signature of heavy right-handed neutrinos. On the other hand, LISA will be sensitive to seesaw scales as low as a TeV, and could detect a SGWB even if the right-handed neutrinos are decoupled.
early universe particle physics↗